Groton, Massachusetts

Groton is a town in northwestern Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, within the Greater Boston metropolitan area. The population was 11,315 at the 2020 census.[3] It is home to two prep schools: Lawrence Academy at Groton, founded in 1792 and the third-oldest private school in Massachusetts; and Groton School, founded in 1884.[4][5]

Groton, Massachusetts
Town
Town Hall
Town Hall
Official seal of Groton, Massachusetts
Seal
Motto(s): 
"All Are Welcome", "Faith, Labor"
Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
Coordinates: 42°36′40″N 71°34′30″W
CountryUnited States
StateMassachusetts
CountyMiddlesex
Settled1655
Incorporated1655
Named forGroton, Suffolk, England
Government
 • TypeOpen town meeting
 • Administrative OfficerJean E. Kitchen[1]
 • Board of
   Selectmen		George F. Dillon, Jr.[2]
Peter S. Cunningham
John L. Saball
Mihran Keoseian, Jr.
1 Vacancy
Area
 • Total33.7 sq mi (87.3 km2)
 • Land32.8 sq mi (84.9 km2)
 • Water0.9 sq mi (2.4 km2)
Elevation
320 ft (98 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total11,315
 • Density340/sq mi (130/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Code
01450
Area codes351/978
FIPS code25-27480
GNIS feature ID0619399
Websitewww.townofgroton.org

The town was a battlefield in King Philip's War[6] and Queen Anne's War, as England and France competed through their North American colonies from the 17th century well into the 18th century.[6] It was the birthplace of William Prescott, who commanded the colonial forces at the Battle of Bunker Hill during the American Revolution.[7] In postwar years, it had incidents of insurrection during Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787).[8]

History
Lithograph of Groton from 1886 by L.R. Burleigh with list of landmarks

The area surrounding modern-day Groton has, for thousands of years, been the territory of various cultures of indigenous peoples. They settled along the rivers, which they used for domestic tasks, fishing and transportation. Historic tribes were the Algonquian-speaking Nipmuc and Nashaway Indians.[9]

The Anglo-American Groton started with the trading post of John Tinker, who conducted business there with the Nashaway at the confluence of Nod Brook and the Nashua River. The Nashaway called the area Petapawag, meaning "swampy land." As Tinker had, other pioneers followed the Algonquian trails from Massachusetts Bay. They found the region productive for fishing and farming.[9]

The town was officially settled and incorporated in 1655, named for Groton in Suffolk, England. Called The Plantation of Groton, it included all of present-day Groton and Ayer, almost all of Pepperell and Shirley, large parts of Dunstable, Littleton, and Tyngsborough, plus smaller parts of Harvard and Westford in Massachusetts, as well as Nashua and Hollis, New Hampshire.[9]

During King Philip's War, when English colonists and Native Americans tried to destroy each other, on March 13, 1676, Native Americans raided and burned all buildings except for four Groton garrisons. Among those killed was John Nutting, a Selectman at Groton. Survivors fled to Concord and other safe havens. Two years later, many returned to rebuild.[9]

Abenaki warriors attacked the town again during the Raid on Groton in 1694 (during King William's War). Lydia Longley and two of her siblings were taken captive; the rest of their family was killed. Lydia was taken to Montreal where she was ransomed, converted to Catholicism, and joined the Congregation of Notre Dame, a non-cloistered order.

In June 1707 during the years of Queen Anne's War, a French-Abenaki raid captured three children of the large family of Thomas Tarbell and his wife Elizabeth (Wood), cousins to the Longleys. The raiders took them overland and by water to the Mohawk mission village of Kahnawake (also spelled Caughnawaga) south of Montreal. There they could be held for ransom or adopted into the tribe by individual Mohawk families. The trade in captives was carried on for years given the continued warfare between the English and French in Europe and North America.

The two Tarbell boys, John and Zachariah, were adopted by Mohawk families and became fully assimilated. They later each married chiefs' daughters, had families, and became respected chiefs themselves.[10] They were among the founders in the 1750s of Akwesasne, after moving up the St. Lawrence River from Kahnawake to escape the ill effects of traders. The brothers' older sister Sarah Tarbell was ransomed by a French family, and converted to Catholicism. Renamed as Marguerite, she followed Lydia Longley in joining the Congregation of Notre Dame, and served with them for the rest of her life.[10][11][12] In the late nineteenth century, a plaque was installed about the Tarbell children at the site of the family's former farm in Groton. Descendants with the Tarbell surname are among the Mohawk living at Kahnewake and Akwesasne in the 21st century.

