Heliantheae

The Heliantheae (sometimes called the sunflower tribe) are the third-largest tribe in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). With some 190 genera and nearly 2500 recognized species, only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger. The name is derived from the genus Helianthus, which is Greek for sun flower. Most genera and species are found in North America (particularly in Mexico) and South America. A few genera are pantropical.

Heliantheae
Sunflowers display bright yellow colors.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Heliantheae
Cassini, 1819
Subtribes

See text

Diversity
About 190 genera and 2500 species
Bidens biternata- Spanish needles

Most Heliantheae are herbs or shrubs, but some grow to the size of small trees. Leaves are usually hairy and arranged in opposite pairs. The anthers are usually blackened.

The above statements about the size and distribution of the tribe apply to a broad definition of Heliantheae, which was followed throughout the 20th century. Some recent authors break the tribe up into a dozen or so smaller tribes.

Uses

Commercially important plants in the Heliantheae include sunflower and Jerusalem artichoke. Many garden flowers are also in this group, such as Coreopsis, Cosmos, Echinacea, Rudbeckia, and Zinnia. Some authors place Coreopsis and Cosmos in the Coreopsideae tribe.[1]

In addition to the benefits brought by the group, some are also problematic weeds. Species of Ambrosia (ragweed) produce large quantities of pollen. Each plant is reputed to be able to produce about a billion grains of pollen over a season, and the plant is wind-pollinated.

Taxonomy

The traditional circumscription of the Heliantheae arises from Cassini's 19th-century classification of the Asteraceae. This broad group been divided by some authors into smaller tribes: Bahieae, Chaenactideae, Coreopsideae, Helenieae, Heliantheae sensu stricto, Madieae, Millerieae, Perityleae, Polymnieae, and Tageteae. Because the Eupatorieae originated from within the Heliantheae (broadly defined), to maintain monophyletic taxa it is necessary to either make Eupatorieae a subtribe within Heliantheae or to split the Heliantheae into smaller tribes.[2][3] Such classifications may define a supertribe Helianthodae including these smaller tribes, the Eupatorieae, and a few other tribes such as Inuleae.[4]

Subtribes and genera

Heliantheae subtribes and genera recognized by the Global Compositae Database as of May 2022:

References
  1. Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2016). Plant Systematics, A phylogenetic approach. U.S.A.: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 541–547. ISBN 978-1-60535-389-0.
  2. "187n. Asteraceae tribe Eupatorieae". Flora of North America (Vol. 21 Page 456, 459). Retrieved 2007-10-06.
  3. "187. Asteraceae". Flora of North America. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
  4. Helianthodae H. Rob., Tree of Life Web Project
  5. "Ambrosiinae Less". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  6. "Chromolepidinae Panero". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  7. "Dugesiinae Panero". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  8. "Ecliptinae Less". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  9. "Enceliinae Panero". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  10. "Engelmanniinae Stuessy". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  11. "Helianthinae Dumort". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  12. "Montanoinae H.Rob". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  13. "Rojasianthinae Panero". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  14. "Rudbeckiinae H.Rob". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  15. "Spilanthinae Panero". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  16. "Verbesininae Benth. & Hook.f." Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  17. "Zaluzaniinae H.Rob". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.
  18. "Zinniinae Benth. & Hook.f." Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-05-16.

Bibliography
  • Media related to Heliantheae at Wikimedia Commons
  • Data related to Heliantheae at Wikispecies
  • The dictionary definition of heliantheae at Wiktionary
  • Cassini, Alexandre de (1794–1823). "unknown". Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 88: 196. J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts. Retrieved 2008-06-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
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