Identity cleansing
Identity cleansing is defined as "confiscation of personal identification, passports, and other such documents in order to make it difficult or impossible for those driven out to return".[1]
| Legal status of persons |
|---|
 |
| Birthright |
| Nationality |
| Immigration |
Kosovo War
Expelled Kosovar Albanians were systematically stripped of identity and property documents including passports, land titles, automobile license plates, identity cards and other documents.[2] In conjunction with the policy of expelling ethnic Albanians from the province, the Yugoslav forces would confiscate all documents that indicated the identity of those being expelled.
Physicians for Human Rights reports that nearly 60 percent of respondents to its survey observed Yugoslav forces removing or destroying personal identification documents.[3] Human Rights Watch also documented the common practice of "identity cleansing": refugees expelled toward Albania were frequently stripped of their identity documents and forced to remove the license plates from their vehicles.[4] This criminal practice suggesting the government was trying to block their return.[4]
In addition to confiscating the relevant documents from their holders, efforts were also made to destroy any actual birth records (and other archives) which were maintained by governmental agencies, so as to make the "cleansing" complete[5] (this latter tactic sometimes being referred to as "archival cleansing"[6]).
This practice received worldwide condemnation, and evidence of it has been brought at the war crimes trials held at The Hague after the situation in Kosovo was stabilized following the NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia and the subsequent collapse of its nationalist government. Despite difficulties due to "identity cleansing", UNMIK and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe registered 1.3 million voters until the October 2002 municipal elections.[7]
References
- Cooper, Phillip J.; Vargas, Claudia Maria (November 5, 2008). Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions: Challenges of War, Terrorism, and Civil Disorder. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742531338 – via Google Books.
- Kuby, Michael; Gober, Patricia; Harner, John (September 11, 2001). Human Geography in Action. Wiley. ISBN 9780471400936 – via Google Books.
- Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo: An Accounting Archived 2011-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Abrahams, Fred (November 5, 2001). Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 9781564322647 – via Google Books.
- Human Rights Practices - 2002 Archived September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- Knuth, Rebecca; English, John (November 5, 2003). Libricide: The Regime-sponsored Destruction of Books and Libraries in the Twentieth Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275980887 – via Google Books.
- "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended". U.S. Government Printing Office. November 5, 2003 – via Google Books.