HMS Hever Castle
HMS Hever Castle was a Castle-class corvette constructed for the British Royal Navy in the Second World War. Transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy before completion, the ship was renamed HMCS Copper Cliff and saw service as a convoy escort for the remainder of the war. Following the war, the vessel was sold for mercantile use and renamed Ta Lung, operating under a Chinese flag. In 1949, the ship was taken over by the Communist Chinese government, rearmed and renamed Wan Lee.
 As HMCS Copper Cliff during the Second World War | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United Kingdom | |
| Name | Hever Castle |
| Namesake | Hever Castle |
| Ordered | 23 January 1943 |
| Builder | Blyth Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Blyth |
| Laid down | 29 June 1943 |
| Launched | 24 February 1944 |
| Identification | Pennant number: K521 |
| Fate | Transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy |
| Canada | |
| Name | Copper Cliff |
| Namesake | Copper Cliff, Ontario |
| Acquired | 1943 |
| Commissioned | 25 February 1944 |
| Decommissioned | 21 November 1945 |
| Identification | Pennant number: K495 |
| Honours and awards | Atlantic 1944–45[1] |
| Fate | Sold for mercantile service |
 China | |
| Name | Ta Lung |
| Acquired | 1946 |
| Commissioned | 1949 |
| Decommissioned | 1968 |
| Renamed | Wan Lee (1949) |
| General characteristics (as built) | |
| Type | Castle-class corvette |
| Displacement | 1,060 long tons (1,077 t) |
| Length | 252 ft (77 m) |
| Beam | 36 ft 8 in (11.18 m) |
| Draught | 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph) |
| Range | 6,200 nmi (11,500 km) at 15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph) |
| Complement | 120 |
| Sensors and processing systems |
|
| Armament |
|
Design and description
The Castle class were an improved corvette design over their predecessor Flower class. The Flower class was not considered acceptable for mid-Atlantic sailing and was only used on Atlantic convoy duty out of need. Though the Admiralty would have preferred Loch-class frigates, the inability of many small shipyards to construct the larger ships required them to come up with a smaller vessel. The increased length of the Castle class over their predecessors[2] and their improved hull form gave the Castles better speed and performance on patrol in the North Atlantic and an acceptable replacement for the Flowers.[3] This, coupled with improved anti-submarine armament in the form of the Squid mortar led to a much more capable anti-submarine warfare (ASW) vessel.[2] However, the design did have criticisms, mainly in the way it handled at low speeds and that the class's maximum speed was already slower than the speeds of the new U-boats they would be facing.[4]
A Castle-class corvette was 252 feet (77 m) long with a beam of 36 feet 8 inches (11.18 m) and a draught of 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m) at deep load.[2][note 1] The ships displaced 1,060 long tons (1,077 t) standard[2] and 1,580 long tons (1,605 t) deep load.[4][note 2] The ships had a complement of 120.[2][note 3]
The ships were powered by two Admiralty three-drum boilers which created 2,750 indicated horsepower (2,050 kW). This powered one vertical triple expansion engine that drove one shaft, giving the ships a maximum speed of 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph).[2] The ships carried 480 tons of oil giving them a range of 6,200 nautical miles (11,500 km; 7,100 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).[4]
The corvettes were armed with one QF 4-inch Mk XIX gun mounted forward.[2][note 4] Anti-air armament varied from 4 to 10[2] Oerlikon 20 mm cannons.[5] For ASW purposes, the ships were equipped with one three-barreled Squid anti-submarine mortar with 81 projectiles. The ships also had two depth charge throwers and one depth charge rail on the stern that came with 15 depth charges.[4]
The ships were equipped with Type 145 and Type 147B ASDIC.[4] The Type 147B was tied to the Squid anti-submarine mortar and would automatically set the depth on the fuses of the projectiles until the moment of firing. A single Squid-launched attack had a success rate of 25%.[6] The class was also provided with HF/DF and Type 277 radar.[5]
Construction and career
Hever Castle was ordered on 23 January 1943.[7] The ship, named for Hever Castle in Hever, Kent, was laid down on 29 June 1943 and launched on 24 February 1944.[8][9] At some point in 1943, the ship was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy.[9] The corvette, renamed Copper Cliff after a suburb of Sudbury, Ontario, was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy on 25 February 1944 with the pennant number K495.[8]
After working up at Tobermory, Copper Cliff was assigned to the Mid-Ocean Escort Force as part of the escort group C-6 as a convoy escort in August 1944. During a boiler cleaning in September, she was used to test the Type 277 radar. In October, Copper Cliff switched to group C-7 and remained on escort duty for the remainder of the war. In June 1945, Copper Cliff returned to Canada, stopping in Halifax, before continuing on to her final destination of Esquimalt, British Columbia. It was there on 21 November 1945 that Copper Cliff was paid off and placed in reserve.[8]
In 1946, Copper Cliff was sold for mercantile use under a Chinese flag and renamed Ta Lung. Converted to a cargo ship, the vessel had a gross register tonnage of 1,305 tons.[10] The ship was renamed Wan Lee in 1947 and was taken over by the Communist Chinese government in 1949.[8][note 5] The ship remained listed until 1968, however, following that the ship's existence remained doubtful even though it was reported on until 1977–78.[9] Miramar claims the ship was wrecked on 12 April 1948 at 37°25′N 122°41′E.[10]
References
Notes
- Brown states the beam at 36.5 feet (11.1 m) and the draught at 13.5 feet (4.1 m)
- Chesneau states the displacement at deep load as 1,590–1,630 long tons (1,616–1,656 t)
- Brown states the complement as 99 and Johnston states the complement of Canadian ships at 112 (7 officers and 105 ratings).
- Mk XIX = Mark 19. Britain used Roman numerals to denote Marks (models) of ordnance until after World War II. This was the nineteenth model of British QF 4-inch gun
- Colledge has the ship renamed Kuang Chou when taken over by Communist China, however, they also have HMCS Bowmanville renamed Kuang Chou when that ship was taken over and most other sources agree with that.
Citations
- "Battle Honours". Britain's Navy. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- Chesneau, p.63
- Brown 2007, p.142
- Brown 2007, p.127
- Brown 2007, p.126
- Brown 2012, p.129
- "HMS Hever Castle (K 495)". uboat.net. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- Macpherson and Barrie, p.162
- Colledge, p.154
- "Coppercliff (6117728)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
References
- Brown, David K. (2007). Atlantic Escorts Ships: Ships, Weapons & Tactics in World War II. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84415-702-0.
- Brown, David K. (2012). Nelson to Vanguard: Warship Design and Development 1923–1945. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-149-6.
- Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
- Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
- Goodwin, Norman (2007). Castle Class Corvettes: An Account of the Service of the Ships and of Their Ships' Companies. Liskeard, UK: Maritime Books. ISBN 978-1-904459-27-9.
- Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.
- Macpherson, Ken; Barrie, Ron (2002). The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–2002 (Third ed.). St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-072-1.
- Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
