Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571

The Tinguiririca volcano seen from the Tinguiririca River valley

Members of the amateur Old Christians Club rugby union team from Montevideo, Uruguay, were scheduled to play a match in Santiago, Chile, against the Old Boys Club, an English rugby team.[2] Club president Daniel Juan chartered a Uruguayan Air Force twin turboprop Fairchild FH-227D to fly the team over the Andes to Santiago. The aircraft carried 40 passengers and five crew members. The pilot in command, Colonel Julio César Ferradas, was an experienced Air Force pilot who had a total of 5,117 flying hours. He was accompanied by co-pilot Lieutenant-Colonel Dante Héctor Lagurara. There were ten extra seats, and the team members invited a few friends and family members to accompany them. When someone cancelled at the last minute, Graziela Mariani bought the seat so she could attend her oldest daughter's wedding.[2]

The aircraft departed Carrasco International Airport on 12 October 1972, but a storm front over the Andes forced them to stop overnight in Mendoza, Argentina. Although there is a direct route from Mendoza to Santiago 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the west, the high mountains require an altitude of 25,000 to 26,000 feet (7,600 to 7,900 m), very close to the FH-227D's maximum operational ceiling of 28,000 feet (8,500 m). Given that the aircraft was fully loaded, this route would have required the pilot to very carefully calculate fuel consumption and to avoid the mountains. Instead, it was customary for this type of aircraft to fly a longer 600-kilometre (370 mi), 90-minute U-shaped route[2] from Mendoza south to Malargüe using the A7 airway (known today as UW44). From there, aircraft flew west via the G-17 (UB684) airway, crossing Planchón to the Curicó radiobeacon in Chile, and from there north to Santiago.[3][4]

The weather on 13 October also affected the flight. On that morning conditions over the Andes had not improved but changes were expected by the early afternoon. The pilot waited and took off at 2:18 p.m. on Friday 13 October from Mendoza. He flew south towards Malargüe radiobeacon at flight level 180 (FL180, 18,000 feet (5,500 m)). Lagurara radioed Malargüe Airport with their position and told them they would reach 2,515 metres (8,251 ft) high Planchón Pass at 3:21 p.m. Planchón Pass is the air traffic control hand-off point from one side of the Andes to the other, with controllers in Mendoza transferring flight tracking duties over to Pudahuel air traffic control in Santiago.[5][6] Once across the mountains in Chile, south of Curicó, the aircraft was supposed to turn north and initiate a descent into Pudahuel Airport in Santiago.

Pilot Ferradas had flown across the Andes 29 times previously. On this flight he was training co-pilot Lagurara, who was at the controls. As they flew through the Andes, clouds obscured the mountains.[7][3] The aircraft was four years old and had 792 airframe hours.[8] It was regarded by some pilots as underpowered and had been nicknamed by them as the "lead-sled".[9][10]

Given the cloud cover, the pilots were flying under instrument meteorological conditions at an altitude of 18,000 feet (5,500 m) (FL180), and could not visually confirm their location. While some reports state the co-pilot incorrectly estimated his position using dead reckoning, he was relying on radio navigation.[10] The aircraft's VOR/DME instrument displayed to the co-pilot a digital reading of the distance to the next radio beacon in Curicó. At Planchón Pass, the aircraft still had to travel 60–70 km (37–43 mi) to reach Curicó.

Regardless, at 3:21 p.m., shortly after transiting the pass, Lagurara contacted Santiago and notified air traffic controllers that he expected to reach Curicó a minute later. The flight time from the pass to Curicó is normally 11 minutes, but only three minutes later the co-pilot told Santiago that they were passing Curicó and turning north. He requested permission from air traffic control to descend. The controller in Santiago, unaware the flight was still over the Andes, authorized him to descend to 11,500 feet (3,500 m) (FL115).[7][10] Later analysis of their flight path found the co-pilot had not only turned too early, but turned on a heading of 014 degrees, when he should have turned to 030 degrees.[3]

As the aircraft descended, severe turbulence tossed the aircraft up and down. Nando Parrado recalled hitting a downdraft, causing the plane to drop several hundred feet and out of the clouds. The rugby players joked about the turbulence at first, until some passengers saw that the aircraft was very close to the mountain. "That was probably the moment when the pilots saw the black ridge rising dead ahead."[11]

Roberto Canessa later said that he thought the pilot turned north too soon, and began the descent to Santiago while the aircraft was still high in the Andes. Then "he began to climb, until the plane was nearly vertical and it began to stall and shake."[12] The aircraft ground collision alarm sounded, alarming all of the passengers.[4]

