George H. D. Gossip

Gossip was born in New York City on December 6, 1841, to George Hatfeild Gossip, an Englishman, and his wife Mary Ellen Dingley Gossip, of New York.[1][2][3] When he was sixteen months old, his mother died; about two years later, he and his father moved to England.[4] His aunt, Mrs. Reaston Rodes, raised him, apparently with little involvement by his father.[2] Gossip grew up at Barlborough Hall, Derbyshire (the Rodes family seat) and at Hatfield, in Yorkshire.[4] Both the Gossip and Rodes families are listed in Burke's Landed Gentry.[2] He was educated at Windermere College, Westmorland, and won a scholarship to Oxford University, but was unable to attend as his father, uncle, and aunts lost a lawsuit that ruined them financially. As a result, Gossip had to support himself through his own labors.[4]

Gossip made his living primarily as a writer and translator, writing for newspapers and magazines on three continents. His profession is described in the 1871, 1881, and 1891 United Kingdom censuses, respectively, as a "translator of languages", an "author of work on chess", and a member of the "literary profession".[5] He lived for over five years in Paris, contributing to French publications. From 1879 to 1880 he was "employed occasionally as translator and otherwise" in The Times of London's office in Paris.[4] He also lived in Germany.[6]

The Jew of Chamant, Gossip's only non-chess book

Gossip married Alicia (the name is sometimes given as "Alice"), a music teacher from Dublin, in Jersey in 1868.[5][7] As of 1871, they were living in London with their 11-month-old son George and two servants.[5] By 1881, Gossip and his wife had moved to Ipswich, and had three more children: Helen (born c. 1872), Harold (c. 1874), and Mabel (c. 1879).[5][8][9] After Gossip's father died in 1882, the Gossips and their four children immigrated to Australia, arriving in January 1883.[7] While in that country, Gossip wrote articles for the Sydney Star, Sydney Globe, Sydney Evening News, Town and Country Journal, The Advertiser (Adelaide), and other publications. He contributed literary articles to Once a Month magazine (Melbourne) and the Sydney Quarterly Magazine.[4]

Gossip moved to the United States in 1888, departing in April from Sydney on the steamship Alameda.[7][10][11] In May, the ship arrived in San Francisco, where, Gossip wrote, "I first set foot on my native soil after an absence of over forty years."[11] He wrote articles for the San Francisco Examiner on the "Chinese Question in Australia" and the San Francisco Chronicle on "Protection and Free Trade in New South Wales".[4]

His family apparently remained in Australia, where Alicia died of cancer in October 1888.[7] In 1894, Gossip's children Helen and Harold both married, in Victoria and Melbourne, respectively.[7] Gossip's grandson, George Hatfield Dingley Gossip, born in Sydney in 1897, was a World War I flying ace for Australia, "shooting down six enemy aircraft while flying his Sopwith Camel along the Belgian coast".[7][12]

In 1889, Gossip returned to Europe.[10] By 1891, he was living as a tenant in a London boarding house.[5] In 1894, he moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[13] While living there, Gossip contributed articles to a newspaper in Manchester, England.[6] The June 1895 British Chess Magazine (BCM) and June 1897 American Chess Magazine reported that he was living in Buffalo, New York.[13][14]

Under the pseudonym "Ivan Trepoff", Gossip wrote a book, The Jew of Chamant, which was published by Hausauer (Buffalo) in 1898, and by F.T. Neely (London and New York) in 1899. The two versions are subtitled, respectively, "or, the modern Monte Cristo" and "a romance of crime".[15] The book is intensely antisemitic.[16] The author explains in its preface:[16][17]

My object in the present work is to paint the rich Jew in his true colors, as the enemy of society; to show that the Jew who steals millions, can, in Europe, at any rate, defy the laws with impunity, and that he almost invariably escapes punishment owing to improper occult influences, and the mighty power of Israelitish gold.

