Hecuba

Hecuba (/ˈhɛkjʊbə/; also Hecabe; Ancient Greek: Ἑκάβη, romanized: Hekábē, pronounced [hekábɛ:]) was a queen in Greek mythology, the wife of King Priam of Troy during the Trojan War.[1]

This article is about the mythological figure. For other uses, see Hecuba (disambiguation).
Hecuba
Queen of Troy
Member of the Trojan Royal Family
Hecuba from the Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
Other namesHecabe, Dymantis
AbodePhrygia or Thrace, later Troy
Personal information
Parents(1) Dymas and Euagora or Glaucippe or Eunoë
(2) Cisseus and Telecleia
(3) Sangarius and Metope or Euagora or Glaucippe
Siblings(2) Theano
Consort(i) Apollo
(ii) Priam
Offspring(i) & (ii) Troilus and Hector
(ii) Paris, Cassandra, Helenus, Deiphobus, Laodice, Polyxena, Creusa, Polydorus, Polites, Antiphus, Pammon, Hipponous and Iliona

Description

Hecuba was described by the chronicler Malalas in his account of the Chronography as "dark, good eyes, full grown, long nose, beautiful, generous, talkative, calm".[2] Meanwhile, in the account of Dares the Phrygian, she was illustrated as "... beautiful, her figure large, her complexion dark. She thought like a man and was pious and just."[3]

Family

Parentage

Ancient sources vary as to the parentage of Hecuba.[4] According to Homer, Hecuba was the daughter of King Dymas of Phrygia,[5] but Euripides[6] and Virgil[7] write of her as the daughter of the Thracian king Cisseus. The mythographers Pseudo-Apollodorus and Hyginus leave open the question which of the two was her father, with Pseudo-Apollodorus adding a third alternative option: Hecuba's parents could as well be the river god Sangarius and Metope.[8][9]

Some versions from non-extant works are summarized by a scholiast on Euripides' Hecuba:[10] according to those, she was a daughter of Dymas or Sangarius by the Naiad Euagora, or by Glaucippe the daughter of Xanthus (Scamander?); the possibility of her being a daughter of Cisseus is also discussed. A scholiast on Homer relates that Hecuba's parents were either Dymas and the nymph Eunoe or Cisseus and Telecleia;[11] the latter option would make her a full sister of Theano, which is also noted by the scholiast on Euripides cited above.

According to Suetonius in The Twelve Caesars, the emperor Tiberius pestered scholars with obscure questions about ancient mythology, with one of his favorites being "Who was Hecuba's mother?"[12]

Offspring
Main article: List of children of Priam

Hecuba had 19 children, some of which included major characters of Homer's Iliad such as the warriors Hector and Paris, as well as the prophetess Cassandra. Two of them, Hector[13] and Troilus,[14] are said to have been born as a result of Hecuba's relationship with the god Apollo. Other named children of Hecuba by Priam are Helenus, Deiphobus, Laodice, Polyxena, Creusa, Polydorus, Polites, Antiphus, Pammon, Hipponous and Iliona.

Comparative table of Hecuba's family
Relation Names Sources
Hom. Euripides Diod. Virgil Ovid Apollod. Dictys
Iliad TW Hec. Aen. Met.
Parents Dymas ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Cisseus ✓ ✓ ✓
Sangarius and Metope ✓
Consort Priam ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Apollo ✓
Siblings Asius ✓ ✓
Children Hector ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Deiphobus ✓ ✓
Polyxena ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Cassandra ✓ ✓ ✓
Polydorus ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Paris ✓ ✓ ✓
Creusa ✓
Laodice ✓
Helenus ✓
Pammon ✓
Polites ✓
Antiphus ✓
Hipponous ✓
Troilus ✓ ✓

Myths

Hecuba in the Iliad
The death of Hector on a Roman sarcophagus, c. 200 AD

Hecuba appears six times in the Iliad. In Book 6.326–96, she meets Hector upon his return to the city and offers him the libation cup, instructing him to offer it to Zeus and to drink from it himself. Taking Hector's advice, she chooses a gown taken from Alexander's treasure to give as an offering to the goddess and leads the Trojan women to the temple of Athena to pray for help. In Book 22, she pleads with Hector not to fight Achilles, expressing her premonition of "never get[ting] to mourn you laid out on a bier."[15] In Book 24.201–16, she is stricken with anxiety upon hearing of Priam's plan to retrieve Hector's body from Achilles' hut. Further along in the same episode, at 24.287–98, she offers Priam the libation cup and instructs him to pray to Zeus so that he may receive a favourable omen upon setting out towards the Achaean camp. Unlike in the first episode in which Hector refuses her offer of the cup, Priam accepts and is rewarded with the requested omen. Finally, she laments Hector's death in a well-known speech at 24.748–59.

