Herpothallon

Herpothallon is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It has about 50 species.[2]

Herpothallon
Herpothallon rubrocinctum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Arthoniomycetes
Order: Arthoniales
Family: Arthoniaceae
Genus: Herpothallon
Tobler (1937)
Type species
Herpothallon sanguineum
(Vain.) Tobler (1937)
Species

See text

Synonyms[1]

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 1930 by German lichenologist Friedrich Tobler, with Herpothallon sanguineum assigned as the type species. Tobler erroneously believed that the fungus was a member of the Basidiomycota.[3][4] After it was recognized as an ascolichen, it was referred to either Chiodecton (family Roccellaceae) or Cryptothecia (family Arthoniaceae).[5]

In 2009, Herpothallon was resurrected following a publication by André Aptroot, Göran Thor, Robert Lücking, and John Elix, in which they recognized 29 species worldwide.[6] The type species is now known as Herpothallon rubrocinctum,[7] or in the vernacular as the "Christmas lichen".[8]

Description

Herpothallon is characterized by the byssoid (a wispy or cottony texture) prothallus (i.e., the first purely fungal layer upon which an algae-containing thallus develops) and hypothallus (i.e., a growth of undifferentiated purely fungal mycelium present as a distinct layer on the underside of the thallus). The texture of the thallus is somewhat felt-like, and its form is heteromerous, meaning that more or less distinct tissues are present, in particular, the mycobiont and photobiont components occur in well-marked layers, with the photobiont in a more or less distinct zone between the upper cortex and the medulla. Another thallus feature common to all species is the felty pseudoisidia; these are isidia-like outgrowths that, unlike true isidia, lack internal differentiation and have no distinct cortex. The thallus also has pustules (blister-like elevations), and granules ranging in form and size from soredia-like to minute. The photobiont partner of the Herpothallon lichen is from Trentepohlia, a genus of green algae.[9] In Herpothallon, the asci do not develop in true ascomata. Only two members of the genus, H. fertile and H. inopinatum, are known to be fertile.[10]

Species
Herpothallon, not identified to species, in Amazonian Peru

As of January 2022, Species Fungorum accepts 42 species of Herpothallon.

  • Herpothallon adnatum G.Thor (2009)[11]
  • Herpothallon alae Sipman (2018)[12] – Vanuatu
  • Herpothallon aurantiacoflavum (B.de Lesd.) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[13]
  • Herpothallon australasicum (Elix) Elix & G.Thor (2009)[14]
  • Herpothallon biacidum Frisch, Elix & G.Thor (2010)[15] – Australia
  • Herpothallon brialmonticum Aptroot & Elix (2009)[16]
  • Herpothallon capilliferum P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[17] – China
  • Herpothallon cinereum G.Thor (2009)[16]
  • Herpothallon confluenticum Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[18]
  • Herpothallon confusum G.Thor (2009)[19]
  • Herpothallon corallinum G.Thor (2009)[20]
  • Herpothallon coralloides Jagad.Ram (2014)[21] – Andaman Islands
  • Herpothallon echinatum Aptroot, Lücking & Will-Wolf (2009)[22]
  • Herpothallon elegans G.Thor (2009)[23]
  • Herpothallon fertile Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[24]
  • Herpothallon flavominutum Jagad.Ram, G.P.Sinha & Elix (2009)[9] – India
  • Herpothallon furfuraceum G.Thor (2009)[25]
  • Herpothallon glaucescens L.L.Liu & Lu L.Zhang (2023)[26] – China
  • Herpothallon globosum G.Thor (2009)[27]
  • Herpothallon globuliferum Jagad.Ram (2014)[21] – Andaman Islands
  • Herpothallon granulare (Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[28]
  • Herpothallon granulosum Jagad.Ram & G.P.Sinha (2009)[5] – India
  • Herpothallon himalayanum Jagad.Ram & G.P.Sinha (2009)[9] – India
  • Herpothallon hypoprotocetraricum G.Thor (2009)[28]
  • Herpothallon hyposticticum Bungartz & Elix (2013)[29] – Galápagos Islands
  • Herpothallon inopinatum Frisch & G.Thor (2014)[10] – Mexico
  • Herpothallon isidiatum Jagad.Ram & G.P.Sinha (2009)[5] – India
  • Herpothallon japonicum (Zahlbr.) G.Thor (2009)[30]
  • Herpothallon kigeziense Frisch & G.Thor (2013)[31] – Uganda
  • Herpothallon lilacinum L.L.Liu & Lu L.Zhang (2023)[26] – China
  • Herpothallon lutescens Jagad.Ram (2014)[21] – Andaman Islands
  • Herpothallon minimum Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[32]
  • Herpothallon minutum Jagad.Ram (2014)[21] – Andaman Islands
  • Herpothallon nigroisidiatum G.Thor (2009)[33]
  • Herpothallon philippinum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2009)[34]
  • Herpothallon polyisidiatum P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[17] – China
  • Herpothallon purpureum Aptroot & M.F.Souza (2021)[35] – Brazil
  • Herpothallon pustulatum G.Thor (2009)[36]
  • Herpothallon queenslandicum (Elix) Elix (2009)[37]
  • Herpothallon roseocinctum (Fr.) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[38]
  • Herpothallon rubrocinctoides (G.Thor) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[39]
  • Herpothallon rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.) Aptroot, Lücking & G.Thor (2009)[40]
  • Herpothallon rubroechinatum Frisch & G.Thor (2010)[41]
  • Herpothallon rubromaculatum G.Thor (2009)[42]
  • Herpothallon saxorum Bungartz & Elix (2013)[29] – Galápagos Islands
  • Herpothallon subglobosum P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[17] – China
  • Herpothallon tomentosum L.L.Liu & Lu L.Zhang (2023)[26] – China
  • Herpothallon tricolor Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2017)
  • Herpothallon viridi-isidiatum P.F.Chen & L.L.Zhang (2022)[17] – China
  • Herpothallon weii Y.L.Cheng & H.Y.Wang (2012)[43] – China