In 1775, the common in front of the First Parish Church was an assembly area for Minutemen who fought in the Battle of Lexington and Concord.[9]

19th century to present

In the 19th century and early part of the 20th century, Groton was a largely white and Christian town and may have been a sundown town. The town became a center of Ku Klux Klan activities after World War I; this second Klan expressed primarily anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant prejudice, while opposing ethnic minorities. In September 1924, Klansmen gathered in the town, arriving in approximately fifty automobiles, with identity-protected professionals and merchants from the area. Many townspeople opposed the Klan, and their active protest resulted in some violence. In October 1926, a group of 400 Klansmen were meeting in a field in the town when they were fired upon with guns used by a group of approximately 100 people opposed to the Klan. The police reported that over 100 gunshots were exchanged between the two groups, but no casualties were reported.[13]

In 2017, following the negativity of the campaign for the 2016 presidential election, the town adopted the motto "All Are Welcome" as a statement of its openness and tolerance. Six stones were engraved with this motto and placed on the major roads entering the town from neighboring communities[13] In 2020, nearly 100 years after the Klan events of the mid-1920s and in recognition of earlier violence and the contemporary social justice movement, Groton unanimously approved a measure denouncing racial bigotry and advocating equality.[14]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Groton has a total area of 33.7 square miles (87.3 km2), of which 32.8 square miles (84.9 km2) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.4 km2) (2.79%) is water. Groton is the largest town in Middlesex County in terms of square mileage. The town is drained by the Nashua River, Squannacook River, and Merrimack River.[15] The center of the town is dominated mainly by Gibbet Hill, with several other large hills throughout the town.

Groton is served by state routes 40, 111, 119 and 225. It borders the towns of Pepperell, Dunstable, Tyngsborough, Westford, Littleton, Ayer, Shirley, and Townsend.

Groton has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) bordering on Dfb and monthly averages range from 23.8 °F (−4.6 °C) in January to 71.8 °F (22.1 °C) in July.[16] The hardiness zone is 5b.[17]

Climate

In a typical year, Groton, Massachusetts temperatures fall below 50 °F (10 °C) for 195 days per year. Annual precipitation is typically 45.7 inches per year (high in the US) and snow covers the ground 68 days per year or 18.6% of the year (high in the US). It may be helpful to understand the yearly precipitation by imagining 9 straight days of moderate rain per year. The humidity is below 60% for approximately 25.4 days or 7% of the year.[18]

Demographics
See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income and Groton (CDP), Massachusetts
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1676300—    
17651,408+369.3%
17761,639+16.4%
17901,840+12.3%
18001,802−2.1%
18101,886+4.7%
18201,897+0.6%
18301,925+1.5%
18402,139+11.1%
18502,515+17.6%
18603,193+27.0%
18703,584+12.2%
18801,862−48.0%
18902,057+10.5%
19002,052−0.2%
19102,155+5.0%
19202,185+1.4%
19302,434+11.4%
19402,550+4.8%
19502,889+13.3%
19603,904+35.1%
19705,109+30.9%
19806,154+20.5%
19907,511+22.1%
20009,547+27.1%
201010,646+11.5%
202011,315+6.3%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]

As of the census[29] of 2000, there were 9,547 people, 3,268 households, and 2,568 families residing in the town. The population density was 291.3 inhabitants per square mile (112.5/km2). There were 3,393 housing units at an average density of 103.5 per square mile (40.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.22% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population.

There were 3,268 households, out of which 46.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families. Of all households 17.1% were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.31.

The age distribution of the town's population was 32.6% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $118,041, and the median income for a family was $136,653. Males had a median income of $101,117 versus $60,402 for females. The per capita income for the town was $44,756. About 1.1% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.[30]

Sports

Groton annually hosts the National Shepley Hill Horse Trials, an equestrian competition. The Groton-Dunstable Crusaders high school boys and girls athletic teams also compete in the town.