The chess literature is silent about the last decade of Gossip's life.[5][18] He died of heart disease on May 11, 1907, at the Railway Hotel in Liphook, England.[1][19][20]

By 1864, Gossip was appearing in London chess circles, drawing a game against Joseph Henry Blackburne at a simultaneous exhibition in April.[21] He played in a number of chess tournaments between 1870 and 1895, usually with unimpressive results.[22] At London 1870, the Third British Chess Association Congress (won by John Wisker after a playoff against Amos Burn), Gossip scored two of six possible points, finishing in a tie for fifth–sixth out of seven players. He had the consolation of handing Burn his only loss.[23][24][25] At London 1872 (won by Steinitz ahead of Johannes Zukertort and Blackburne), he scored just one out of seven, finishing seventh out of eight players.[26]

Gossip won the 1873–74 correspondence chess tournament of the Chess-Players Chronicle,[27] after which he "was thought by some to be the strongest correspondence player known".[28] However, playing first board for England in an 1879 correspondence chess match against the United States, he lost all four of his games to Ellen Gilbert of Hartford, Connecticut. She "caused a sensation in the chess world" by announcing mate in 21 moves in one game, and mate in 35 moves in another.[28][29][30] Gossip responded gallantly, dedicating his book Theory of the Chess Openings to her.[28]

In 1874, Gossip lost a match for the Championship Cup of the Provinces to Rev. John Owen, retiring because of illness after one win, two draws, and two losses.[31] He won a local tournament at the Café de la Régence in Paris in 1880.[32] In 1882, he beat Wordsworth Donisthorpe in a match held at Simpson's Divan in London.[33]

Gossip's first significant success at over-the-board chess came at the 1883 London Vizayanagaram minor tournament.[34][35] He scored 17½ out of 25, tying for fifth–sixth place out of 26 players with Charles Ranken, who later co-authored the treatise Chess Openings Ancient and Modern (1889).[34][36][37] Curt von Bardeleben won with 21½ points; Isidor Gunsberg, who would narrowly lose an 1890–91 World Championship match to Steinitz, finished fourth with 19 points.[36][37]

In 1885 Gossip, a year after immigrating to Australia, issued a challenge to any player in the Australian colonies to play a match with him for 20 pounds a side and the title of Australian champion. Frederick Karl Esling, a leading Melbourne player, accepted the challenge.[10] While given his experience, Gossip was considered to be a heavy favourite, Esling won the first game, and the second was adjourned in a position favorable to him. Gossip then pleaded illness and forfeited the match.[2][38] Kenneth Whyld writes that the Australians probably considered Gossip a "whingeing Pom".[2]

An Australian commentator observes, "Gossip may not have been the most popular itinerant to venture to these shores in the nineteenth century, but when he announced his challenge ... he at least brought the question of an official Chess Champion of Australia before the chess playing fraternity".[39] In 1950, when Esling was 90, the Australian Chess Federation formally declared, belatedly, that he had become the first Australian Chess Champion by winning his 1885 match against Gossip.[2][40][41] The Second Australian Chess Championship, a tournament, was held at Adelaide in 1887. Gossip finished third with 6½ out of 9, behind Henry Charlick (7½ points) and Esling (7 points).[10][42]

After returning to America in 1888, Gossip obtained an appointment at the Columbia Chess Club.[10] The following year, he represented England at the Sixth American Chess Congress (New York 1889), one of the greatest tournaments of the 19th century.[43][44] The Congress, a double round robin that was one of the longest tournaments in history, was intended to select a challenger for the world championship title.[45][46][47] There, Gossip had what G. H. Diggle calls "perhaps the best performance of his career".[10] He scored 13½ out of 38 (11 wins, 5 draws, 22 losses), finishing 17th–18th out of 20 players. He won games from S. Lipschütz, Max Judd, Eugene Delmar, Jackson Showalter, William Pollock (twice), Henry Bird (twice), David Graham Baird, James Moore Hanham, and John Washington Baird.[5][48] Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss tied for first with 29 points, edging out Gunsberg (28½ points).[48]