References
  1. "Synonymy: Herpothallon Tobler, Flora, Regensburg 131: 446 (1937)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  2. Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  3. Tobler, F. (1937). "Entwicklungsgeschichtliche". Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft (in German). 55: 158–164.
  4. Tobler, F. (1937). "Über den Bau der Hymenolichenen and eine neue zu ihnen gehörende Gattung". Flora (in German). 131: 437–438.
  5. Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Sinha, G.P.; Singh, K.P. (2009). "New species and new records of Cryptothecia and Herpothallon (Arthoniales) from India". The Lichenologist. 41 (6): 605–613. doi:10.1017/s0024282909008123. S2CID 84350481.
  6. Aptroot et al. 2009.
  7. "Record Details: Herpothallon sanguineum (Sw.) Tobler, Flora, Regensburg 131: 447 (1937)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  8. Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-300-08249-4.
  9. Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Sinha, G.P. (2009). "New species and new records of Herpothallon (lichenized Ascomycetes) from India". Mycotaxon. 110: 37–42. doi:10.5248/110.37.
  10. Frisch, A.; Rudolphi, Jörgen; Thor, Göran (2014). "Herpothallon inopinatum (Arthoniaceae), a new lichen species from Mexico". Annales Botanici Fennici. 51 (1–2): 63–68. doi:10.5735/085.051.0108. S2CID 85002927.
  11. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 28.
  12. Sipman, H.J.M. (2018). "Three new lichen species and 48 new records from Vanuatu" (PDF). Australasian Lichenology. 82: 106–129.
  13. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 31.
  14. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 33.
  15. Frisch, Andreas; Elix, John A.; Thor, Göran (2010). "Herpothallon biacidum, a new lichen species from tropical Australia". The Lichenologist. 42 (3): 285–289. doi:10.1017/s0024282909990697. S2CID 85708415.
  16. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 34.
  17. Chen, Pengfei; Liu, Linlin; Xie, Congmiao; Zhang, Lulu (2022). "Four new species of Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, Ascomycota) from China". Phytotaxa. 536 (1): 83–91. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.5. S2CID 247068581.
  18. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 35.
  19. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 36.
  20. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 37.
  21. Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M. (2014). "The genus Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae) in the Andaman Islands, India". The Lichenologist. 46 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000571. S2CID 232393678.
  22. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 38.
  23. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 39.
  24. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 40.
  25. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 41.
  26. Liu, Linlin; Zuo, Qijia; Xue, Junxia; Ren, Zhaojie; Zhang, Lulu (2023). "Three new species of Herpothallon (lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China". Phytotaxa. 597 (4): 287–296. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4. S2CID 258761317.
  27. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 42.
  28. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 43.
  29. Bungartz, Frank; Dután-Patiño, Valeria Leonor; Elix, John A. (2013). "The lichen genera Cryptothecia, Herpothallon and Helminthocarpon (Arthoniales) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador". The Lichenologist. 45 (6): 739–762. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000522. S2CID 86253049.
  30. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 44.
  31. Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Sheil, Douglas (2014). "Four new Arthoniomycetes from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda". Nova Hedwigia. 98: 295–312. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0155.
  32. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 53.
  33. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 55.
  34. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 56.
  35. Aptroot, André; Souza, Maria Fernanda (2021). "New crustose lichens from a tropical coastal area in Paraná (Brazil)". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 42 (12): 191–197. doi:10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a12. S2CID 244271661.
  36. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 57.
  37. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 58.
  38. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 59.
  39. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 50.
  40. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 61.
  41. Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Elix, John (2010). "Herpothallon rubroechinatum (Arthoniaceae), a new species from tropical and subtropical America". The Bryologist. 113 (1): 144–148. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.1.144. S2CID 84750122.
  42. Aptroot et al. 2009, p. 63.
  43. Cheng, Yu-Liang; Ning, Jing; Xu, Hou-Ping; Zhang, Lu-Lu; Wang, Hai-Ying; Zhao, Zun-Tian (2012). "Herpothallon weii, a new lichen from China". Mycotaxon. 119: 439–443. doi:10.5248/119.439.

Cited literature
  • Aptroot, André; Thor, Göran; Lücking, Robert; Elix, John A.; Chaves, J.L. (2009). "The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated". In Aptroot, André; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Sparrius, Laurens B. (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichens: Liber Amicorum Harrie Sipman. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 99. J. Cramer. pp. 19–66. ISBN 978-3-443-58078-0.
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