Gelato

Gelato (Italian pronunciation: [dʒeˈlaːto]; lit. 'frozen') is the common word in Italian for all kinds of ice cream. In English, it specifically refers to a frozen dessert of Italian origin. Artisanal gelato in Italy generally contains 6–9% butterfat, which is lower than other styles of frozen dessert.[16][17] Gelato typically contains 35% air (substantially less than American-style ice cream) and more flavoring than other kinds of frozen desserts, giving it a density and richness that distinguishes it from other ice creams.[18][19][20]

For other uses, see Gelato (disambiguation).

Gelato
TypeIce cream
CourseDessert
Place of originItaly
Serving temperature−14 to −11 °C
7 to 12 °F[1][2][3][4][5]
Main ingredients
Ingredients generally usedFlavorings (fruit, nut, chocolate, etc.)[8][9]
VariationsFrozen custard
Other information
Usually served with a spade instead of ice cream scooper[15]

Name

In Italian, gelato is the generic word for ice cream and means simply "frozen", independent of the style, so every kind of ice cream is referred to as such.[21] In English, however, the term has come to be used to refer to a specific style of ice cream derived from the Italian artisanal tradition.[22]

History
Main article: History of ice cream

In the 9th century, after the Muslim conquest of Sicily, frozen dessert like the sherbet are introduced in the island.[23]

In 1295, Marco Polo returned to Venice from China with a recipe similar to sorbet.[24]

Cosimo Ruggeri, Bernardo Buontalenti were 16th-century contemporaries who are credited by some sources with the invention of gelato,[25] while other sources claims that Sicilian cooks gradually modified over time the sherbet recipe giving birth to the earliest form of gelato.[23]

In Florence, Cosimo Ruggeri is credited with creating one of the first gelato, fior di latte, at the court of Catherine de' Medici, in a competition, with the theme "il piatto più singolare che si fosse mai visto" (the most unique dish that had ever been seen).[26][27][28][29]

In the 1530s, Catherine de' Medici took gelato to Paris.[25][30]

Circa 1565, Bernardo Buontalenti, an innovator in ice conservation, made a sorbet with ice, salt, lemon, wine, milk, sugar, egg, and honey,[31] "plus orange and bergamot flavouring".[32] Buontalenti is credited with inventing gelato alla crema,[25][28] whipped cream or egg cream gelato,[31][33] the precursor to modern Florentine gelato.[34][28]

In 1686,[28] Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli, a Sicilian,[35] brought his grandfather Francesco's[36] gelato-making machine to Paris, opened Café Procope and introduced the dessert.[37] Procopio obtained French citizenship, and a royal license from Louis XIV, making him the sole producer of the frozen dessert in the kingdom.[38][39][40] Being one of the first to sell gelato directly to the public [41] (prior to then it was reserved only for nobles),[42] and making it known in the rest of Europe, Procopio is sometimes referred to as "The Father of Italian gelato".[43]

In 1904, in America, Emery Thompson built the first automated ice cream machine.[44]

In 1945, in Bologna, Bruto Carpigiani began selling gelato-making equipment,[45][46] and created Motogelatiera, the first automated gelato machine.[33] The batch freezer made it easier to store frozen desserts.[33] Carpigiani is a big manufacturer of gelato machinery.[46]

Commercial production

The process consists of heating the ingredients to 85 °C (185 °F) for pasteurization. Then, it is lowered to 5 °C (41 °F) and mixed to the desired texture. The cold process mixes the ingredients and is batched in the freezer.[47] In the "sprint" process, milk or water is added to a package of ingredients which is then mixed and batched.

As with other ice creams, the sugar in gelato prevents it from freezing solid by binding to the water and interfering with the normal formation of ice crystals. This creates smaller ice crystals and results in the smooth texture of gelato.[48] Commercial gelati are often sweetened with inverted sugar, sucrose, dextrose, or xylitol,[49] and may include a stabilizer such as guar gum.[50]

Flavors

The first, fior di latte ('milk flower'), is a plain, base ice cream with no flavor and no eggs added. Stracciatella is fior di latte gelato with chocolate chunks. Traditional flavors of gelato include crema ('custard'), vanilla, chocolate, hazelnut, almond, and pistachio.[51] Modern flavors include raspberry, strawberry, apple, lemon, pineapple, and black raspberry.

Further reading
  • Hartel, Richard W.; Goff, H.Douglas (2013). Ice Cream (7th ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-6095-4.

See also
Dairy
  • Stracciatella, a gelato that includes chocolate chunks
  • Semifreddo, a class of semi-frozen dessert
  • Parfait, a type of dessert that is similar to a semifreddo
  • Sherbet a frozen dessert made from sugar-sweetened water, milk or cream, and various flavorings
  • Custard, a dessert made with cream, eggs, and vanilla
  • Frozen custard, a frozen dessert made with cream and eggs
  • Frozen yogurt, a frozen dessert made with a base of yogurt rather than milk
Non-dairy
  • Granita, a semi-frozen dessert made from sugar, water, and various flavorings
  • Italian ice, also known as water ice, a frozen dessert made from syrup concentrate or fruit purees over crushed ice
  • Sorbet, called sorbetto in Italian

References
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  3. "Gelato FAQs". ecco un poco. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  4. "Gelato vs. Ice Cream". sweetcycle. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  5. Mullan, Michael. "Plotting freezing point curves for ice cream and gelato mixes". dairyscience.info. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  6. Druckman, Charlotte (30 May 2017). "Why You Haven't Heard of America's Greatest Gelato Maker". Eater. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  7. This, Herve (11 May 2019). "Conservation de sorbets et glaces". Hervé This vo Kientza. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
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  10. "Traditional Frozen Treats". Molecular Recipes. KQ2 Ventures LLC. 28 June 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
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  13. D'Ulivo, Lucia (15 May 2018). "Come fare il gelato in casa: 3 trucchi per risultati da gelateria". Edible Molecules. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  14. Davis, Bea. "May is Artisan Gelato Month". Paris Gourmet. Carlstadt, New Jersey. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
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  43. Moramarco, p. 208 The father of Italian gelato is Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli, a Sicilian aristocrat who established a chain of coffee houses throughout Europe in the late seventeenth century.
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