Hamilton Fish III

Since Fish's father had served as Assistant Treasurer of the United States in Theodore Roosevelt's administration, and Fish himself had befriended Roosevelt's son at Harvard, he actively supported Roosevelt in the 1912 primaries against President William Howard Taft. Fish attended the 1912 Republican National Convention with his father and was dismayed when Taft was nominated despite popular support for Roosevelt.[7][9] Fish joined Roosevelt in bolting the Republican Party and, with assistance from his father, he was appointed chair of the Putnam County Bull Moose Party. They campaigned for Roosevelt in the general election but, despite Roosevelt's defeat, Fish remained a committed Progressive.[9]

In 1913, Fish ran for Assembly against Republican county political boss John Yale, whom Fish later remembered as "thoroughly corrupt."[7] Yale withdrew from the race in favor of a political ally, whom Fish easily defeated running on an anti-corruption platform.[7][9] In a largely rural county facing challenges from industrialization and modernization, Fish's message of limiting private influence in government without limiting the exercise of private liberties was popular.[9]

As an Assemblyman for three terms, Fish championed progressive social and political reforms, including the reform of the New York state primary election system, a widow's pension, penal reforms, and workmen's compensation.[9] With support from Theodore Roosevelt, Fish opposed a bill which would allow insurance companies to bypass the workmen's compensation scheme to settle claims and attacked the Speaker of the Assembly, Thaddeus Sweet, for misuse of public funds and hiring political allies for no-show jobs. Though Fish never substantiated his allegations, he won public applause.[9]

In addition to the support of former President Roosevelt, Fish enjoyed a friendly relationship with Roosevelt's distant cousin Franklin, a former State Senator and resident of Hyde Park in neighboring Dutchess County. Before Fish's election, Fish and Senator Roosevelt collaborated on a plan to establish direct primary elections in 1912. After Franklin left Albany to become Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he continued to assist Fish with patronage requests and securing federal contracts for his insurance firm, the John Paige Insurance Company.[9]

Fish did not seek a fourth term in 1916.

In 1919, Fish returned home to become a founding member of the new American Legion. He was named chair of the three-member committee which wrote the preamble to the Legion's constitution and selected two other Roosevelt supporters as its other members. Though the three men collaborated on drafting, Fish later insisted he was primarily responsible for the preamble, which was a reflection of Rooseveltian nationalism. In November 1919, Fish attended the first American Legion convention in Minneapolis and backed the Roosevelt wing of the organization in its successful bid for control.[26]

After the American Legion convention, Fish returned to Garrison to plan his political future. He announced on April 15, 1920 that he would challenge incumbent United States Representative Edmund Platt in the Republican primary. Platt soon opted not to run for re-election and ultimately resigned in July to join the Federal Reserve Board of Governors.[26] Despite this, Fish faced a fight for the Republican nomination. Putnam County, his political base, was the smallest of the three counties in the district, and Republican organizations in the other counties endorsed their own candidates. Fish instead appealed directly to voters on a fourteen-point platform which blended progressive domestic policy, opposition to internationalism, and reactionary nativism, including "restriction of immigration based on [a] character test" and "drastic action" against "Anarchists, I.W.Ws, Communists and ultra Socialists."[26] Despite opposition from the party establishment, Fish enjoyed high name recognition from his and his father's time in office and support from veterans, the state Federation of Labor, and Black voters. He won the primary handily despite losing Dutchess County by 4,000 votes and very easily defeated Rosslyn Cox, the mayor of Middletown, in the general election. After his victory, Fish received congratulations from Franklin Roosevelt, who had been defeated as the Democratic nominee for Vice President in the concurrent 1920 election. Roosevelt wrote,[26]

"In view of the fact that you and I are still Progressives I feel that I can very properly congratulate you on your election as my Representative. You will have a powerful opportunity to be of great service... in keeping the old-line Reactionaries... from going to such extremes as some of them are even now proposing."[26]

As a freshman House member, Fish introduced a resolution establishing the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

Upon entering the House, the young Fish was the only veteran of World War I in Congress.[26] On December 21, 1920, introduced a resolution instituting Veterans Day as a national holiday. Fish also introduced House Resolution 67 of the 66th Congress, which provided for the internment of the remains of an unknown American soldier in a hallowed tomb to be constructed outside the Memorial Amphitheater in Arlington National Cemetery. Congress approved the resolution unanimously on March 4, 1921.[26] The tomb, completed in 1937 with Fish's input,[26] came to be known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and is today guarded around the clock by elite sentries of the historic ceremonial 3rd Infantry Regiment. The tomb, which has added the remains of unknown soldiers from is thought to be the most hallowed military site in the United States.

In June 1922, he introduced the Lodge–Fish Resolution to demonstrate American support for the British Mandate for Palestine.