The co-pilot applied maximum power in an attempt to gain altitude. Witness accounts and evidence at the scene indicated the plane struck the mountain either two or three times. The co-pilot was able to bring the aircraft nose over the ridge, but at 3:34 p.m., the lower part of the tail-cone may have clipped the ridge at 4,200 metres (13,800 ft). The next collision severed the right wing. Some evidence indicates it was thrown back with such force that it tore off the vertical stabilizer and the tail-cone. When the tail-cone was detached, it took with it the rear part of the fuselage, including two rows of seats in the rear section of the passenger cabin, the galley, baggage hold, vertical stabilizer and horizontal stabilizers, leaving a gaping hole in the rear of the fuselage. Three passengers, the navigator and the steward were lost with the tail section.[3][2]

The aircraft continued forward and upward another 200 meters (660 ft) for a few more seconds when the left wing struck an outcropping at 4,400 meters (14,400 ft), tearing off the wing. One of the propellers sliced through the fuselage as the wing it was attached to was severed.[3] Two more passengers fell out of the open rear of the fuselage. The front part of the fuselage flew straight through the air before sliding down the steep glacier at 350 km/h (220 mph) like a high-speed toboggan and descended about 725 metres (2,379 ft). When the fuselage collided with a snow bank, the seats were torn from their base and thrown against the forward bulkhead and each other. The impact crushed the cockpit with the two pilots inside, killing Ferradas immediately.[13]

The official investigation concluded that the crash was caused by controlled flight into terrain due to pilot error.[5][14]

The plane fuselage came to rest on a glacier at 34°45′54″S 70°17′11″W at an elevation of 3,570 metres (11,710 ft) in the Malargüe Department, Mendoza Province, Argentina. The unnamed glacier (later named Glaciar de las Lágrimas or Glacier of Tears) is between Mount Sosneado and 4,280 metres (14,040 ft) high Volcán Tinguiririca, straddling the remote mountainous border between Chile and Argentina. It is south of the 4,650 metres (15,260 ft) high Mount Seler, the mountain the survivors later climbed and which Nando Parrado named after his father. The aircraft was 80 km (50 mi) east of its planned route.[3]

The abandoned summer resort Hotel Termas was, unknown to the survivors, about 21 km (13 mi) east of their crash location.

The Chilean Air Search and Rescue Service (SARS) was notified within the hour that the flight was missing. Four planes searched that afternoon until dark. News of the missing flight reached Uruguayan media about 6:00 p.m. that evening. SARS officers listened to radio transmissions and concluded the aircraft had come down in one of the most remote and inaccessible areas of the Andes and called on the Andes Rescue Group of Chile (CSA). Unknown to the people on board, or the rescuers, the flight had crashed about 21 km (13 mi) from the former Hotel Termas el Sosneado, an abandoned resort and hot springs that might have provided limited shelter.[2]

On the second day, 11 aircraft from Argentina, Chile and Uruguay searched for the downed flight.[2] The search area included their location and a few aircraft flew near the crash site. The survivors tried to use lipstick recovered from the luggage to write an SOS on the roof of the aircraft, but they quit after realizing that they lacked enough lipstick to make letters visible from the air. They also built a cross in the snow using luggage, but it was unseen by the search and rescue aircraft.[15] They saw three aircraft fly overhead, but were unable to attract their attention, and none of the aircraft crews spotted the white fuselage against the snow.

The harsh conditions gave searchers little hope that they would find anyone alive. Search efforts were cancelled after eight days.[17] On 21 October, after searching for a total of 142 hours and 30 minutes, the searchers concluded that there was no hope and terminated the search. The snow had not melted at this time in the southern hemisphere spring; they hoped to find the bodies in December, when the snow melted in the summer.

During the first night, five more people died: co-pilot Lagurara, Francisco Abal, Graziela Mariani, Felipe Maquirriain and Julio Martinez-Lamas.

The 28 surviving passengers removed the broken seats and other debris from the aircraft and fashioned a crude shelter. They crammed themselves into the broken fuselage in a space about 2.5 by 3 metres (8 ft 2 in × 9 ft 10 in). To try to keep out some of the cold, they used luggage, seats and snow to close off the open end of the fuselage. They improvised in other ways. Fito Strauch devised a way to obtain water in freezing conditions by using sheet metal from under the seats and placing snow on it. The solar collector melted snow which dripped into empty wine bottles. To prevent snow blindness, he improvised sunglasses using the sun visors in the pilot's cabin, wire and a bra strap. They removed the seat covers, which were partially made of wool, to use against the cold. They also used the seat cushions as snowshoes. Marcelo Perez, captain of the rugby team, assumed leadership.[15][17]

Parrado woke from his coma after three days to learn that his mother had died and that his 19-year-old sister Susana was severely injured. He attempted to keep her alive without success, as during the eighth day she succumbed to her injuries.[16] The remaining 27 faced severe difficulties surviving the nights when temperatures dropped to −30 °C (−22 °F).[18] All had lived near the sea; some of the team members had never seen snow before, and none had experience at high altitude. The survivors lacked medical supplies, cold-weather clothing and equipment or food, and only had three pairs of sunglasses among them to help prevent snow blindness.