Hecuba and Polyxena by Merry-Joseph Blondel

Hecuba in other classical works

Stesichorus states that after the sack of Troy, Apollo, Hecuba's former lover, took her to safety and placed her in Lycia.[16][17]

The Bibliotheca (Library) of Pseudo-Apollodorus states that Hecuba had a son named Troilus with the god Apollo. An oracle prophesied that Troy would not be defeated if Troilus reached the age of 20 alive. Troilus is killed by Achilles.

Hecuba is a main character in two plays by Euripides: The Trojan Women and Hecuba. The Trojan Women describes the aftermath of the fall of Troy, including Hecuba's enslavement by Odysseus. Hecuba also takes place just after the fall of Troy. Polydorus, the youngest son of Priam and Hecuba, is sent to King Polymestor for safekeeping, but when Troy falls, Polymestor murders Polydorus. Hecuba learns of this, and when Polymestor comes to the fallen city, Hecuba, by trickery, blinds him and kills his two sons.[18]

Another story says that when she was given to Odysseus as a slave, she snarled and cursed at him, so the gods turned her into a dog, allowing her to escape.

In another tradition, Hecuba went mad upon seeing the corpses of her children Polydorus and Polyxena. Dante described this episode, which he derived from Italian sources:

—Inferno XXX: 13–20

Another legend has it that Hecuba threw herself into the sea[19] and was transformed into "a she-dog with fiery eyes" and that she was buried in a "wretched" place called Kynosema ('dog's grave'), a "landmark for sailors".[20][21] The Kynosema is said to be a promontory located in modern day Kilitbahir.[22]

Hecuba is frequently referenced in classical literature, and in many medieval, Renaissance, and modern works. Among the works which are about Hecuba are:

Hecuba is also referenced in other works:

  • Hamlet, play by William Shakespeare. In Act 2, scene 2, the character Hamlet marvels at the skill of an actor he has just watched perform the role of Hecuba with convincing grief as she witnesses Priam's death: "What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, / That he should weep for her?" Hamlet criticizes himself for grieving his father less authentically than the actor does on behalf of the imaginary Hecuba and Priam.[23]
  • In Fortune Plango Vulnera (I Bemoan The Wounds Of Fortune), from the 13th C Latin and Goliardic poetry collection Carmina Burana, which was set to music in the movement Fate Imperatrix Mundi of Carmina Burana: Cantiones profanae cantoribus et choris cantandae comitantibus instrumentis atque imaginibus magicis by Carl Orff, Hecuba is mentioned as an exemplar of those thrown down by fate and a warning: "Nam sub axe legimus, Hecubam reginam." (For beneath the axle is written, queen Hecuba)

• In Edith Wharton’s The Custom of the Country, she describes Mrs. Spragg as “gaz[ing]after [Undine and Mr. Spragg] with the pale stare of Hecuba.”

Notes
  1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition: "Hecuba" Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
  2. Malalas, Chronography 5.106
  3. Dares Phrygius, History of the Fall of Troy 12
  4. Frazer's note 21 on Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 3. 12. 5. In: Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.
  5. Iliad, 16. 715
  6. Euripides, Hecuba, 3
  7. Virgil, Aeneid 7. 320; 10. 705,
  8. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 3. 12. 5
  9. Hyginus, Fabulae, 91, 111, 249
  10. Scholia on Euripides, Hecuba 3
  11. Scholia on Iliad, 16. 718, referring to Pherecydes and Athenion for the two versions respectively
  12. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Chapter 2 (Tiberius), paragraph 72
  13. Stesichorus, Fr. 108; Tzetzes, On Lycophron; Porphyry in his Omissions states that Ibycus, Alexander, Euphorion and Lycophron all made Hector the son of Apollo
  14. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 12. 5 & E3. 32
  15. Homer, The Iliad. Book 22, line 86
  16. Stesichorus, Fr.109
  17. Cecil Maurice Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry from Alcman to Simonides, Volume 1
  18. "Hecuba", Washington State University
  19. Hyginus, Fabulae 243
  20. Trojan Women: Euripides. Greek Tragedy in New Translations. Translated by Alan Shapiro with Introduction and Noted by Alan Burian. Oxford University Press. 2009. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-19-537493-3
  21. Koniaris, George Leonidas. "Alexander, Palamedes, Troades, Sisyphus - A Connected Tetralogy? A Connected Trilogy?". In: Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Volume 78. Harvard University Press. 1973. pp. 120-121.
  22. MacKie, C.J.; Atabay, Mithat; Körpe, Reyhan; Sagona, Antonio (2016-01-05), Sagona, Antonio; Atabay, Mithat; Mackie, Christopher; McGibbon, Ian (eds.), "Boundary and divide: The antiquity of the Dardanelles", Anzac Battlefield (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 4–23, doi:10.1017/cbo9781316278291.004, ISBN 978-1-316-27829-1, retrieved 2022-10-17
  23. "Hamlet: the play within the play". The British Library. Retrieved 2019-11-22.

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources
  • Tsotakou-Karveli. Lexicon of Greek Mythology. Athens: Sokoli, 1990.
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