Glufosfamide

Glufosfamide, also known as glucophosphamide, D-glucose isophosphoramide mustard, D-19575[1] is an experimental cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of malignancies.

Glufosfamide
Glufosfamide chemical structure
Names
IUPAC name
β-D-Glucopyranosyl N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate
Systematic IUPAC name
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate
Other names
β-D-glucosylisophosphoramide mustard
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C10H21Cl2N2O7P/c11-1-3-13-22(19,14-4-2-12)21-10-9(18)8(17)7(16)6(5-15)20-10/h6-10,15-18H,1-5H2,(H2,13,14,19)/t6-,7-,8+,9-,10+/m1/s1
    Key: PSVUJBVBCOISSP-SPFKKGSWSA-N
  • C(CCl)NP(=O)(NCCCl)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O
Properties
C10H21Cl2N2O7P
Molar mass 383.162702
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Chemical structure

Glufosfamide is, basically, a glycosidic conjugate between β-D-glucose and the active alkylating moiety of the well-known antineoplastic drug ifosfamide, so-called "isophosphoramide mustard".

Theoretical advantages

Glufosfamide, being a conjugate of glucose and active alkylating moiety of ifosfamide, has the better cell permeability than the parent compound — ifosfamide — or its metabolites. Glufosfamide utilizes the normal cell glucose transport mechanism (a sodium-dependent glucose/sodium co-transporter) for its own transport into the cell. And the glucose uptake mechanism is grossly overexpressed and upregulated in certain cancer cell lines, especially pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and glioblastoma multiforme. This, theoretically, should render them more sensitive to the alkylating effects of glufosfamide while relatively sparing (doing relatively little collateral damage) to the normal cells in which the glucose uptake mechanism is not so upregulated.[2]

Clinical trials

Glufosfamide demonstrated modest efficacy in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.[3] A large Phase III trial comparing glufosfamide against 5-FU, both in combination with Gemcitabine, for 2nd line treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer (NCT01954992) is currently active.

References
  1. Mazur L, Opydo-Chanek M, Stojak M. Glufosfamide as a new oxazaphosphorine anticancer agent. Anticancer Drugs. 2011 Jul; 22 (6) :488-93. doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e328345e1e0, PMID 21427562.
  2. Glufosfamide: beta-D-Glc -IPM, D 19575.Drugs in R&D 2005, 6 (1) :49-52, PMID 15801867.
  3. Liang J, Huang M, Duan W, Yu XQ, Zhou S. Design of new oxazaphosphorine anticancer drugs. Curr Pharm Des. 2007, 13 (9) :963-78, PMID 17430192.
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