The survivors found a small transistor radio jammed between seats on the aircraft, and Roy Harley improvised a very long antenna using electrical cable from the plane.[4] He heard the news that the search was cancelled on their eleventh day on the mountain. Piers Paul Read's book Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors describes the moments after this discovery:

The others who had clustered around Roy, upon hearing the news, began to sob and pray, all except [Nando] Parrado, who looked calmly up at the mountains which rose to the west. Gustavo [Coco] Nicolich came out of the aircraft and, seeing their faces, knew what they had heard… [Nicolich] climbed through the hole in the wall of suitcases and rugby shirts, crouched at the mouth of the dim tunnel, and looked at the mournful faces which were turned towards him. 'Hey boys,' he shouted, 'there's some good news! We just heard on the radio. They've called off the search.' Inside the crowded aircraft there was silence. As the hopelessness of their predicament enveloped them, they wept. 'Why the hell is that good news?' Paez shouted angrily at Nicolich. 'Because it means,' [Nicolich] said, 'that we're going to get out of here on our own.' The courage of this one boy prevented a flood of total despair.[19]

The survivors had very little food: eight chocolate bars, a tin of mussels, three small jars of jam, a tin of almonds, a few dates, candies, dried plums and several bottles of wine. During the days following the crash, they divided this into small amounts to make their meager supply last as long as possible. Parrado ate a single chocolate-covered peanut over three days.[17][2] Even with this strict rationing, their food stock dwindled quickly. There was no natural vegetation and no animals on either the glacier or nearby snow-covered mountain. The food ran out after a week, and the group tried to eat parts of the airplane, such as the cotton inside the seats and leather. They became sicker from eating these.[17]

Knowing that rescue efforts had been called off and faced with starvation and death, those still alive agreed that, should they die, the others might consume their bodies to live. With no choice, the survivors ate the bodies of their dead friends.[15][17] Canessa later described the decision to eat the pilots and their dead friends and family members:

Our common goal was to survive – but what we lacked was food. We had long since run out of the meagre pickings we'd found on the plane, and there was no vegetation or animal life to be found. After just a few days, we were feeling the sensation of our own bodies consuming themselves just to remain alive. Before long, we would become too weak to recover from starvation.

We knew the answer, but it was too terrible to contemplate.

The bodies of our friends and team-mates, preserved outside in the snow and ice, contained vital, life-giving protein that could help us survive. But could we do it?

For a long time, we agonized. I went out in the snow and prayed to God for guidance. Without His consent, I felt I would be violating the memory of my friends; that I would be stealing their souls.

We wondered whether we were going mad even to contemplate such a thing. Had we turned into brute savages? Or was this the only sane thing to do? Truly, we were pushing the limits of our fear.[20]

The group survived by collectively deciding to eat flesh from the bodies of their dead comrades. This decision was not taken lightly, as most of the dead were classmates, close friends or relatives. Canessa used broken glass from the aircraft windshield as a cutting tool. He set the example by swallowing the first matchstick-sized strip of frozen flesh. Later on, several others did the same. The next day, more survivors ate the meat offered to them, but a few refused or could not keep it down.[2]

In his memoir, Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home (2006), Parrado wrote about this decision:

At high altitude, the body's caloric needs are astronomical… we were starving in earnest, with no hope of finding food, but our hunger soon grew so voracious that we searched anyway… again and again, we scoured the fuselage in search of crumbs and morsels. We tried to eat strips of leather torn from pieces of luggage, though we knew that the chemicals they'd been treated with would do us more harm than good. We ripped open seat cushions hoping to find straw, but found only inedible upholstery foam… Again and again, I came to the same conclusion: unless we wanted to eat the clothes we were wearing, there was nothing here but aluminum, plastic, ice, and rock.[21]^: 94–95

Parrado protected the corpses of his sister and mother, and they were never eaten. They dried the meat in the sun, which made it more palatable. They were initially so revolted by the experience that they could eat only skin, muscle and fat. When the supply of flesh was diminished, they also ate hearts, lungs and brains.[21]

All of the passengers were Roman Catholic. Some feared eternal damnation. According to Read, some rationalized the act of cannibalism as equivalent to the Eucharist, the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ under the appearances of bread and wine. Others justified it according to a Bible verse found in John 15:13: 'No man hath greater love than this: that he lay down his life for his friends.'

In the end, all of those who had survived as of the decision to eat the bodies did so, though not all without reservations. Javier Methol and his wife Liliana, the only surviving female passenger, were the last survivors to eat human flesh. She had strong religious convictions, and only reluctantly agreed to partake of the flesh after she was told to view it as "like Holy Communion".[22][23]

Seventeen days after the crash, near midnight on 29 October, an avalanche struck the aircraft as the survivors slept. It filled the fuselage and killed eight people: Enrique Platero, Liliana Methol, Gustavo Nicolich, Daniel Maspons, Juan Menendez, Diego Storm, Carlos Roque and Marcelo Perez. The death of Perez, the team captain and leader of the survivors, along with the loss of Liliana Methol, who had nursed the survivors "like a mother and a saint", were extremely discouraging to those remaining alive.[16][22]

The avalanche completely buried the fuselage and filled the interior to within 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) of the roof. The survivors trapped inside soon realized they were running out of air. Parrado found a metal pole from the luggage racks and they were able to get one of the windows from the pilot's cabin open enough to poke a hole through the snow, providing ventilation.[24][25] With considerable difficulty, on the morning of 31 October, they dug a tunnel from the cockpit to the surface, only to encounter a furious blizzard that left them no choice but to stay inside the fuselage.

