Arenga pinnata

Arenga pinnata (syn. Arenga saccharifera) is an economically important feather palm native to tropical Asia, from eastern India east to Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines in the east.[1] Common names include sugar palm, areng palm (also aren palm or arengga palm), black sugar palm, and kaong palm, among other names.[2][3]

19th-century illustration from Flora de Filipinas by Francisco Manuel Blanco

Arenga pinnata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Genus: Arenga
Species:
A. pinnata
Binomial name
Arenga pinnata

Description

It is a medium-sized palm, growing to 20 metres (66 feet) tall, with the trunk remaining covered by the rough old leaf bases. The leaves are 6–12 m (20–39 ft) long and 1.5 m (5 ft) broad, pinnate, with the pinnae in 1–6 rows, 40–70 centimetres (16–28 inches) long and 5 cm (2 in) broad. The fruit is subglobose, 7 cm (3 in) diameter, green maturing black.[4]

Ecology

A. pinnata suffers from the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus.[5] A. pinnata is one of the major hosts for R. ferrugineus in China.[5]

It is not a threatened species, though it is locally rare in some parts of its range. It serves as an important part of the diet of several endangered species, including cloud rats of the genus Phloeomys.

Uses

The timber is used for high grade construction, posts, beams, flooring, interior finish, wharf bridge building and other uses where strength and durability are important.

Sap

The sap is harvested for commercial use in southeast Asia, yielding a sugar known in India as gur or in Indonesia as gula aren. The sap is collected and made as lahang, a traditional cold sweet drink, and is also fermented into vinegar (Filipino sukang kaong), palm wine (Filipino tubâ, Malaysian and Indonesian tuak, in eastern Indonesia sageru), which in turn is distilled into a spirit (sopi in Maluku, cap tikus in North Sulawesi).[3][6][7]

Edmund Roberts talks about drinking an alcoholic beverage made in the Cavite area. He described it as a "fermented" and "intoxicating liquor". He said that it was "the pith furnished with sugar – when the liquor was properly boiled down, a farina...and of the inside of its triangular-shaped fruit a sweetbread was made."[8]

Sugar (jaggery) is also commonly derived from the fresh sap in Indonesia and the Philippines. These are traditionally prevented from fermenting by placing crushed chili or ginger in the collecting container. The sap is boiled until it reduces to a thick syrup which is then dried into a brown sugar. Similar sugar extraction methods are also traditionally used for other sugar palms, like the buri palm (Corypha elata).[3]

The raw juice and pulp are caustic. This crop may develop into a major resource of biofuel (ethanol).

Fruit

The immature fruits are widely consumed in the Philippines (called kaong) and Indonesia (called buah kolang-kaling or buah tap) and are made into canned fruits after they are boiled in sugar syrup.[3]

Fibres

The dark fibrous bark (known as doh in India; ijuk in Indonesia; and yumot or cabo negro in the Philippines), is manufactured into cordage, brushes, brooms, thatch roofing, or filters.[3]

According to the study on bas-reliefs of Javanese ancient temples such as Borobudur, this type of roof are known in ancient Java vernacular architecture. It can be found today in Balinese temple roof architecture and Minangkabau Rumah Gadang gonjong horn-like curved roof architecture, such as those found in Pagaruyung Palace.

Leaves

The leaves as well as the leaf midribs can be used to weave baskets and marquetry work in furniture.[3]

Starch

In Indonesia, starch can also be extracted from sugar palms and used in place of rice flour in noodles, cakes, and other dishes.[3]

Survival food

The seeds can be boiled and the stem tips can be eaten as vegetables. The young flower stalks can be bruised to obtain the juice.[9]

Culture

In the Philippines, an annual Irok Festival is celebrated in the municipality of Indang in Cavite which is a major producer of kaong fruits, sukang kaong, and tubâ in the country. Irok is a local name for Arenga pinnata in the northwestern Philippines.[10][11]

According to Sundanese folklore, the spirit known as Wewe Gombel dwells in the Arenga pinnata palm, where she also has her nest and keeps the children she abducts.

The world's first ever crossword puzzle, labelled "Word-Cross" in the 21 December 1913 edition of New York World newspaper's Sunday Fun supplement and created by Arthur Wynne, a Liverpool, UK-born journalist, included a clue: The fibre of the gomuti plant. The answer was doh.[12]

  • Bark fiber
    Bark fiber
  • Saplings from North Sumatra
    Saplings from North Sumatra
  • Fruits harvested from Java
    Fruits harvested from Java
  • Fruits preserved in syrup from the Philippines are commonly sold internationally as "kaong"
    Fruits preserved in syrup from the Philippines are commonly sold internationally as "kaong"

References
  1. Uhl, Natalie W.; Dransfield, John. Genera Palmarum – A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore, Jr. Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Allen Press. ISBN 978-0-935868-30-2. OCLC 15641317.
  2. "Kaong Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr". Philippine Medicinal Plants. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  3. Florido, Helen B.; de Mes, Priscilla B. (2003). "Sugar palm [Arenga pinnata (Wurbm.) Merr.]" (PDF). Research Information Series on Ecosystems. 15 (2): 1–7.
  4. Riffle, Robert L.; Craft, Paul. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Portland, Oregon, USA: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-558-6. OCLC 49760622.
  5. Peng, Lu; Hou, Youming (2017). "13. Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)". In Wan, Fanghao; Jiang, Mingxing; Zhan, Aibin (eds.). Biological invasions and its management in China. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 245–256/xiv+366. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0948-2_13. ISBN 978-94-024-0946-8. OCLC 984692367. S2CID 91164620. ISBN 978-94-024-0948-2. Page 247.
  6. "List of Philippine vinegars". Glossary of Filipino Food ...and essays on the world's "original fusion cuisine" too. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  7. Edgie Polistico (2017). Philippine Food, Cooking, & Dining Dictionary. Anvil Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 9786214200870.
  8. Roberts, Edmund (1837). Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 59.
  9. The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. Urlanda, Randy V. "Irok Festival". Cavite.info. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  11. "The Making of Arenga Pinnata Vinegar". FoodRecap. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  12. Donovan, Tristan. It's All A Game — A short history of board games. London, UK: Atlantic Books (2018). ISBN 978-1-78649-453-5. p154.
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