Ganga (goddess)

Ganga (Sanskrit: गङ्गा, romanized: Gaṅgā) is the personification of the river Ganges, who is worshipped by Hindus as the goddess of purification and forgiveness. Known by many names, Ganga is often depicted as a fair, beautiful woman, riding a divine crocodile-like creature called the makara. Some of the earliest mentions of Ganga are found in the Rigveda, where she is mentioned as the holiest of the rivers. Her stories mainly appear in post-Vedic texts such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and the Puranas.

"Ganga Devi" redirects here. For the Indian painter, see Ganga Devi (painter). For the Indian politician, see Ganga Devi (politician).
Ganga
Personification of the Ganges River
Goddess of Forgiveness and Purification
19th century Kalighat painting of goddess Ganga
Other names
Affiliation
MantraOm Sri Gangaya Namaha
WeaponKalasha
MountMakara
Festivals
Personal information
ParentsHimavan (father) and Maināvati (mother)
SiblingsParvati, Mainaka
ConsortShantanu
ChildrenBhishma

The Ramayana describes her to be the firstborn of Himavat, the personification of the Himalayas, and the sister of the mother goddess Parvati. However, other texts mention her origin from the preserver deity, Vishnu. Legends focus on her descent to earth, which occurred because of a royal-sage Bhagiratha, aided by the god Shiva. In the epic Mahabharata, Ganga is the mother of the warrior Bhishma in a union with the Kuru king Shantanu.

In Hinduism, Ganga is seen as a mother to humanity. Pilgrims immerse the ashes of their kin in the river Ganga, which is considered by them to bring the souls (purified spirits) closer to moksha, the liberation from the cycle of life and death. Festivals like Ganga Dussehra and Ganga Jayanti are celebrated in her honour at several sacred places, which lie along the banks of the Ganges, including Gangotri, Haridwar, Prayagraj, Varanasi and Kali Ghat in Kolkata. Alongside Gautama Buddha, Ganga is worshipped during the Loy Krathong festival in Thailand.

Vedic scriptures

Ganga is mentioned in the Rigveda, the earliest and theoretically the holiest of the Hindu scriptures. Ganga is mentioned in the Nadistuti (Rigveda 10.75), which lists the rivers from east to west. In RV 6.45.31, the word Ganga is also mentioned, but it is not clear if the reference is to the river. RVRV 3.58.6 says that "your ancient home, your auspicious friendship, O Heroes, your wealth is on the banks of the Jahanvi". This verse could refer to the Ganga. In RV 1.116.18–19, the Jahanvi and the Ganges river dolphin occur in two adjacent verses.[1]

Iconography
A statue of Ganga, 17th–18th century CE
Ganga stone statue, 8th century AD, Ellora. Currently at National Museum, New Delhi, India.

Ganga is described as the melodious, the fortunate, the cow that gives much milk, the eternally pure, the delightful, the body that is full of fish, affords delight to the eye and leaps over mountains in sport, the bedding that bestows water and happiness, and the friend or benefactor of all that lives.[2]

Since the Vedic period, the Ganges river has been considered the holiest of all rivers by Hindus. Ganga is also personified as a goddess and worshipped as Goddess Ganga. She holds an important place in the Hindu pantheon. Ganga is represented as a fair-complexioned woman, wearing a white crown and sitting on a crocodile. She holds a water lily in her right hand and a flute in her left. When shown with four hands she carries a water-pot, a lily, a rosary, and has one hand in a protective mode. The Rigveda mentions Ganga but more of her is said in the Puranas.

Ganga is depicted four-armed and mounted on a crocodile or enthroned surrounded by crocodiles. In one of the iconography in Maha Virat-rupa, she holds a jar of amrita, rosary, lotus and varada mudra. She may be depicted in other ways holding only a kalasha (or 2 replacing lotus) and lotus, while other 2 hands in varada and abhaya mudra.

Another depiction popular especially in Bengal shows her holding shankha, chakra (discus), lotus and abhaya mudra, with the kalasha releasing her holy water.

In Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Ganga is often depicted with her divine mount, the makara – an animal with the head of a crocodile and tail of a dolphin.

