Gunungsitoli

Adu Zatua statues from Nias

Nias island, together with groups of other islands off the western coast of Sumatra, was mentioned by Ptolemy in 150 CE as "Barus islands".[5] Nias had well-established trade contacts with Arab and Chinese traders since around the seventh century.[5] In 1154, the island was mentioned by Muhammad al-Idrisi as "Niyan" and described as "densely populated, with one big town, and inhabited by many tribes".[6]

Archeological evidence shows humans have inhabited the island for 12,000 years. Remains of tools were found in Tögi Ndrawa cave by Indonesian archeologists from Medan in August 1999. The excavation shows sign of mesolithic culture and that the cave was still inhabited until around 700 years ago.[5] According to folk stories of the Nias people, the island was settled by six ancestor tribes but the current Nias people or Ono Niha—which means "human" in the Nias language—arose more recently, according to records compiled by German missionary Wilhelm Heinrich Sundermann.[6] Migration of Ono Niha people from mainland Sumatra occurred in around 1350; they brought with them knowledge of metallurgy, agriculture, husbandry, and woven clothing. It is unknown whether previous inhabitants of the island were assimilated or out-competed with the arrival of the Ono Niha.[5]

In 1416, Ming treasure voyages led by Zheng He occupied a portion of mainland Sumatra that directly faces Nias island and constructed a port town named Singkuang (New Land). The occupation led to a significant presence of Chinese communities on the island.[5] Around the 1500s, the island was subject to frequent slave raids by ships from Aceh Sultanate, which at the time was under Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah, who sought to conquer the western coast of Sumatra.[5] In 1642, seven ships from Aceh Sultanate were stranded on the eastern coast of the island, resulting in a significant presence of Acehnese communities, which are known locally as Polem people.[6]

First contact between Nias people and Europeans came on 2 July 1664 when Dutch traders and the king of Luaha Laraga made a trade agreement and tariffs for Dutch ships that were using the port in modern-day Idanoi district.[7] In 1668, the Dutch East India Company made agreements with village chiefs around the location of modern-day Gunungsitoli city and the Hinako islands. The company settled the region and built several warehouses[5] but the Dutch traders left the region and abandoned the settlement in 1740 due to decreasing Dutch influence over the region.[5]

A church scene in Gunungsitoli, around 1900

In 1776, British traders tried to settled the region but soon also abandoned it because the region was not profitable. For several decades, there was no significant European presence on the island. The British again tried to settle the region in 1821 but the settlement was taken over by the Dutch in 1825.[5] In 1840, the Dutch tried to gain control of the entire island following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 but were unable to establish military presence on the island outside a small area of Gunungsitoli, which was then known as Rapatgebied.[5] Frequent raids by Nias tribes against Dutch fortifications concentrated the settlement in the area that would become the city.[5][8]

The Dutch were only able to start a significant military campaign against Nias tribes in 1900 and subjugated the entire island by 1914. Nias was one of the last regions of the Indonesian archipelago by to be conquered by the Dutch East Indies.[8] Missionary activities on the island grew after the Dutch established control over the island. In 1916, a mass conversion to Christianity known as Fangesa Sebua (The Great Repentance) occurred on the island. The event started in Gunungsitoli from Idanoi and later spread throughout the island.[9]

Gunungsitoli was one of two locations on Nias where Dutch authorities held German prisoners during World War II. The prisoners were part of formerly bigger German prisoner groups abroad SS Van Imhoff, which was sunk by Japanese bombers off the west coast of Sumatra.[10] Upon hearing news about Japanese attacks on Sumatra, the German prisoners planned a coup against the Dutch colonial authority in the city. The prisoners tried to persuade native police, known as Veldpolities, to revolt.[11] At the time, the city was home to around 60 German prisoners. On 29 March 1942, the native police revolted by shooting Dutch residents and imprisoning Dutch officials, and the city was quickly occupied.[11] Once occupied German prisoners established the unrecognized state of the Free Republic of Nias.[12] On 17 April 1942, the Japanese military landed in the city and was welcomed by the German prisoners, who took over the city. By 24 April 1942, all German prisoners had left the island and the administration was handed over to the Japanese until the end of World War II.[11]

Beringin Market in Gunungsitoli, 1975. In 1975, the city and Nias island seen a short-lived tourist boom followed by brief improvement of infrastructures.

During the Indonesian National Revolution, Gunungsitoli and Nias came under blockade from the Dutch Navy to cut off the island from the western coast of Sumatra. Due to the blockade, the city printed its own banknotes because Republican banknotes from Bukittinggi could not be transported.[13] The banknotes were known as ORIPDA-Nias (Regional Money of Republic Indonesia-Nias).[13] The Dutch military landed in the city in November 1945. The relationship between the newly arrived troops and the city's residents was tense, especially because of constant patrols of Republican youths armed with bambu runcing. Small armed clashes occurred around the city when Dutch military tried to take back control of governmental buildings that were taken over by Indonesian nationalists following the end of the war.[14]

The republican government of Nias was evacuated from Gunungsitoli in the aftermath.[14] In November 1946, the Indonesian National Committee or (Komite Nasional Indonesia) (KNI) led by Roos Telaumbanua attempted to establish armed elements of Republicans such as a branch of the People's Security Agency and the Indonesian National Police around the island. The committee also established a Fonds Kemerdekaan (Independence Fund) to give economic support to the Indonesian republic in Tapanuli, mainland Sumatra, and Kongsi Pelajaran (Shipping Union).[14] The economic support was in form of the sale of copra to Singapore and donating pigs and oil to Tapanuli.[14] Gunungsitoli was one of the main centers of Republican support on the island. Due to Operation Kraai, communication between Nias and Tapanuli was cut off so the island tried to establish communication with Kutaraja, Aceh. On 19 November 1949, officials from North Sumatra visited Gunungsitoli to establish a local government council (Dewan Pemerintah Daerah) on Nias, which was realized in 1950.[14]

