Hualong One

The Hualong One (Chinese: 华龙一号; pinyin: Huálóng yī hào; lit. 'China Dragon №1') is a Chinese Generation III[1] pressurized water nuclear reactor jointly developed by the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) and the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). The CGN version, and its derived export version, is called HPR1000.[2] It is commonly mistakenly referred to in media as the "ACPR1000" and "ACP1000", which are in fact earlier reactors design programs by CGN and CNNC.

Primary coolant system showing reactor pressure vessel (red), steam generators (purple), pressurizer (blue), and pumps (green) in the three coolant loop Hualong One design

Unit 5 of the Fuqing Nuclear Power Plant was the first Hualong One to enter commercial service on 30 January 2021.[1][3][4]

Design
Active and passive cooling systems of the HPR1000 (Hualong One)[5]
Red line − active systems
Green line − passive systems
IRWST − in-containment refuelling water storage tank

Hualong One is jointly developed by the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) and China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN), based on the three-loop ACP1000 of CNNC and ACPR1000 of CGN, which in turn are based on the French M310.[2]

Merger of ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 into Hualong One

Since 2012, CNNC has been progressively merging its ACP-1000 nuclear power station design with the CGN ACPR-1000 design, while allowing some differences, under direction of the Chinese nuclear regulator.[6] Both are three-loop designs originally based on the same French M310 design used in Daya Bay with 157 fuel assemblies, but went through different development processes (CNNC's ACP-1000 has a more domestic design with 177 fuel assemblies while CGN's ACPR-1000 is a closer copy with 157 fuel assemblies).[7] In early 2014, it was announced that the merged design was moving from preliminary design to detailed design. Power output will be 1150 MWe, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment. CNNC's 177 fuel assembly design was retained.

Initially the merged design was to be called the ACC-1000,[8][9][10] but ultimately it was named Hualong One. In August 2014 the Chinese nuclear regulator review panel classified the design as a Generation III reactor design, with independently owned intellectual property rights.[11][12] As a result of the success of the merger, ACP-1000 and ACPR-1000 designs are no longer being offered.

After the merger, both companies retain their own supply chain and their versions of the Hualong One will differ slightly (units built by CGN will retain some features from the ACPR1000) but the design is considered to be standardised. CNNC version emphasizes more passive safety due to influence from Westinghouse AP1000, with increased containment volume and two active safety trains, while CGN version has three active safety trains due to influence from Areva EPR.[13] Some 90% of its components will be made domestically.[14][15]

The Hualong One power output will be 1170 MWe gross, 1090 MWe net, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment.[5] It has a 177 assembly core design with an 18-month refuelling cycle. The power plant's utilisation rate is as high as 90%. CNNC has said its active and passive safety systems, double-layer containment and other technologies meet the highest international safety standards.[16]

According to CNNC, the Hualong One has a construction cost of CNY17,000 per kW.[17]

A the end of August 2014, Chinese regulators were satisfied that Hualong One was a Generation III design and that intellectual property rights were fully held in China.[11][18]

Chinese media reports that all core components are manufactured in China and that 17 universities and research institutions, 58 state-owned enterprises and over 140 private firms across China worked on Hualong One's development to ensure all core components were able to be produced domestically.[19]

EU approval

In November 2021, the European Utility Requirements (EUR) organisation formally certified the Hualong One (HPR1000) as compliant after a four-step process which began in August 2017. The requirements covered a broad range of conditions for nuclear power plants to operate efficiently and safely.[20]

UK approval

In February 2022, UK regulators announced that the Hualong One (HPR1000) had passed the four-step Generic Design Assessment (GDA) which started in August 2017 and was thus suitable for construction in the UK, possibly in the Bradwell B nuclear power station project. The Office for Nuclear Regulation issued a Design Acceptance Confirmation (DAC) and the UK Environment Agency issued a Statement of Design Acceptability (SoDA).[21]

Construction

The first units to be constructed will be Fuqing 5 and 6 (Fujian Province), followed by Fangchenggang 3 and 4 (Guangxi), Zhangzhou 1 and 2 (Fujian), Taipingling 1 and 2 (Guangdong), and San'Ao 1 and 2 (Zhejiang). Fuqing 5 began commercial operation on 30 January 2021.[22] CGN's first Hualong One reactor (HPR1000) was connected to the grid on 10 January 2023.[23]

There are five[24] Hualong One reactors planned for Pakistan, four reactors are planned at Karachi Nuclear Power Complex[25][26][27] and one reactor at Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, out of which two are under construction at Karachi.[28] Construction of another Hualong One reactor was planned to start in 2020 in Argentina,[29][30][31] but was stalled during negotiation.[32] The project was reactivated in 2021 and expected to start construction in mid 2022, with completion date by 2028.[33]

China
Main article: Nuclear power in China
Name Unit No. Status Construction start Grid connection
Changjiang3Under construction31 March 2021
4Under construction28 December 2021
Fangchenggang3Operational24 December 201525 March 2023
4Under construction23 December 2016
Fuqing5Operational7 May 201527 November 2020
6Operational22 December 20151 January 2022
San'ao1Under construction31 December 2020
2Under construction31 December 2021
Taipingling1Under construction26 December 2019
2Under construction15 October 2020
Zhangzhou1Under construction16 October 2019
2Under construction4 September 2020
Lufeng5Under construction8 September 2022
6Under construction26 August 2023

Pakistan
Main article: Nuclear power in Pakistan
Name Unit No. Status Construction start Grid connection
Karachi Nuclear Power PlantK2 (KANUPP-2)Operational20 August 201518 March 2021
K3 (KANUPP-3)Operational31 May 20164 March 2022[34]

Argentina
Main article: Nuclear power in Argentina
Name Unit No. Status Construction start Grid connection
Atucha Nuclear Power Plant3Planned

International marketing

In December 2015, CGN and CNNC agreed to create Hualong International Nuclear Power Technology Co as a joint venture to promote the Hualong One in overseas markets,[35] which was officially launched in March 2016.[36] On 19 January 2017, the United Kingdom Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) started their Generic Design Assessment process for the Hualong One, expected to be completed in 2021, in advance of possible deployment at the Bradwell nuclear power station site.[37] On 16 November 2017, the ONR and the Environment Agency announced they are progressing to the next phase of their Generic Design Assessment of the UK HPR1000 reactor. Step 2 formally commenced on this day and is planned to take about 12 months. The targeted timescale for the UK HPR1000 GDA process is about five years from the start of Step 1.[38]

Hualong Two

CNNC plans to start building a follow-on version, named Hualong Two, by 2024. It will be a more economical version using similar technology, reducing build time from 5 years to 4, and reducing costs by around a fourth from 17,000 yuan per kW to 13,000 yuan per kW. [39][40]

See also

References
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  2. "Nuclear Power in China". World Nuclear Association. January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
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  4. Conca, James. "China Will Lead The World In Nuclear Energy, Along With All Other Energy Sources, Sooner Than You Think". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
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  22. First Hualong One begins commercial operation
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  26. Local Fallout From Pakistan's Nuclear Energy Bet
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