French colonial architecture

French colonial architecture includes several styles of architecture used by the French during colonization. Many former French colonies, especially those in Southeast Asia, have previously been reluctant to promote their colonial architecture as an asset for tourism; however, in recent times, the new generation of local authorities has somewhat "embraced" the architecture and has begun to advertise it.[1] French Colonial architecture has a long history, beginning in North America in 1604 and being most active in the Western Hemisphere (Caribbean, Guiana, Canada, Louisiana) until the 19th century, when the French turned their attention more to Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.[2]

The Presidential Palace of Vietnam, in Hanoi, was built between 1900 and 1906 to host the French Governor-General of Indochina.

In Canada

French settlements in Canada date back to the mid-16th century until the French defeat in Seven Years' War where New France was annexed by the British Crown in 1763 as a result of the Treaty of Paris. The settlements in the regions were extensive, hence the abundant architectural legacy from that period shows itself particularly in Quebec City but also in the city of Montreal, which has a significant Canadien population. Most buildings constructed during the French colonial period utilized a heavy timber frame of logs installed vertically on a sill, poteaux-sur-sol, or into the earth, poteaux-en-terre. An infill of lime mortar or clay mixed with small stones (pierrotage) or a mixture of mud, moss, and animal hair (bousillage) was used to pack between the logs. Many times the infill would later be replaced with brick. This method of construction was used in the Illinois Country as well as Louisiana. General characteristics of a French Colonial dwelling included a raised basement which would support the floor of the home's primary living quarters. Exterior stairs were another common element; the stairs would often climb up to a distinctive, full-length veranda or "gallery", on a home's façade. The roof over the veranda was normally part of the overall roof. French Colonial roofs were either a steep hipped roof, with a dormer or dormers, or a side-gabled roof. The veranda or gallery was often accessed via French doors. French Colonial homes in the American South commonly had stuccoed exterior walls.[3]

  • Quebec City presents probably the finest example of urban colonial architecture in North America
    Quebec City presents probably the finest example of urban colonial architecture in North America
  • Old Quebec (City) was listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site in 1985
    Old Quebec (City) was listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site in 1985
  • The manoir Boucher-De Niverville, located in Trois-Rivières, in Quebec province was built in the mid-17th century
    The manoir Boucher-De Niverville, located in Trois-Rivières, in Quebec province was built in the mid-17th century
  • The Château Ramezay, is one of the best preserved mansion in Montreal, built in 1705.
    The Château Ramezay, is one of the best preserved mansion in Montreal, built in 1705.
  • The Maison François-Jacquet-Dit-Langevin, located in the heart of Old Quebec, was built in 1675.
    The Maison François-Jacquet-Dit-Langevin, located in the heart of Old Quebec, was built in 1675.
  • LeBer-LeMoyne House, was an important trading post when it was built in the late 17th century. It is today in historical museum of Montreal.
    LeBer-LeMoyne House, was an important trading post when it was built in the late 17th century. It is today in historical museum of Montreal.
  • Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec, started in 1647, is the oldest church in the Americas north of the Spanish colonies in Florida and New Mexico.
    Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec, started in 1647, is the oldest church in the Americas north of the Spanish colonies in Florida and New Mexico.

In the United States

French Colonial was one of four domestic architectural styles that developed during the colonial period in what would become the United States. The other styles were Colonial Georgian, Dutch Colonial, and Spanish Colonial. French Colonial developed in the settlements of the Illinois Country and French Louisiana. It is believed to have been primarily influenced by the building styles of French Canada and the Caribbean.[4] It had its beginnings in 1699 with the establishment of French Louisiana but continued to be built after Spain assumed control of the colonial territory in 1763. Styles of building that evolved during the French colonial period include the Creole cottage, Creole townhouse, and French Creole plantation house.[5]

In Southeast Asia
A bistro in central Hanoi with Art Nouveau and colonial designs

French colonisation of three countries in mainland Southeast Asia—Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, known as Indochina in the 19th and 20th centuries, left a lasting architectural legacy. Most French colonial buildings, now mostly transformed for public use, are located in large urban areas, namely Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), and Phnom Penh (Cambodia).

Vietnam

Various colonial buildings and constructions have become popular tourist destinations. Major landmarks that have become icons of cities including Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City include:

Cambodia
  • Phnom Penh Post Office
    Phnom Penh Post Office
  • Phnom Penh Royal Railway Station
    Phnom Penh Royal Railway Station
  • Raffles Hotel Le Royal
    Raffles Hotel Le Royal
  • Phnom Penh UNESCO office
    Phnom Penh UNESCO office
  • Railway station in Battambang
    Railway station in Battambang
  • Building in Kampot
    Building in Kampot

Laos

In Africa

North Africa

19th and early 20th-century French colonial architecture is typical of the European districts of most Algerian and Tunisian cities, as well as Casablanca, Morocco. In the mid-20th-century, Algiers became an important center for Modernist architecture.

  • Notre-Dame d'Afrique basilica, Algiers, Algeria
    Notre-Dame d'Afrique basilica, Algiers, Algeria
  • Apartment building in Casablanca, Morocco
    Apartment building in Casablanca, Morocco
  • Apartment building in Algiers, Algeria
    Apartment building in Algiers, Algeria
  • Apartment building on Rue Didouche-Mourad, Algiers, Algeria (formerly Rue Michelet)
    Apartment building on Rue Didouche-Mourad, Algiers, Algeria (formerly Rue Michelet)
  • Rue d'Isly in Algiers (early 20th century)
    Rue d'Isly in Algiers (early 20th century)
  • Lycée Bugeaud in Algiers (early 20th century)
    Lycée Bugeaud in Algiers (early 20th century)

West Africa

French colonial architecture is found in many large and mid-sized West African cities, with a particularly significant concentration in the former capital city, Saint-Louis, Senegal.

  • Rue Lebon in Saint Louis (circa 1900)
    Rue Lebon in Saint Louis (circa 1900)
  • Colonial houses in Saint Louis
    Colonial houses in Saint Louis

Central Africa

Brazzaville, the capital of Congo, and Douala, the largest city of Cameroon have many French colonial buildings.

  • The headquarters for the French Commissioner General in Brazzaville (circa 1896–1910)
    The headquarters for the French Commissioner General in Brazzaville (circa 1896–1910)
  • The Chambre of Commerce in Douala, Cameroon
    The Chambre of Commerce in Douala, Cameroon
  • The Palace of Justice in Douala
    The Palace of Justice in Douala
  • The former residence of the French regional governor in Douala
    The former residence of the French regional governor in Douala

See also

References
  1. About Ho Chi Minh City Archived 2017-12-13 at the Wayback Machine. eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn.
  2. "Architecture and Urbanism in the French Atlantic Empire | McGill-Queen's University Press". www.mqup.ca. Archived from the original on 2020-01-31. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  3. Bigolin, Steve. "The Landmarks of Barb City", Daily Chronicle, 28 February 2005. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
  4. Gamble, Robert Historic architecture in Alabama: a guide to styles and types, 1810-1930, page 180. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8173-1134-3.
  5. "French Creole Architecture". Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation. National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places. Archived from the original on 2008-06-21. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
  6. "Top 10 Colonial Buildings in Phnom Penh". Going Colonial. 2018-09-12. Archived from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
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