Ulmus wallichiana

Ulmus wallichiana Planch., the Himalayan elm, also known as the Kashmir elm and Bhutan elm, is a mountain tree ranging from central Nuristan in Afghanistan, through northern Pakistan and northern India to western Nepal at elevations of 800–3000 m. Although dissimilar in appearance, its common name is occasionally used in error for the cherry bark elm Ulmus villosa, which is also endemic to the Kashmir, but inhabits the valleys, not the mountain slopes. The species is closely related to the wych elm U. glabra.

Ulmus wallichiana
Ulmus wallichiana, Withdean Park, Brighton.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Ulmaceae
Genus: Ulmus
Subgenus: U. subg. Ulmus
Section: U. sect. Ulmus
Species:
U. wallichiana
Binomial name
Ulmus wallichiana
Synonyms
  • Kashmir Elm: Anon.
  • Ulmus erosa sensu Wall.
  • Ulmus wallichiana Brandis, Hooker

Description

The Himalayan elm grows to 30 m tall, with a broad crown featuring several ascending branches. The bark of the trunk is greyish brown and longitudinally furrowed. The leaves are elliptic-acuminate, < 13 cm long by 6 cm broad on petioles 5–10 mm long. The samarae are usually orbicular, < 13 mm in diameter, on 5mm pedicels.[2]

  • Ulmus wallichiana, from Illustrations of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, 1874
    Ulmus wallichiana, from Illustrations of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, 1874
  • Samarae
    Samarae

Pests and diseases

The tree has a high resistance to the fungus Ophiostoma himal-ulmi endemic to the Himalaya and the cause of Dutch elm disease there. However, U. wallichiana was found to be one of the most preferred elms for feeding and reproduction by the adult elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola[3] and highly preferred for feeding by the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica[4] in the United States. Tests in Italy confirmed the American findings, and also determined a moderately high susceptibility to Elm Yellows,[5] meanwhile in the Netherlands the species was also found to be susceptible to coral spot fungus Nectria cinnabarina.[6]

Cultivation and uses

Endemic to an impoverished region with no fossil fuel resources, U. wallichiana is heavily lopped for firewood, and also for fodder, leaving it in danger of extermination in some areas.[7][8] Elsewhere however, it has been deliberately planted near villages and farmhouses. Recognizing its predicament, efforts have been made in India to conserve the tree by drying the seeds and placing them in refrigerated storage.[9] A species of considerable commercial potential, research has also been undertaken into optimal propagation methods.[10][11][12]

The tree was first introduced to the West in the 1920s, with the arrival of a specimen at the Arnold Arboretum from Chamba, a hill station overlooking the north Indian plain. The tree soon proved eminently unsuited to the cold Boston winters and died, but not before a five-budded cutting could be sent to S. G. A. Doorenbos, Parks Director at The Hague, in 1929. Doorenbos was able to graft four of the buds, and the following year had a row of strongly growing plants. The trees were again badly damaged by frost, but in 1938 were used as a source of anti-fungal genes in the Dutch elm breeding programme and crossed with the English winter-hardy cultivar 'Exoniensis'.[13]

U. wallichiana is grown in several arboreta in the UK, but by far the largest number is held by Brighton & Hove City Council, the NCCPG elm collection holder, which has some 60 specimens, including the TROBI Champion in school grounds at Rottingdean.[14] The tree tends to be rather short-boled in Brighton & Hove, and readily defoliates in times of drought. The tree was propagated and marketed by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire, from 1962 to 1977, during which time 97 were sold.[15][16]

In North America, the species is represented only by two specimens at the U.S. National Arboretum, Washington D. C.

There are no known cultivars of this taxon, nor is it known to be in commerce.

Etymology

The tree is named for the Danish botanist Nathaniel Wallich.

Subspecies and varieties

There are two subspecies, wallichiana and xanthoderma, and a variety tomentosa identified by Melville & Heybroek,[2] distinguished largely by variations in pubescence of the leaves and young stems.