Fish, pictured here delivering a speech against the New Deal in 1935, became a leading critic of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Fish was a fervent anticommunist; in a 1931 article titled The Menace of Communism, he described communism as "the most important, the most vital, the most far-reaching, and the most dangerous issue in the world" and believed that there was extensive communist influence in the United States.[27]

On May 5, 1930, he introduced House Resolution 180, which proposed to establish a committee to investigate communist activities in the United States; the resulting committee, commonly known as the Fish Committee, undertook extensive investigations of people and organizations suspected of being involved with or supporting communist activities in the United States. Among those who testified before the committee were Communist Party USA chair William Z. Foster and Roger Nash Baldwin, founder and director of the American Civil Liberties Union.[28]

On January 17, 1931, the committee issued its final report, authored by Fish.[28] Though Fish had earlier promised that the committee would request stronger immigration restrictions and deportation of communists,[29] his report stated, "the surest and most effective way of combatting communism in the United States is to give the fullest publicity to the fundamental principles and aims of the communist... as they are not likely to prove acceptable to any considerable number of American citizens, unless camouflaged by extraneous issues."[28]

In 1933, Fish was on a committee that sponsored the publication in the United States of a translation of Communism in Germany by Adolf Ehrt, a Nazi propaganda book which claimed that Jews were responsible for communism in Germany and that only Adolf Hitler could stop it. In the prefatory note, the committee said it they did not publish it as a defense of anti-Semitism or the Nazi regime but because it believed that the struggle between Nazis and communists in Germany provided a lesson about using "effective measures" to defend against communism. Under pressure from American Jewish and liberal groups, Fish and the other committee members disavowed the book.[30][31] Fish also distributed the long-debunked Protocols of the Elders of Zion from his congressional office.[32][33]

Fish's opposition to communism and the Soviet Union led him to break with Franklin D. Roosevelt upon the President's decision to extend diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union in 1933. Fish later called this decision "the first clear indication of the arrogance that would come to typify Roosevelt's administration."[28] He also opposed the New Deal as "starting us down the road to socialism and dictatorship."[34]

As the ranking Republican member on the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs in the years leading up to World War II, Fish played the leading role in advocating against American involvement in the war and Roosevelt's policy of economic aid to the Allies, especially the Soviet Union, and what Fish viewed as antagonism of Germany and Japan.[35]

A non-interventionist until after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Fish was among those in the U.S. Congress who went on record protesting the treatment of Jews in Adolf Hitler's Germany, but Germans touted him as friendly ally in Congress.[36][37] Fish spoke from a stage decorated in swastikas at a German Day rally held at Madison Square Garden in 1938.[38]

On August 14, 1939, Fish served as president of the United States delegation to the Interparliamentary Union Congress conference in Oslo, Norway, where he flew in the private plane of Joachim Ribbentrop.[39] At the conference, Fish advocated better diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany and hoped to solve the "Danzig question," where he believed that German claims were "just."[40] Fish and his faction of the Republican Party received material support from the Germans to promote isolationism and non-interventionism in the United States, particularly at the 1940 Republican National Convention.[41]

During his 1940 re-election campaign, President Roosevelt singled Fish out as one of a trio of House Republicans opposed to his agenda, along with Joseph W. Martin and Bruce Barton. "Martin, Barton and Fish" became a popular campaign epithet.

In 1940, amid the early stages of World War II, the British Security Co-ordination agency focused a great deal of effort attempting to influence the United States government through front groups and influence. In 1940, British agents established and operated the Nonpartisan Committee to Defeat Hamilton Fish to "put the fear of God into every isolationist senator and congressman." The committee raised substantial sums of money for Fish's opponent, co-ordinated media attacks, created false charges of wrongdoing just before elections, and helped to distribute books that charged Fish with disloyalty. The committee as much as possible tried to make attacks on Fish appear to originate from his district, but historical documents indicate that most attacks originated outside of his district. Fish survived the attacks but won his election with less than half the margin of victory that he had earned two years earlier.[42]

In 1940, just after the presidential election, Fish sent a telegram to Roosevelt which read: "Congratulations. I pledge my support for national defense ... and to keep America out of foreign wars."[43]

In 1941, a judiciary panel investigating the activities of Nazi agents in the US, sent officers to the Washington headquarters of an anti-British organization, the Islands for War Debts Committee, to seize eight bags of franked congressional mail containing speeches by isolationist members of Congress. George Hill, Fish's chief of staff, had the mail taken to Fish's office storeroom just prior to their arrival.[44]

A grand jury was convened and summoned Hill to explain why he had been so solicitous about the Islands for War Debts Committee's mail and his close association with George Sylvester Viereck, a Nazi propaganda agent. (Viereck would later be convicted of violating the Foreign Agents Registration Act and for having subsidized the Islands for War Debts Committee.) Hill said that he had not sent for the mail and did not know Viereck. The jury promptly indicted Hill for perjury.[44]

Shortly after the indictment, Fish defended Hill claiming, "George Hill is 100% O.K., and I'll back George Hill to the limit on anything."[44] During the trial, Hill had explained that Viereck visited Capitol Hill in 1940 and arranged for wholesale distribution of congressional speeches attacking the administration's foreign policy.[45] After hearing that a jury had reached its verdict and anticipating a conviction, Fish issued a statement: "I am very sorry to learn that George Hill, a disabled, decorated veteran of the World War and a clerk in my office, has been convicted of perjury ... Mr. Hill is of English ancestry ... He had an obsession against our involvement in war."[44] Twenty hours later, the jury convicted Hill. He was sentenced to 2 to 6 years in prison, which was reduced to 10 months to 3 years on appeal.[44][46]

On December 8, 1941, the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Fish made the first speech in Congress asking for a declaration of war against Japan.[47] He volunteered for Army service, "preferably with colored troops," to avenge the attack.[48] At age 53, he did not have an opportunity to volunteer, and continued to serve in Congress.