Government

The town is governed by an open town meeting and administered by an elected five-member select board and appointed town manager.[31]

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of February 1, 2021[32]
Party Number of Voters Percentage
Democratic 1,915 21.92%
Republican 1,089 12.47%
Unaffiliated 5,662 64.81%
Total 8,736 100%

Education

District schools
Main article: Groton-Dunstable Regional School District
  • Boutwell School
  • Florence Roche Elementary School
  • Groton-Dunstable Regional Middle School
  • Groton-Dunstable Regional High School
  • Prescott Elementary School (closed after the 2007–2008 school year due to budget cuts)[33]

Other public schools

Private schools
Groton School

Points of interest
First Parish Church
1831 map of Groton
Gibbet Hill
  • Groton Historical Society & Museum[36]
  • Gibbet Hill Castle
  • Kalliroscope Gallery
  • Autumn Hills Orchard
  • Grotonwood Camp and Conference Center[37]
  • The Old Groton Inn[38]
  • Groton Public Library[39]
  • Groton School
  • Lawrence Academy
  • Groton Hill Music Center

Buildings and structures

Conservation land

Over 30% of the land in Groton, Massachusetts is protected open space.[42] The majority of this open space is accessible to the public. Groton also has over 100 miles of trails. Many of these trails can be walked and biked, others are available for hunting and/or camping. The trails are made and maintained by the Groton Trail Committee and the land itself is owned and managed by the Groton Conservation Trust, The Groton Conservation Commission, the Massachusetts Audubon Society, The New England Forestry Foundation, The Massachusetts Department of Conservation & Recreation, and The Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game.

Notable people

References
  1. Archived September 14, 2003, at the Wayback Machine
  2. Archived April 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  3. "Census - Geography Profile: Groton town, Middlesex County, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
  4. Laneri, Raquel. "Best Prep Schools 2010". Forbes. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  5. "Groton.org". Groton.org. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  6. "A Brief History of Groton, MA". TownofGroton.org. September 20, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  7. "William Prescott". theamericanrevolution.org. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  8. Szatmary, David (1980). Shays' Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection (Reprint ed.). University of Massachusetts Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0870234194.
  9. "Town of Groton, Massachusetts". Retrieved May 30, 2006.
  10. John Demos, The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994, pp. 186 and 224
  11. Darren Bonaparte, "The History of Akwesasne" Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, The Wampum Chronicles, accessed 1 Feb 2010
  12. Darren Bonaparte, "First Families of Akwesasne", The Wampum Chronicles, accessed 21 Feb 2010
  13. Pan, Deanna (October 7, 2020). "Once a Ku Klux Klan stronghold, Groton fights its reputation as a 'sundown town'". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  14. Pan, Deanna (October 7, 2020). "Once a Ku Klux Klan stronghold, Groton fights its reputation as a 'sundown town'". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
  15. "Map of Massachusetts Watersheds" (PDF). Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  16. "PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University".
  17. "Interactive Map | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Archived from the original on January 28, 2012.
  18. "Climate in Groton, Massachusetts". Retrieved June 18, 2022.
  19. "Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010.
  20. "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  21. "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  22. "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  23. "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  24. "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  25. "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  26. "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  27. "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  28. "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  29. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  30. Archived July 19, 2011, at archive.today
  31. About Groton
  32. "Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of February 1, 2021" (PDF). Massachusetts Elections Division. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  33. Gunderson, Matt (March 6, 2008). "Officials forge on with Groton school closure". Boston Globe, MA. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
  34. "Country Day School of the Holy Union". Country Day. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  35. Knight, An Examination of the Lowthorpe School of Landscape Architecture for Women, Groton, Massachusetts, 1901–1945
  36. "Groton Historical Society". Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  37. "Groton Wood". Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  38. "Old Groton Inn". Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  39. "Groton Public Library". Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  40. Nelson, Laura J. "Boston Globe Correspondent". Boston.com. NY Times Co. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  41. "The Groton Inn". The Groton Inn. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  42. "Groton Trails Network". Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  43. "Andy Anderson Bio". Groton.org. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  44. "National Rowing Hall of Fame". National Rowing Foundation. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
  45. Hoddeson, Lillian; Daitch, Vicki (November 11, 2002). True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen. Joseph Henry Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0309095112.
  46. Shelley Olds Picked For US Olympic Cycling Team | The Groton Line

Further reading
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Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Groton, Massachusetts.
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