Gossip was unable to repeat even this modest level of success in his final tournaments. He finished last in five consecutive strong events: the Master Section at London 1889 (scoring 1½ out of 10; Bird won on tiebreak over Gunsberg); the Meisterturnier (Master Tournament) at Breslau 1889 (scoring three out of ten; Siegbert Tarrasch won); the Master Section of Manchester 1890 (scoring four out of nineteen; Tarrasch won); the Master Tournament at London 1892 (scoring 2½ out of 11; future World Champion Emanuel Lasker won); and New York 1893 (scoring 2½ out of 13; Lasker won with a perfect score).[49] Gossip's run of last-place finishes moved Diggle to dub him "the King of Wooden Spoonists".[6] Gossip's last event was a minor tournament in Skaneateles, New York, in July–August 1895, where he scored three out of six, finishing in a tie for third–fifth of seven players.[50][51]

A report in the BCM in 1889 observed that Gossip suffered from great nervousness that prevented him from fully displaying his abilities at chess tournaments, where he had to stop his ears "to keep out the low hum inseparable from a large concourse of people".[52] Bird likewise wrote that minor distractions that he would not even notice would "drive ... Gossip to despair".[53] The BCM commentator accordingly believed that Gossip "would make a good stand in a single encounter with men who are much higher in the tournament than he is".[52]

Following his move to Montreal, Gossip in a letter to a friend dated October 20, 1894, complained, "The French Canadian Chessplayers here are the poorest, meanest humbugs I ever met – all Jesuits."[6] He and Pollock played a match at the Montreal Chess Club in December 1894 and January 1895; each won six games, with five draws.[6][13][54] This was an impressive result for Gossip "in view of Pollock's undoubted strength".[13] Later in 1895, Pollock finished 19th out of 22 players, scoring 8 out of 21 (including wins over Tarrasch and Steinitz), at Hastings 1895,[55][56] arguably at that time the strongest tournament in history.[57][58] Diggle writes that Gossip's drawn match with Pollock vindicates the BCM's 1889 observation that Gossip would be more at home in a match than a tournament.[13]

Gossip was only a minor master, "a mediocre player who figured at or near the bottom of every better than average tourney in which he participated".[59] However, during his career he played tournament games against most of the world's leading players, including World Champions Lasker[60][61] and Steinitz;[62][63] World Championship challengers Zukertort,[64][65] Tarrasch,[66][67] Chigorin,[68][69] and Gunsberg;[70][71] Louis Paulsen,[72] Harry Nelson Pillsbury,[73] and James Mason,[74] all at some point ranked number 1 in the world by Chessmetrics;[75] Burn,[76] Blackburne,[77] Bird,[78] and Cecil de Vere[79] (all ranked number 2);[80] and Weiss[81] and Wisker[82] (both ranked number 3).[83]

The Chess-Player's Manual by George H. D. Gossip and S. Lipschütz (1902 edition)

As of 1874, Gossip was the chess editor of The Hornet.[84] In that year, after several years' work, he published his magnum opus, The Chess-Player's Manual—A Complete Guide to Chess.[21] It was "a handsomely produced work with more than 800 of its 900 pages devoted to openings and illustrative games".[34] The book became the subject of biting criticism, largely because Gossip had included 27 illustrative games that he had won against leading players of the day, and only 12 games that he had lost.[21] Steinitz later wrote:[85]

Mr Gossip had practiced the unfair ruse of carefully preserving stray skittles games which he had happened to win or draw, generally after many defeats, against masters whose public records stood far above his own, ... thus leading the public to believe that the author stood on a par with them, or was even their superior.

According to Diggle, this edition of the book "failed utterly".[6] The harsh reception accorded it embittered Gossip against chess critics for the rest of his life.[21]

In 1879, Gossip published Theory of the Chess Openings, a shorter work more in the style of Modern Chess Openings, which sold out within six months.[34] The preface and the concluding chapter of the book bitterly attacked the critics who had savaged his earlier treatise.[10] This time the critics, "while deploring 'the outside slices of Mr. Gossip's sandwich' ", praised the main body of the work. William Wayte in the Chess Players Chronicle called the book "fairly in possession of the field among English elementary treatises".[10] Unfortunately for Gossip, he "was the victim of an act of gross piracy, as many copies forming no part of the edition printed by his orders were circulated in America and the 'pirates' never brought to justice."[6]