For three days, the remaining survivors were trapped in the extremely cramped space within the buried fuselage with about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) headroom, together with the corpses of those who had died in the avalanche. With no other choice, on the third day they began to eat the raw flesh of their newly dead friends. Parrado later said, "It was soft and greasy, streaked with blood and bits of wet gristle. I gagged hard when I placed it in my mouth."[16][17]

With Perez dead, three men–Daniel Fernández and cousins Eduardo and Fito Strauch–assumed leadership. They took over harvesting flesh from the deceased and distributing it to the others.[15]

Before the avalanche, a few of the survivors became insistent that their only way of survival would be to climb over the mountains and search for help. Because of the co-pilot's dying statement that the aircraft had passed Curicó, the group believed the Chilean countryside was just a few kilometres away to the west. They were actually more than 89 km (55 mi) to the east, deep in the Andes. The snow that had buried the fuselage gradually melted as summer arrived. Survivors made several brief expeditions in the immediate vicinity of the aircraft in the first few weeks after the crash, but they found that altitude sickness, dehydration, snow blindness, malnourishment and the extreme cold during the nights made traveling any significant distance an impossible task.[7]

The passengers decided that a few members would seek help. Several survivors were determined to join the expedition team, including Canessa, one of the two medical students, but others were less willing or unsure of their ability to withstand such a physically exhausting ordeal. Numa Turcatti and Antonio Vizintin were chosen to accompany Canessa and Parrado; however, Turcatti's leg was stepped on and the bruise had become septic, so he was unable to join the expedition. Canessa, Parrado and Vizintín were among the strongest and were allocated larger rations of food and the warmest clothes.[15] They were also spared the daily manual labor around the crash site that was essential for the group's survival, so they could build their strength. At Canessa's urging, they waited nearly seven days to allow for higher temperatures.

The expedition hoped to get to Chile to the west, but a large mountain lay west of the crash site, persuading them to try heading east first. They hoped that the valley they were in would make a U-turn and allow them to start walking west to Chile. On 15 November, after several hours of walking east, the trio found the largely intact tail section of the aircraft containing the galley about 1.6 km (1 mi) east and downhill of the fuselage. Inside and nearby, they found luggage containing a box of chocolates, three meat patties, a bottle of rum, cigarettes, extra clothes, comic books and a little medicine. They also found the aircraft's two-way radio. The group decided to camp that night inside the tail section. They built a fire and stayed up late reading comic books.[15]

They continued east the next morning. On the second night of the expedition, which was their first night sleeping outside, they nearly froze to death. After some debate the next morning, they decided that it would be wiser to return to the tail, remove the aircraft's batteries, and take them back to the fuselage so they might power up the radio and make an SOS call to Santiago for help.[17]

Upon returning to the tail, the trio found that the 24-kilogram (53 lb) batteries were too heavy to take back to the fuselage, which lay uphill from the tail section. They decided instead that it would be more effective to return to the fuselage and disconnect the radio system from the aircraft's frame, take it back to the tail and connect it to the batteries. One of the team members, Roy Harley, was an amateur electronics enthusiast, and they recruited his help in the endeavour. Unknown to any of the team members, the aircraft's electrical system used 115 volts AC, while the battery they had located produced 24 volts DC,[4] making the plan futile from the beginning.

After several days of trying to make the radio work, they gave up and returned to the fuselage with the knowledge that they would have to climb out of the mountains if they were to have any hope of being rescued. On the return trip, they were struck by a blizzard. Harley laid down to die, but Parrado would not let him stop and took him back to the fuselage.[15]

On 15 November, Arturo Nogueira died, and three days later, Rafael Echavarren died, both from gangrene due to their infected wounds. Numa Turcatti, whose extreme revulsion for eating human meat dramatically accelerated his physical decline, died on day 60 (11 December) weighing only 25 kg (55 pounds). Those left knew that they would die if they did not find help.[17] The survivors heard on the transistor radio that the Uruguayan Air Force had resumed searching for them.[26]

The party now realized that the only way out was to climb over the mountains to the west, and that such a trek was impossible unless they found a way to survive the freezing night temperatures. The expedition members came up with the idea to use insulation from the rear of the fuselage, copper wire and waterproof fabric that covered the air conditioning of the plane to fashion a sleeping bag.[18][17] Parrado described in his book, Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home, how they came up with the idea of making a sleeping bag:

The second challenge would be to protect ourselves from exposure, especially after sundown. At this time of year, we could expect daytime temperatures well above freezing, but the nights were still cold enough to kill us, and we knew now that we couldn't expect to find shelter on the open slopes.