Legend

Birth

The Ramayana and several other texts narrate that Brahma created Himavat. He later became the king of the Himalayas, and married Menavati, the daughter of Meru. After several years, a daughter was born, and they named her Ganga. After some years, another daughter named Parvati was born, who was an incarnation of Sati. When Ganga grew up, the devas took her to Svarga, and she took a form of a river and flowed there.[3][4]

The Bhagavata Purana depicts another origin of Ganga. According to the text, Vishnu, in his incarnation as Vamana, extended his left foot to the end of the universe, and pierced a hole in its covering with the nail of his big toe. Through the hole, the pure water of the causal ocean entered this universe as the Ganges river. Having washed the lotus feet of the lord, which are covered with reddish saffron, the water of the Ganga acquired a very beautiful pink colour. Because the Ganges directly touches the lotus feet of Vishnu (Narayana) before descending within this universe, it is known as Bhagavat-Padi or Vishnupadi, which means emanating from the feet of Bhagavan (God). It finally settles in Brahmaloka or Brahmapura, the abode of the Brahma, before descending to the planet earth at the request of Bhagiratha, and held safely by Shiva on his head, to prevent the destruction of Bhumi Devi (the earth goddess). Then, Ganga was released from Shiva's hair to meet the needs of the country.[5]

Transformation into a river

A legend in the Bhagavata Purana and Devi Bhagavata Purana describes Ganga as originally being one of the three wives of Vishnu, along with Lakshmi and Saraswati.[6] In the midst of a conversation, Saraswati observed that Ganga playfully kept glancing at Vishnu. Frustrated, Saraswati launched a furious tirade against Ganga, accusing her of stealing Vishnu's love away from her. When Ganga appealed to her husband to help her, he opted to remain neutral, not wishing to participate in a quarrel between his three wives, whom he loved equally. When Lakshmi attempted to soothe Saraswati's anger by reasoning with her, the jealous goddess grew angry with her as well, accusing her of disloyalty towards her. She cursed Lakshmi to be born as the Tulasi plant upon the earth. Ganga, now enraged that Lakshmi had been cursed because she had defended her, cursed Saraswati that she would be incarnated as a river on earth. Saraswati issued the same curse against Ganga, informing her that sinful men would cleanse themselves of their sins with her water. To prevent further conflict among the goddesses, Vishnu declares Lakshmi as his only wife and sends Saraswati to Brahma and Ganga to Shiva.[7][8][9]

Descent upon the earth
Descent of Ganga, painting by Raja Ravi Varma c. 1910

The Mahabharata narrates that there was once a war between the devas and the asuras. The leader of the asuras, Vritra, was killed by Indra, and so his followers hid in the sea, causing the devas to be unable to find them. The devas requested Sage Agastya to help. He used his divine powers and swallowed the ocean to reveal where the asuras were hiding. The devas defeated the remaining asuras, and asked Sage Agastya to restore the water. However, the sage was unable to release the water, despite trying several times. This caused drought conditions upon the earth, but Vishnu assured that the ocean would be filled by the flow of Ganga on the planet.[10]

The story about Ganga's descent on earth through the efforts of Bhagiratha, a descendant of King Sagara, is narrated in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and various Puranas.[11] Wanting to show his sovereignty, King Sagara performed a ritual known as ashvamedha, where a horse was left to wander for one year. However, Indra stole the horse to prevent the ritual from being successful. Learning that the horse had disappeared, King Sagara sent his sixty thousand sons to look for it.[11] They eventually found the horse at the ashrama of Sage Kapila, in the netherworld. Thinking that Sage Kapila had stolen the horse, the sons interrupted him while he was in a deep meditation. This infuriated Kapila, and with his ascetic's gaze, he burned all the sixty thousand sons to ashes.[12]

King Sagara sent his grandson, Amshuman, to ask the sage Kapila what could be done to bring deliverance to their souls. Sage Kapila advised that only the water of the Ganges, which flowed from Svarga, could liberate them.[12] Bhagiratha, Amshuman's grandson, undertook severe ascetic practices, and won the favour of Brahma and Shiva. Brahma allowed Ganga to descend on earth, while Shiva broke Ganga's fall in the coils of his hair, so that her force would not shatter the earth.[12] When Ganga descended, Bhagiratha led her to the sea. From there, the river reached the netherworld, and liberated the sixty thousand sons of King Sagara.[10]

