Hamburg Rules
The Hamburg Rules are a set of rules governing the international shipment of goods, resulting from the United Nations International Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea adopted in Hamburg on 31 March 1978.[1] The Convention was an attempt to form a uniform legal base for the transportation of goods on oceangoing ships. A driving force behind the convention was the attempt by developing countries' to provide all participants a fair and equal chance of succeeding. It came into force on 1 November 1992.[2]
| United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea | |
|---|---|
| Signed | 31 March 1978 |
| Location | Hamburg and New York |
| Effective | 1 November 1992 |
| Condition | Ratification by 20 states |
| Signatories | 28 |
| Ratifiers | 35 |
| Depositary | UN Secretary-General |
| Languages | Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish |
| Admiralty law |
|---|
 |
| History |
| Features |
| Contract of carriage/Charterparty |
| Parties |
| Judiciary |
| International conventions |
| International organisations |
History
The first of the international conventions on the carriage of goods by sea was the Hague Rules of 1924. In 1968, the Hague Rules were updated to become the Hague-Visby Rules, but the changes were modest. The convention still covered only "tackle to tackle" carriage contracts, with no provision for multimodal transport. The industry-changing phenomenon of containerization was barely acknowledged.[3][4] The 1978 Hamburg Rules were introduced to provide a framework that was both more modern, and less biased in favour of ship-operators. Although the Hamburg Rules were readily adopted by developing countries, they were shunned by richer countries who stuck with Hague and Hague-Visby. It had been expected that a Hague/Hamburg compromise might arise, but instead the more extensive Rotterdam Rules appeared.
Relation with other conventions
Article 31 of the Hamburg Convention[5] covers its entry into force, coupled to denunciation of other Rules. Within five years after entry into force of the Hamburg Rules, ratifying states must denounce earlier conventions, specifically the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules.
A long-standing aim has been to have a uniform set of rules to govern carriage of goods, but there are now five different sets: Hague, Hague-Visby, Hague-Visby/SDR, Hamburg and Rotterdam. (The Rotterdam Rules are not yet in force).[6][7]
Ratifications
As of March 2021, the convention had been ratified by 35 countries:
References
- "United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (The Hamburg Rules) Hamburg, 30 March 1978". 30 March 1978.
- UNCITRAL Homepage
- Hague-Visby Rules: Article IV Rule 5c
- "The Hague-Visby Rules - the Hague Rules as Amended by the Brussels Protocol 1968". 1968. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
- "Hamburg Rules". Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
- Maritime Law - 2014 - ed. Yvonne Batz
- Maritime Law Evolving - 2013 - ed. Malcolm Clarke
External links
- Convention text Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
- Ratifications and signatures