We needed a way to survive the long nights without freezing, and the quilted batts of insulation we'd taken from the tail section gave us our solution ... as we brainstormed about the trip, we realized we could sew the patches together to create a large warm quilt. Then we realized that by folding the quilt in half and stitching the seams together, we could create an insulated sleeping bag large enough for all three expeditionaries to sleep in. With the warmth of three bodies trapped by the insulating cloth, we might be able to weather the coldest nights.

Carlitos [Páez] took on the challenge. His mother had taught him to sew when he was a boy, and with the needles and thread from the sewing kit found in his mother's cosmetic case, he began to work ... to speed the progress, Carlitos taught others to sew, and we all took our turns ... Coche [Inciarte], Gustavo [Zerbino], and Fito [Strauch] turned out to be our best and fastest tailors.[21]

After the sleeping bag was completed and Turcatti died, Canessa was still hesitant. While others encouraged Parrado, none would volunteer to go with him. Parrado finally persuaded Canessa to set out, and joined by Vizintín, the three men took to the mountain on 12 December.[17]

View of peak to the west that the three men climbed. The Crash Site Memorial in the foreground was created after the survivors' rescue.

On 12 December 1972, Parrado, Canessa and Vizintín, lacking mountaineering gear of any kind, began to climb the glacier at 3,570 metres (11,710 ft) to the 4,670 metres (15,320 ft) peak blocking their way west. They trekked for over ten days, traveling 61 km (38 miles).[27][28] seeking help.[17] Based on the aircraft's altimeter, they thought they were at 7,000 feet (2,100 m), when they were actually at about 11,800 feet (3,597 m). Given the pilot's dying statement that they were near Curicó, they believed that they were near the western edge of the Andes and that the closest help lay in that direction. As a result, they brought only a three-day supply of meat.[26]

Parrado wore three pairs of jeans and three sweaters over a polo shirt. He wore four pairs of socks wrapped in a plastic shopping bag. They had no technical gear, no map or compass, and no climbing experience. Instead of climbing the ridge to the west, which was somewhat lower than the peak, they climbed straight up the steep mountain.[29] They thought they would reach the peak in one day. Parrado took the lead and the other two often had to remind him to slow down, although the thin oxygen-poor air made it difficult for all of them. During part of the climb, they sank up to their hips in the snow, which had been softened by the summer sun.[17]

It was still bitterly cold, but the sleeping bag enabled them to survive through the frigid nights. In the documentary film Stranded, Canessa described how on the first night during the ascent, they had difficulty finding a place to put down the sleeping bag. A storm blew fiercely, and they finally found a spot on a ledge of rock on the edge of an abyss. Canessa said it was the worst night of his life. The climb was very slow; the survivors at the fuselage watched them climb for three days. On the second day, Canessa thought he saw a road to the east, and tried to persuade Parrado to head in that direction. Parrado disagreed and they argued without reaching a decision.[26]

On the third morning of the trek, Canessa stayed at their camp. Vizintín and Parrado reached the base of a near-vertical wall more than one hundred meters (300 feet) tall encased in snow and ice. Parrado was determined to hike out or die trying. He used a stick from his pack to carve steps in the wall. He gained the summit of the 4,650 metres (15,260 ft) high peak before Vizintín. Thinking he would see the green valleys of Chile to the west, he was stunned to see a vast array of mountain peaks in every direction. They had climbed a mountain on the border of Argentina and Chile, meaning the trekkers were still tens of kilometres from the green valleys of Chile. Vizintín and Parrado rejoined Canessa where they had slept the night before. At sunset, while sipping the cognac that they had found in the tail section, Parrado said, "Roberto, can you imagine how beautiful this would be if we were not dead men?"[29]

The next morning, the three men could see that the hike was going to take much longer than they had originally planned. They were running out of food, so Vizintín agreed to return to the crash site leaving his remaining portions to the other two. The return was entirely downhill and, using an aircraft seat as a makeshift sleigh, he returned to the crash site in one hour.[26]

Parrado and Canessa took three hours to climb to the summit. When Canessa reached the top and saw nothing but snow-capped mountains for kilometres around them, his first thought was, "We're dead."[17] Parrado saw two smaller peaks on the western horizon that were not covered in snow. A valley at the base of the mountain they stood on wound its way towards the peaks. Parrado was sure this was their way out of the mountains. He refused to give up hope; Canessa agreed to go west. Only much later did Canessa learn that the road he saw to the east would have gotten them to rescue sooner and easier.[29][30]

On the summit, Parrado told Canessa, "We may be walking to our deaths, but I would rather walk to meet my death than wait for it to come to me." Canessa agreed. "You and I are friends, Nando. We have been through so much. Now let's go die together."[29] They followed the ridge towards the valley and descended a considerable distance.

Area of the crash. The dotted green line is the survivors' descent route. They trekked about 61 km (38 mi) over 10 days.