Because of Bhagiratha's efforts, the river is also known as Bhagirathi. She is also known as Tripathaga because she flows in the three worlds, heaven, earth, and the netherworld.[11] Another epithet that Ganga is known by is Jahnavi, because she flooded the ashram of Sage Jahnu while being led by Bhagiratha. Her waters extinguished the ritual fire there, which angered the sage Jahnu, so he drank up all of Ganga's waters. Sage Jahnu later released the water out of his left ear after Bhagiratha explained his mission for Ganga's descent. Due to this incident, Ganga is known as Jahnavi, which means daughter of Sage Jahnu.[10]

Marriage and children

In the Mahabharata, Ganga is the wife of Shantanu as well as the mother of the eight Vasus, including Bhishma.[13][14] Ganga and Shantanu were cursed by Brahma to be born on earth. Shantanu met Ganga on the banks of the Ganges and asked her to marry him. She accepted the proposal on the condition that Shantanu would not question any of her actions.[14] Shantanu agreed and they married. They lived together peacefully and had eight sons who were the incarnation of the eight Vasus. They too had been cursed and had asked Ganga to end their life when they were born to her on earth. Due to their request, Ganga began drowning each son upon birth while Shantanu watched without questioning. However, when she was about to drown their eighth son, Bhishma, Shantanu stopped her.[14] Ganga later leaves with Bhishma but gives him back to Shantanu when he is ten years old.[14]

Shantanu meets Ganga and asks for her hand in marriage.
Shantanu trying to stop Ganga from drowning their eighth child
Ganga presenting her son Devavrata (the future Bhishma) to his father, Shantanu

Significance

The Ganga is also called the Ganga Mata (Mother), and is revered in Hindu worship and culture, venerated for her forgiveness of sins and capacity to cleanse mankind.[15] Unlike various other goddesses, she has no destructive or fearsome aspect, destructive though she might be as a river in nature.[15] She is also a mother to other gods.[13]

Festivals
Pilgrims at Haridwar on the occasion of Ganga Dussehra

Ganga Jayanti

On this day, Ganga is regarded to have been reborn. According to legend, the goddess is regarded to have accidentally destroyed the hut of Sage Jahnu during her descent upon the earth. In retort, the sage drank the entirety of the river's water. At the request of Bhagiratha and Ganga herself, he released the river from his ear, and she earned the epithet Jahnavi.[16] Ganga Jayanti falls on the seventh day of the month of Vaishakha's first fortnight.

Ganga is worshipped during Navaratri as all the forms of Adishakti during the duration of the festivities.

Loi Krathong

Thais use the Krathong to thank the Goddess of Water, the Hindu goddess Ganga, Phra Mae Khongkha (Thai: พระแม่คงคา).

Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism
Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism
Goddess Ganga, Patan Durbar Square
Shiva breaks Ganga's fall in the coils of his hair, lintel in Thommanon.
Statue of Goddess Ganga at Ganga Talao in Mauritius

Ganga is respected in Nepal as a guardian water goddess, worshipped together with another river goddess Yamuna. Her sculptures are found in Patan Durbar Square[17][18] and Gokarneshwar Mahadev temple is a municipality in Kathmandu District in the Bagmati Province.[19]

In Sri Lanka, Ganga with other Hindu deities assumes a Buddhist persona. Her sculpture is seen in Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara.[20][21]

In Balinese Hinduism, she is worshipped together with the goddess Danu. Her waters are considered holy in Bali. Her maternal association with Bhishma is known in Bali. Religious sites associated with her in Bali are Tirta Gangga, Pura Taman Mumbul Sangeh, and Kongco Pura Taman Gandasari.[22]

Ganga Talao in Mauritius is considered by the Mauritian Hindus equivalent to Ganga. In 1972, the then Prime Minister of Mauritius, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam brought Holy water from the Ganga's source – Gomukh in India and mixed it with the water of the Grand Bassin and renamed it as Ganga Talao.