Gossip's Vest-Pocket Chess Manual

While in Australia, Gossip wrote a chess column that appeared in Once a Month magazine from February to October 1885.[86]

A new edition of The Chess-Player's Manual was published in 1888, this one with a 122-page appendix by Lipschütz.[87] Steinitz wrote that "Mr Gossip has produced a useful work, which in some respects must be regarded even superior to that of Staunton or any other previous writers on the chess openings. ... But the most meritorious distinguishing feature of the Manual is the large collection of illustrative games by various first-class masters, and in that respect Mr Gossip's work stands second only to Signor Salvioli's Teoria e Pratica among the analytical works in any language."[85] The following year, Steinitz cited it in The Modern Chess Instructor as one of the 12 principal authorities he had relied on in writing that treatise.[88]

An anonymous reviewer in The New York Times called the new edition of The Chess-Player's Manual "probably the most convenient, trustworthy, and satisfactory chess book accessible in the English language". The reviewer concluded that the games and problems in the volume would "afford great entertainment" to the casual enthusiast, "while for real students of chess ... it is very nearly indispensable". He also praised "Mr. Lipschütz's appendix, which brings the development of the openings almost down to date".[89] David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld write in The Oxford Companion to Chess that Lipschütz's appendix "helped to make this one of the standard opening books of the time".[90] World Champion Bobby Fischer had a copy of The Chess-Player's Manual in his personal library,[91] and cited it in his famous 1961 article "A Bust to the King's Gambit".[92][93][94]

Steinitz's International Chess Magazine (1888)

The June 1888 issue of Steinitz's International Chess Magazine contained an article by Gossip that Robert John McCrary calls "a very illuminating, important, and detailed account of the state of San Francisco chess".[95][96][97] For the last few months of 1888 Gossip was listed as being on the "Editorial Staff" of the Columbia Chess Chronicle. Its December 29, 1888, issue contained a lengthy article by him entitled "Chess in the Present Day", which offered a broad sweep of chess history and the advances made by chess in the United States. Gossip called Paul Morphy and Steinitz "the two greatest chessplayers that have ever lived" and remarked that "no Englishman has yet attained, or probably ever will attain, to the eminence of chess champion of the world. ... The deep-thinking German, the brilliant Frenchman and the versatile American have always been too much for sober, stolid John Bull."[5]

Gossip in 1891 published a second revised edition of his Theory of the Chess Openings, which Diggle calls "a handsome volume with an appendix of sixty-one pages". Characteristically, he devoted much of the appendix to criticizing his detractors and anticipating their further attacks.[13]

Gossip also wrote the lesser-known chess books The Chess Players' Text Book (1889), The Chess-player's Vade Mecum and Pocket Guide to the Openings (1891), Modern Chess Brilliancies (1892), The Chess Player's Pocket Guide to Games at Odds (1893), The Chess Pocket Manual (1894), The Chess Player's Mentor (with Francis Joseph Lee, 1895), The Complete Chess-Guide (with Lee, 1903), Gossip's Vest-Pocket Chess Manual (date unknown; pictured at above left), and a collection of his own games, Games: G. H. D. Gossip versus Bezkrowny, Clerc, Donisthorpe, Gocher, Gunsberg, Hoffer, Owen, Sanders, Vines Played During the Last 10 Years in England & France (1882, with Gunsberg and Steinitz).[98][99]

Gossip at New York 1893

Burn's biographer Richard Forster notes that Gossip "was well-known for his exaggerated self-esteem".[100] Philip Sergeant in his book A Century of British Chess remarks that his "play was never quite up to his own estimate of it".[31] The New York Times portrays him at the Sixth American Chess Congress (1889) as follows:[5][101]

Gossip, with his long, flowing beard, looks like one of the old-time monks. He has a good-shaped cranium, bald at the top, and is a little above the medium height. ... He believes himself to be one of the greatest chessplayers in the world, and thinks that if everything had gone on to his liking he could have beaten all the champions at the tournament. He is a deliberate player, but every now and then he takes a nip from a flask of brandy that generally stands on his table. He complained that his chair was too low, and he once attributed a defeat to that. Finally, he got a large ledger and sat upon it. He did, in fact, seem to derive some inspiration from its contents, for he played two or three excellent games afterward.