Parrado and Canessa hiked for several more days. First, they were able to reach the narrow valley that Parrado had seen on the top of the mountain, where they found the source of Río San José, leading to Río Portillo which meets Río Azufre at Los Maitenes. They followed the river and reached the snowline.[17][26] Gradually, there appeared more and more signs of human presence; first some evidence of camping, and finally, on the ninth day, some cows.

When they rested that evening they were very tired, and Canessa seemed unable to proceed further. As the men gathered wood to build a fire, one of them saw three men on horseback at the other side of the river. Parrado called them, but the noise of the river made it impossible to communicate. One of the men across the river saw Parrado and Canessa and shouted back, "Tomorrow!" The next day, the man returned. He scribbled a note, attached it and a pencil to a rock with some string, and threw the message across the river. Parrado replied:[17][26]

Vengo de un avión que cayó en las montañas. Soy uruguayo. Hace 10 días que estamos caminando. Tengo un amigo herido arriba. En el avión quedan 14 personas heridas. Tenemos que salir rápido de aquí y no sabemos cómo. No tenemos comida. Estamos débiles. ¿Cuándo nos van a buscar arriba? Por favor, no podemos ni caminar. ¿Dónde estamos?
English: I come from a plane that fell in the mountains. I am Uruguayan. We have been walking for 10 days. I have a wounded friend up there. In the plane there are still 14 injured people. We have to get out from here quickly and we don't know how. We don't have any food. We are weak. When are you going to come to fetch us? Please, we cannot even walk. Where are we?[31]

Sergio Catalán, a Chilean arriero (muleteer), read the note and gave them a sign that he understood. Catalán talked with the other two men, and one of them remembered that several weeks before an acquaintance had asked them if they had heard about the Andes plane crash. The arrieros could not imagine that anyone could still be alive. Catalán threw bread to the men across the river. He then rode on horseback westward for ten hours to bring help.[17][26]

During the trip he saw another arriero on the south side of Río Azufre and asked him to reach the men and to bring them to Los Maitenes. Then, he followed the river to its junction with Río Tinguiririca, where after crossing a bridge he was able to reach the narrow route that linked the village of Puente Negro to the holiday resort of Termas del Flaco. Here, he was able to stop a truck and reach the police station at Puente Negro.[17][26] News of the survivors was then relayed to the Chilean Army command in San Fernando, who contacted Army headquarters in Santiago.

Meanwhile, Parrado and Canessa were brought on horseback to Los Maitenes, where they were fed and allowed to rest. They had hiked about 61 km (38 mi) over ten days.[17] Since the plane crash, Canessa had lost almost half of his body weight, about 44 kilograms (97 lb).[32][26]

Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa (sitting) with Chilean arriero Sergio Catalán

When the news broke out that survivors had emerged from the crash of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, the story of their 72-day ordeal drew international attention.[33] A flood of international reporters began walking several kilometers along the route from Puente Negro to Termas del Flaco. Reporters clamored to interview Parrado and Canessa about the crash and the events afterward.[4]

The Chilean Air Force provided three Bell UH-1 helicopters to assist with the rescue. They flew in heavy cloud cover under instrument conditions to Los Maitenes de Curicó, where the Army interviewed Parrado and Canessa. When the fog lifted at about noon, Parrado volunteered to lead the helicopters to the crash site. He had brought the pilot's flight chart and guided the helicopters up the mountain to the location of the remaining survivors. One helicopter remained behind in reserve. The pilots were astounded at the difficult terrain the two men had crossed to reach help.[4]

On the afternoon of 22 December 1972, the two helicopters carrying search and rescue personnel reached the survivors. The steep terrain only permitted the pilot to touch down with a single skid. Due to the altitude and weight limits, the two helicopters were able to take only half of the survivors. Four members of the search and rescue team volunteered to stay with the seven survivors remaining on the mountain.[4]

The survivors slept a final night in the fuselage with the search and rescue party. The second flight of helicopters arrived the following morning at daybreak. They carried the remaining survivors to hospitals in Santiago for evaluation. They were treated for a variety of conditions, including altitude sickness, dehydration, frostbite, broken bones, scurvy and malnutrition.[4] The last remaining survivors were rescued on 23 December 1972, more than two months after the crash.[34]

Under normal circumstances, the search and rescue team would have brought back the remains of the dead for burial. However, given the circumstances, including that the bodies were in Argentina, the Chilean rescuers left the bodies at the site until authorities could make the necessary decisions. The Chilean military photographed the bodies and mapped the area.[2]

The museum dedicated to the crash and survivors in Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo, Uruguay

Upon being rescued, the survivors initially explained that they had eaten some cheese and other food they had carried with them, and then local plants and herbs. They planned to discuss the details of how they survived, including their cannibalism, in private with their families. Rumors circulated in Montevideo immediately after the rescue that the survivors had killed some of the others for food.[35] On 23 December, news reports of cannibalism were published worldwide, except in Uruguay. On 26 December, two pictures taken by members of Cuerpo de Socorro Andino (Andean Relief Corps) of a half-eaten human leg were printed on the front page of two Chilean newspapers, El Mercurio and La Tercera de la Hora,[2] who reported that all survivors resorted to cannibalism.[36]