Ganga is invoked with Hindu deities Shiva, Bhumi, Surya and Chandra in Thailand's royal Triyampawai ceremony. She is worshipped together with goddess Phra Mae Thorani within Thai Bushhism and goddess Phosop in Tai folk religion. The four sacred pools of Suphan Buri Province have waters from the Ganga and the Yamuna rivers and are used for rituals.[23][24][25]

Ganga has been revered in Cambodia since the Khmer empire. In Shiva's iconographical form Uma-Gangapatisvarar (Khmer: ព្រះឧមាគង្គាបតិស្វរ), Shiva is depicted with Ganga and his wife Uma (Parvati). Ganga's images are located in Bakong, Lintel in Thommanon and exhibit in International Council of Museums.[26][27]

See also

References
  1. Talageri, Shrikant G. (2000). The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis. Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7742-010-4.
  2. Kumari, M. Krishna (2018). Iconography of Gaṅgā and Yamunā. B.R. Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-93-86223-70-8.
  3. V?lm?ki; Venkatesananda, Swami (1 January 1988). The Concise R_m_ya_a of V_lm_ki. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-862-1.
  4. Sivkishen (23 January 2015). Kingdom of Shiva. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-81-288-3028-0.
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  6. Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
  7. www.wisdomlib.org (15 May 2013). "On the coming in this world of Lakṣmī, Gaṅgā and Sarasvatī [Chapter 6]". www.wisdomlib.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  8. Williams, George M. (27 March 2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. OUP USA. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.
  9. Sharma, Bulbul (June 2010). The Book of Devi. Penguin Books India. pp. 67–71. ISBN 978-0-14-306766-5.
  10. Warrier, Shrikala (December 2014). Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism. MAYUR University. pp. 42–45. ISBN 978-0-9535679-7-3.
  11. Eck, Diana L. (2012). India : a sacred geography. New York: Harmony Books. pp. 216–221.
  12. Sen, Sudipta (2019). Ganges : the many pasts of an Indian River. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  13. Eck 1998, p. 149
  14. Vemsani, Lavanya (2021), Introduction: Feminine Journeys of the Mahabharata, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 198
  15. Quoted in Eck 1982, p. 218
  16. Dowson, John (2004). A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology, and Religion, Geography, History, and Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 129. ISBN 978-81-206-1786-5.
  17. "Statue of the River Goddess Ganga in Royal Palace in Patan, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Stock Photo - Image of Nepalese, Asian: 89398650". Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  18. "Nepal Patan Ganga Statue High Resolution Stock Photography and Images - Alamy". Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  19. "53 Kathmandu Gokarna Mahadev Temple Ganga Statue". Mountainsoftravelphotos.com. 10 October 2010. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  20. "Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara". Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  21. "The Goddess Ganga (Bas-relief depicting the goddess Ganga atop her crocodile (Makara) mount at Kelaniya Temple, Sri Lanka) | Mahavidya". Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  22. "Taman Mumbul dengan Panglukatan Pancoran Solas di Sangeh, Simbol Dewata Nawasanga". Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  23. "พระราชพิธีตรียัมปวาย-ตรีปวาย". Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  24. "อุทยานศาสนาพระโพธิสัตว์กวนอิม". Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  25. ""พันปีไม่เคยแห้ง" น้ำศักดิ์สิทธิ์ ของพญานาค จากสระทั้งสี่ ที่เมืองสุพรรณบุรี". 4 March 2019. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  26. "Vasudha Narayanan | Department of Religion". Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  27. "Shiva with Uma and Ganga, sandstone, 101 x 53 x 13 cm". Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.

Sources
  • Eck, Diana L. (1982), Banaras, city of light, Columbia University, ISBN 978-0231114479
  • Eck, Diana (1998), "Gangā: The Goddess Ganges in Hindu Sacred Geography", in Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie (eds.), Devī: Goddesses of India, University of California / Motilal Banarasidass, pp. 137–53, ISBN 8120814916
  • Vijay Singh: The River Goddess (Moonlight Publishing, London, 1994)
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