Diggle observes that Gossip "developed 'a happy knack of treading on other people's corns' by rushing into print" his occasional wins in offhand games against such leading players as Bird and Zukertort.[21] He also vehemently denounced his critics and those with whom he disagreed. For example, in 1888 the Columbia Chess Chronicle quoted a lecture he had given two days before on the Steinitz Gambit. After condemning as "utterly worthless" the analysis of that opening published in two English periodicals, Gossip declaimed:[102]

In order, therefore, to establish an important point of theory, and at the same time to prevent American chessplayers from being misled and deceived by the superficial analysis of incompetent British chess editors, whose object in condemning the Steinitz Gambit has obviously been mainly to depreciate the originality of its illustrious inventor, whom they invariably try to drag down to their own miserable level of shallow incompetency and self-conceit, I submit the following variations which at any rate possess the undeniable merit of exposing the hollow analytical twaddle continually published in the two London journals above named.

Hooper and Whyld note Gossip's "unusual talent for making enemies" and attribute the critical reception of his books to this, since in their opinion "his books were not significantly worse than the general run of the time, and they were better than, for example, those by Bird, who was popular".[34] They remark on his travels that, "Disliked in England, he travelled to Australia, the United States, and Canada, where he also became unpopular."[34] Some measure of his talent for stirring up controversy is provided by a letter Pollock wrote during their 1894–95 match:[103]

I and Gossip are six each and may draw the match. He has proved a terrible crank and has had several games by forfeit, and one "cancelled". He now has a libel suit against the chess column of the Herald. ... We have just agreed, per the committee, to call the match a draw. Whereby all parties are relieved.

Chess historian Edward Winter observes that "Gossip has always been a soft target for mockery".[5] He notes that Hooper and Whyld in the first edition (1984) of The Oxford Companion to Chess "treated him essentially as light relief"; the second edition (1992) treated him more equitably, but like the first omitted any mention of his performance at New York 1889.[5][104] Yakov Damsky in The Batsford Book of Chess Records (2005), addressing the question of which player "achieved the greatest negative distinction" on the international level, opines that Gossip "can probably feel safe from competition".[105] Mike Fox and Richard James in their book The Even More Complete Chess Addict (1993) write that, "Of players who've entered chess history, perhaps the strongest claimant for the all-time grandpatzer title is George Hatfeild Dingley Gossip (1841–1907). George had a worse record in major tournaments than anyone in history (last at Breslau 1889, London 1889, Manchester 1890, London 1892, and New York 1893: a total of just four wins, 52 losses and 21 draws)."[106] Like Hooper and Whyld, they overlook his result at New York 1889, a major tournament where he won 11 games and finished above the bottom.[107] In a 2001 article, Whyld himself takes notice of Gossip's result at New York 1889 and suggests that "history has perhaps given him an unfair verdict".[108]

By Arpad Elo's calculation, Gossip's strength during his five-year peak was equivalent to an Elo rating of 2310.[109]

Another assessment system, Chessmetrics, calculates that Gossip's highest rating was 2470 (number 50 in the world) in April 1889.[110] By comparison, the world's three highest-rated players at that time had Chessmetrics ratings over 2700.[111] Chessmetrics also ranks Gossip number 17 in the world during four one-month periods between February and July 1873,[110] when opportunities for high-level competition were much rarer.[112] Like Diggle, Chessmetrics considers New York 1889 Gossip's best individual performance, concluding that he scored 39% against opponents with an average rating of 2595, giving him a performance rating of 2539 for that tournament.[110] In 1904, the Deutsche Schachzeitung, on the basis of its tabulation of players' percentage scores in all major international tournaments from London 1851 to Cambridge Springs 1904, ranked Gossip the number 62 living player in the world.[113]

Diggle writes that despite his faults, Gossip was "a man of dauntless courage and infinite capacity for hard work", which enabled him to become a recognized author despite the disastrous reception that the first edition of his Chess-Player's Manual received. His literary style was vigorous, and shows him to be an educated and well-read man.[13]

• George Hatfeild Gossip player profile and games at Chessgames.com