The survivors held a press conference on 28 December at Stella Maris College in Montevideo, where they recounted the events of the past 72 days.[26] Alfredo Delgado spoke for the survivors. He compared their actions to that of Jesus at the Last Supper, during which he gave his disciples the Eucharist.[12][37] The survivors received public backlash initially, but after they explained the pact the survivors had made to sacrifice their flesh if they died to help the others survive, the outcry diminished and the families were more understanding.[19] A Catholic priest heard the survivors' confessions and told them that they were not damned for cannibalism, given the in extremis nature of their survival situation.[38] The news of their survival and the actions required to live drew world-wide attention and grew into a media circus.[15]

The authorities and the victims' families decided to bury the remains near the site of the crash in a common grave. Thirteen bodies were untouched, while another 15 were mostly skeletal.[2] Twelve men and a Chilean priest were transported to the crash site on 18 January 1973. Family members were not allowed to attend. They dug a grave about 400 to 800 m (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 mi) from the aircraft fuselage at a site they thought was safe from avalanches.[2] Close to the grave, they built a simple stone altar and staked an orange iron cross on it. They placed a plaque on the pile of rocks inscribed:[39]

EL MUNDO A SUS HERMANOS URUGUAYOS
CERCA, OH DIOS DE TI
[English: The world to its Uruguayan brothers
Close, oh God, to you]

The party doused the remains of the fuselage in gasoline and set it alight. Eduardo Strauch later mentioned in his book Out of the Silence that the bottom half of the fuselage, which was covered in snow and untouched by the fire, was still there during his first visit in 1995.[40] Ricardo Echavarren, the father of one victim, had received word from a survivor that his son wished to be buried at home. Unable to obtain official permission to retrieve his son's body, Echavarren mounted an expedition on his own with hired guides. He had prearranged with the priest who had buried his son to mark the bag containing his son's remains. Upon his return to the abandoned Hotel Termas with his son's remains, he was arrested for grave robbing. A federal judge and the local mayor intervened to obtain his release, and Echavarren later obtained legal permission to bury his son.[2]

• Blair, Clay, Jr. (1973). Survive!. American Heritage Center – Virtual Exhibits. Retrieved 14 October 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Read, Piers Paul (1974). Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors. Read's book, based on interview of the survivors and their families, was a critical success and remains a highly popular work of non-fiction. Harper published a reprint in 2005, re-titled: Alive: Sixteen Men, Seventy-two Days, and Insurmountable Odds – The Classic Adventure of Survival in the Andes. It includes a revised introduction as well as interviews with Piers Paul Read, Coche Inciarte, and Álvaro Mangino.
• Stephen King (1977). The Shining. King references the crash in his book notoriously set at an isolated hotel in the Rocky Mountains during its harsh winter months. Wendy develops a fear of the hotel's elevator, specifically being trapped inside with no one else around to save them, and Jack Torrance speculates that "she could see them growing thinner and weaker, starving to death. Or perhaps dining on each other the way those rugby players had."
• Parrado, Nando; Rause, Vince (2006). Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home. Perfection Learning Corporation. ISBN 978-0756988470.
• Vierci, Pablo (2023). The Snow Society. Drawing on interviews with each of the 16 survivors 36 years after the crash, journalist and former classmate of many of the survivors Pablo Vierci provides an intimate, collective view of the story in chapters from the perspective of each of the sixteen survivors.
• Canessa, Roberto (2016). I Had to Survive: How a Plane Crash in the Andes Inspired My Calling to Save Lives. In this book, Canessa recalls how the plane crash helped him learn many life lessons about survival, and how his time in the mountains helped renew his motivation to become a doctor.[52]
• Strauch Urioste, Eduardo; Soriano, Mireya (June 2019). Out of the Silence: After the Crash. Translated by Erikson, Jennie. United States. ISBN 978-1542042956.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[53] Four decades after the tragedy, a climber discovered survivor Eduardo Strauch's wallet near the memorialized crash site and returned it to him, a gesture that compelled Strauch to finally "break the silence of the mountains".
• Guiver, John (2022). To Play the Game: A History of Flight 571. Heddon. ISBN 978-1913166694. A comprehensive history of the Andes tragedy, appearing fifty years after the event. Retells the story both on and off the mountain, giving an in-depth look at the world from which the passengers came, and an analysis of the possible causes of the accident. The book includes detailed accounts of those who died.