“Now that we are to fight, let us to in with our heads and chins up the American way, and let us serve notice upon the world that this is not only a way against aggression and in defense of our own territories, but a war for freedom and democracy all over the world, and that we will not stop until victory is won. […] I appeal to all American citizens, particularly to members of my own party, and to noninterventionists, to put aside personal views and partisanship, and unite behind the President, our commander-in-chief, in assuring victory to the armed forces of the United States. […]Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be right, but right or wrong, our country!”

Fish later said he regretted his call for war and would not have made his speech had he been aware of Roosevelt's policy toward Japan before the attack. He published FDR: The Other Side of the Coin in 1976, arguing that Roosevelt had deliberately provoked the Japanese and had advance knowledge of the attack.[47] In his 1991 memoirs, Fish described himself as "ashamed of his remarks" in support of Roosevelt.[22]

In the 1942 election, Fish, like other former isolationists, was considered vulnerable. The Orange and Putnam district, which Fish represented, had begun to turn against him. Polls predicted, incorrectly, that Fish would not even win the Republican primary. For the first time in his 22 years of political campaigning, he opened campaign headquarters. Soon thereafter, he was repudiated by the popular Republican gubernatorial candidate, Thomas Dewey.[49] Time magazine, a persistent critic of Fish, termed him "the Nation's No. 1 isolationist."[50] Less than two weeks before the 1942 election, Drew Pearson's nationally syndicated column Washington Merry-Go-Round described in detail how in 1939, Fish had received over $3,100 in cash from a source with German ties.[51]

However, Fish defeated his Democratic opponent by 4,000 votes.

However, reapportionment, which took effect in 1944, fragmented what had been his 26th District. That year, he ran in the 29th District, which no longer included his home county of Putnam but included one county (Orange) from his previous district and three new counties.[52] Augustus W. Bennet of Newburgh defeated Fish by approximately 5,000 votes.[53] As Time magazine reported, "In New York, to the nation's delight, down went rabid anti-Roosevelt isolationist Hamilton Fish, after 24 years in Congress. His successor: liberal Augustus W. Bennet, Newburgh lawyer."[54]

Fish said in his concession speech that his defeat "should be largely credited to Communistic and Red forces from New York City backed by a large slush fund probably exceeding $250,000."[53] In a farewell speech before the house on December 11, 1944, he stated, "It took most of the New Deal Administration, half of Moscow, $400,000, and Governor Dewey to defeat me."[55][56] Fish also stated, "I particularly wanted to be elected to serve as chairman of the Rules Committee to stop the march toward communism and totalitarianism in America. I have no regrets whatever, as I waged the strongest possible fight that I knew how."[57]

Embittered by his defeat, Fish promptly sued Robert F. Cutler, the executive secretary of the group Good Government Committee for libel, seeking $250,000 in damages for advertisements depicting Fish as a Nazi sympathizer. The ads also depicted Fish associating with the "American Führer," Fritz Kuhn. He would later discontinue the lawsuit without a settlement.[58]

• George Washington in the Highlands, or Some Unwritten History. Newburgh, NY: Newburgh News (1932).
• The Red Plotters. New York: Domestic and Foreign Affairs Publishers (1947).[64]
• The Challenge of World Communism. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company (1946).[65]
• FDR: The Other Side of the Coin: How We Were Tricked Into World War II. New York: Vantage Press (1976). ISBN 978-0533022205.
• Lafayette in America During and After the Revolutionary War and Other Essays on Franco-American Relations. New York: Vantage Press (1976). ISBN 0533023149, 978-0533023141.
• New York State: The Battleground of the Revolutionary War. New York: Vantage Press (1976). ISBN 0533021286, 978-0533021284.
• Tragic Deception: FDR and America's Involvement in World War II. Preface by the publisher. Old Greenwich, Conn.: Devin-Adair (1983). ISBN 0815969171, 978-0815969174.
• Fish, Hamilton III (1991). Hamilton Fish: Memoir of an American Patriot. Chicago: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0895265311.

• Participation in the Preparatory Commission to Consider Questions of Reduction and Limitation of Armaments (To Accompany H. J. Res. 352) (Feb. 12, 1927).

• "The Republican Party Keeps Faith With Lincoln." (Feb. 13, 1928). Delivered at the Lincoln Club in St. Paul, Minnesota.