Notable trees

An old Ulmus wallichiana (bole girth 24 ft) stands in the Graveyard of Trari Baba near the town of Shamlai, Pakistan.[17] A finely-grown old specimen (2012) in the Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh is listed as one of the landmark trees of India.[18]

Hybrids

Hybrid cultivars

U. wallichiana was crossed with the Exeter elm 'Exoniensis' in the Netherlands in 1938, from which progeny was selected clone '202', destined to become a fundamental component of the Dutch elm breeding programme in the 1960s and 1970s.[6][19] Selfed or hybridized with U. minor or earlier Dutch hybrids, its progeny include 'Clusius', 'Dodoens', 'Lobel', and 'Plantyn'. 'Plantyn' was in turn to play a vital part in the third generation of Dutch hybrids; two selfed specimens were selected and released as 'Columella' and, much later, 'Wanoux' = Vada, while 'Plantyn' itself was crossed with U. 'Bea Schwarz' to create 'Nanguen' = Lutèce, arguably the most successful Dutch elm cultivar released to date. 'Plantyn' was also selected for use in the Italian elm breeding programme that started in the 1970s, and was crossed with varieties of the Siberian elm U. pumila to create a number of hardy trees renowned for their rapid upright growth: 'Arno', 'Plinio', and 'San Zanobi'.

Accessions
North America
Europe
Australasia

References
  1. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Ulmus wallichiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T30410A9545816. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T30410A9545816.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. Melville, R. & Heybroek, H. (1971). The Elms of the Himalaya. Kew Bulletin Vol. 26(1). Royal Botanic Garden Kew, London
  3. Miller, F.; Ware, G. (2001). "Resistance of Temperate Chinese Elms (Ulmuss spp.) to Feeding of the Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 94 (1): 162–166. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.162. PMID 11233108. S2CID 42980569.
  4. Miller, F.; Ware, G.; Jackson, J. (2001). "Preference of Temperate Chinese Elms (Ulmuss spp.) for the Feeding of the Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 94 (2): 445–448. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.445. PMID 11332837. S2CID 7520439.
  5. Mittempergher, L; Santini, A (2004). "The history of elm breeding" (PDF). Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales. 13 (1): 161–177.
  6. Heybroek, Hans M. (1957). "Elm breeding in the Netherlands". Silvae Genetica. 6 (3–4): 112–117.
  7. Maunder, M. (1988). Plants in Peril, 3. Ulmus wallichiana (Ulmaceae). Kew Magazine. 5(3): 137–140. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, London.
  8. Heybroek, H. M. (1963). "Diseases and lopping for fodder as possible causes of a prehistoric decline of Ulmus". Acta Botanica Neerlandica. 12: 1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1963.tb00100.x.
  9. Phartyal, S., Thapliyal, J., Nayal, J. & Joshi, G. (2003). Seed storage physiology of Himalayan Elm (U. wallichiana): an endangered tree species of tropical highlands. Seed Science & Technology Vol. 31. International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), Bassersdorf, Switzerland.
  10. Thakur, I.K. (1999). Vegetative propagation studies in ELM (Ulmus wallichiana planch)- A tree of high economic value. Journal of Non-Timber Forests Products, 6(1/2): 71–73. Department of Tree Improvement & Genetic Resources, Dr. Y. S. Parmar, University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173230, H.P., India.
  11. Phartyal, S.; Thapliyal, R.C.; Nayal, J.S.; Rawat, M.M.S.; Joshi, G. (2003). "The influences of temperatures on seed germination rate in Himalayan elm Ulmus wallichiana". Seed Science and Technology. 31: 83–93. doi:10.15258/sst.2003.31.1.09.
  12. Anisko, T. (2006). On the trail of the Himalayan elms. Plant exploration for Longwood Gardens. 19–23. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881927382
  13. Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. ISBN 9789050112819
  14. Ulmus wallichiana, Longhill School, Rottingdean
  15. Hillier & Sons (1977). Catalogue of Trees & Shrubs. Hillier, Ampfield, UK.
  16. Hillier & Sons Sales inventory 1962 to 1977 (unpublished).
  17. Ulmus wallichiana, Trari Baba graveyard, Shamlai, Pakistan; researchgate.net
  18. 'Landmark trees of India': Ulmus wallichiana, Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh; outreachecology.com
  19. Heybroek, Hans M. (1983). Burdekin, D.A. (ed.). "Resistant elms for Europe" (PDF). Forestry Commission Bulletin (Research on Dutch Elm Disease in Europe). London: HMSO (60): 108–113.
  20. "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  21. Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN 978-1-873580-61-5.
  22. RBGV (Melbourne) Elm list
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