• Prisoners of the Snow documentary produced by ABC News Studios. Airdate: 22 May 2023.[54][55]
• Survive! (1976), also known as Supervivientes de los Andes, is a Mexican feature film production directed by René Cardona, Jr. and based on Blair's book, Survive! (1973)[56]
• The incident is mentioned in the 1978 survival film Cyclone.
• Alive (1993) is a feature film directed by Frank Marshall, narrated by John Malkovich, and starring Ethan Hawke, based on Read's book Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors. Nando Parrado served as a technical adviser to the film.[57] Eleven of the survivors visited the set during the production.[58]
• Alive: 20 Years Later (1993) is a documentary film produced, directed, and written by Jill Fullerton-Smith and narrated by Martin Sheen. It explores the lives of the survivors 20 years after the crash and discusses their participation in the production of Alive: The Miracle of the Andes.
• Stranded: I Have Come from a Plane That Crashed on the Mountains (2007), written and directed by Gonzalo Arijón, is a documentary film interlaced with dramatised scenes. All the survivors are interviewed, along with some of their family members and people involved with the rescue operation, and an expedition in which the survivors return to the crash site is documented. The film premiered at the 2007 International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam, Netherlands and received the Joris Ivens Award.[59] This film appeared on PBS Independent Lens as "Stranded: The Andes Plane Crash Survivors" in May 2009.[60]
• "Trapped: Alive in the Andes" (7 November 2007) is a season 1 episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary television series Trapped. The series examines incidents which left survivors trapped in their situation for a period of time.
• I Am Alive: Surviving the Andes Plane Crash (20 October 2010) is a documentary film directed by Brad Osborne that first aired on the History Channel. The film mixed reenactments with interviews with the survivors and members of the original search teams. Also interviewed were Piers Paul Read, renowned mountain climber Ed Viesturs, Andes Survivors expert and alpinist Ricardo Peña, historians, expert pilots, and high-altitude medical experts.
• The incident is mentioned in a 2011 horror film The Divide.
• The Rick and Morty episode "The Vat of Acid Episode" parodies the events of the crash and the subsequent survival efforts. The number 571 can be seen on the side of the plane.
• In the Rocko's Modern Life episode "Tickled Pinky", Rocko is listing several dangerous activities he and Pinky have engaged in. The last item on the list is "flying over The Andes with a Brazilian soccer team".
• The 2021 Bengali web series Robindronath Ekhane Kawkhono Khete Aashenni loosely portrays the incident.
• The incident was the basis for the Showtime series Yellowjackets.
• The incident is mentioned in the HBO limited series Station Eleven. Episode 7, "Goodbye My Damaged Home".
• Society of the Snow , a feature film about the incident directed by J. A. Bayona, premiered at the 2023 Venice Film Festival. It is Spain's selection for the Best International Feature Film category at the 2024 Academy Awards.[61]

• The play Sobrevivir a Los Andes (Surviving the Andes) was written by Gabriel Guerrero and premiered on 13 October 2017. Based on the account written by Nando Parrado, it was presented in 2017 at Teatro la Candela in Montevideo, Uruguay and in 2018 at Teatro Regina in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[62][63][64]
• Miracle Flight 571, composed and created by Lloyd Burritt, is a two-act chamber opera based on the book Miracle in the Andes by Nando Parrado. It received its musical premiere at the 2016 What Next Festival of Music.[65][66]

• Thomas Dolby's debut LP, The Golden Age of Wireless, contained the instrumental "The Wreck of the Fairchild" (loosely based on the 1972 Uruguayan plane crash) in its first UK edition; this was excised from the first US release but restored on the 2009 remastered collector's edition CD.
• Miracle in the Andes, composed and created by musician Adam Young, is a musical score comprising 10 tracks that tell the story of the Andes flight disaster through song.[67]
• Punk band GBH included a graphic experience of the passengers on the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 in their song "Passenger on the Menu" (1982).[68]
• "The Plot Sickens", by the American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills, appears on their 2015 album Every Trick in the Book.[69]
• The song "Snowcapped Andes Crash" appears on Melody's Echo Chamber's self-titled 2012 album.

• Sarah Marshall and Blair Braverman chronicled the story in the podcast, You're Wrong About, in October 2022 for its Halloween episode.

• Alcalde, Alfonso (1973). Vivir O Morir (First ed.). ASIN B000W6G6W8.
• Canessa, Roberto (2016). I Had to Survive. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1476765457.
• Parrado, Nando; Rause, Vince (2006). Miracle in the Andes: 72 Days on the Mountain and My Long Trek Home. Perfection Learning Corporation. ISBN 978-0756988470.
• Read, Piers Paul (2005). Alive: Sixteen Men, Seventy-two Days, and Insurmountable Odds – The Classic Adventure of Survival in the Andes (Reprint ed.). Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0380003211.
• Verci, Paulo (2008). La Sociedad de la Nieve: Por Primera Vez Los 16 Sobrevivientes Cuentan la Historia Completa [English: The Snow Society: For the First Time The 16 Survivors Tell the Complete Story]. Editorial Sudamericana. ISBN 978-9500729758.

• Dowling, Claudia Glenn (February 1993). "Still Alive". Life. pp. 48–59.