US Navy together with Indonesian Army on Binaka Airport in the aftermath of 2005 Nias earthquake

In 1975, Nias experienced a tourist boom, especially with Australian tourists, and became destination for surfers. The tourist boom was followed by general improvements to infrastructure in Gunungsitoli and the building of markets and roads.[15] Despite these improvements the boom was short-lived.[5]

Nias, including Gunungsitoli, was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and the 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake. Much of the infrastructure was destroyed, and between 2005 and 2010, the residents became reliant on aid from nonprofit organizations to recover.[5]

On 29 October 2008, Gunungsitoli was separated from Nias Regency and became an independent city based on Law Number 47.[7] Following decentralization and becoming an independent city, Gunungsitoli has seen the highest average economic growth in North Sumatra with 6% in 2018 and 6.05% in 2019.[16] The city's infrastructure has been improved and development of the tourist industry has been a particular focus of both local and central government.[17][5] In 2019, Gunungsitoli, together with other regencies on Nias, hosted Sail Nias, which is an annual yacht tournament and part of the Sail Indonesia event.[18][19]

Gunungsitoli has been proposed as the capital of the newly proposed Nias Islands Province, which is projected to be separated from North Sumatra.[20] As of 2023, however, the creation of the new province and other proposed new provinces and regencies has been halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic which put strain on government budgets.[21]

Gunungsitoli is located close to the equator, and has a tropical rainforest climate with an average of 21 days of rain per month. The average rainfall per month in 2019 was 250.21 mm³ but this can vary widely from 100 and 300 mm³ per month. Moisture in the city is usually between 87% and 95%, and the average temperature is 26 °C (79 °F). Wind speed on average per month reaches 5.17 knots (2.66 m/s) per hour.[22]

Gunungsitoli has an area of 469.36 km² (115,981.4 acres; 181.2 sq mi) comprising 0.63% of North Sumatra province. The city is divided into six districts (kecamatan), which are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010[3] and the 2020[4] Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.[1] The table also includes the number of administrative villages (urban kelurahan) in each district, and its postal code.

Nias Regent's office building in Gunungsitoli. The city was part of the Nias Regency until 2008.

Gunungsitoli People's Representative Council Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Gunungsitoli
Type
Type	Unicameral
History
New session started	30 October 2019
Structure
Seats	25
Political groups	Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (6)   Nasdem Party (2)   Perindo Party (2)   Hanura (4)   Demokrat (4)   Golkar (2)   PKPI (1)   Gerindra (3)   PAN (1) [30]
Elections
Voting system	Open list

As with all Indonesian cities, the local government of Gunungsitoli is a second-level administrative division that is run by a mayor and vice-mayor together with the city parliament, and is equivalent to a regency.[31] Executive power lies in the mayor and vice-mayor while legislation duties are carried on by the local parliament. Mayor, vice-mayor, and parliament members are democratically elected by the city's residents.[32] Heads of districts are directly appointed by the city mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary.[33][34]

On a provincial level, Gunungsitoli is part of the eighth electoral district of North Sumatra province together with the Nias, South Nias, North Nias, and West Nias Regencies (i.e. the entire Nias Island), which together have six representatives in the provincial parliament.[35] On the city level, it is divided into three electoral districts and together, the city parliament has 25 representatives.[35]

Despite it being smaller than other sectors in terms of contribution to the GRP, agriculture employs around 31% of the city's workforce. In 2019, 2,313 ha (5,715.5 acres; 8.9 sq mi) of the city was cultivated for paddy with a crop yield of 12,997 tons. Copra is among the island's main exports and is shipped from Gunungsitoli after being harvested from neighbouring regencies.[37] Other cultivated crops in Gunungsitoli are maize with a crop yield of 655.54 tons, cassava with 1,456 tons, and sweet potatoes with production of 634.25 tons. Most of the city's population planted cassava without harvesting it, and instead used its leaves to feed pigs. The pig population in Gunungsitoli as of 2020 was 2,699. The city's egg production was 268 tons in 2020.[22][24] The same year's fish catch was 6,284 tons from the sea and 129 tons of freshwater fish.[22]

Plastic packaging factory in Gunungsitoli

North Gunungsitol hosts the only shipyard on Nias. The shipyard was built in 2017 and started operating in 2019, mostly repairing and painting ships.[38] The city government runs an ice factory mainly to support the city's fisheries. The factory has capability to produce around 300 blocks of ice per day.[39] Other industries in the city include production of foods for livestock.[40][41] Gunungsitoli has significant tofu industry; tofu is produced from soybeans from other regions such as Sibolga.[42][43] Other processed products in the city includes dodol with durian flavour, which is Nias' signature dish;[44] furniture products, and taro-related products.[43]

There are also fisheries-related industries such as fish processing and production of canned fish.[38]

Gunungsitoli is the main gateway to Nias and a hub for tourists before reaching their destinations elsewhere on the island. According to the city government, there are 110 tourist spots inside the city. Despite the decline of the tourist industry following earthquakes, there are still significant international tourist visits, mostly by Australians.[45] Tourist potential includes Nias culture, as well as beaches and natural spots such as cave and waterfalls.[38] In 2019, 64,767 tourists—mostly domestic—visited the city. The tourist sector is supported by 23 hotels in the city as of 2019.[38]

There are several banks in Gunungsitol such as North Sumatra Bank, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Negara Indonesia, Bank Mandiri, and Bank Danamon. There are also several insurance companies—mostly state-owned—such as Jiwasraya and Putra Muda.[38] The finance sector contributed 3.29% to the city's GRP as of 2021.[36]