Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia

Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare medical syndrome in which the body has too few CD4+ T lymphocytes, which are a kind of white blood cell.[2] ICL is sometimes characterized as "HIV-negative AIDS", though, in fact, its clinical presentation differs somewhat from that seen with HIV/AIDS.[3] People with ICL have a weakened immune system and are susceptible to opportunistic infections, although the rate of infections is lower than in people with AIDS.[4]

Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia
Other namesImmunodeficiency 13
Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia is inherited via autosomal dominant manner[1]
SpecialtyImmunology

Cause

The cause of ICL, like all idiopathic conditions, is unknown. It does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent, such as a virus.[5] It is widely believed that there is more than one cause.[6]

Pathophysiology

The loss of CD4+ T cells appears to be through apoptosis.[4][7] The accelerated deaths of the T cells is likely driven by crosslinking T cell receptors.[7]

Diagnosis

The mandatory criteria for diagnosis of idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia include:[8]

  • Low numbers of CD4+ cells, on two or more measurements over at least six weeks:
    • CD4 cell count less than 300 cells per microliter, or
    • Less than 20% of T lymphocytes are CD4+
  • Laboratory evidence of lack of HIV infection
  • Absence of any alternative explanation for the CD4 lymphocytopenia

A one-time finding of low CD4+ cells is usually associated with a recent infection and resolves on its own.[7] Alternative explanations for the low CD4 counts include conditions such as blood cancers (aleukemia), treatment with chemotherapy, immunosuppressive medications, or other medications that suppress or kill T cells, infections, and problems with blood production.[2][9]

All criteria must be fulfilled for a diagnosis of ICL. In addition, if these findings are present but combined with other significant findings, such as anemia or thrombocytopenia, then other diagnoses must be considered.

Treatment

Fludarabine-based hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has shown to be a feasible treatment for ICL.[10]

Prognosis

In contrast to the CD4+ cell depletion caused by HIV, in general, patients with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia have a good prognosis.[6][11][12][13] The decline in CD4+ T-cells in patients with ICL is generally slower than that seen in HIV-infected patients.[3] The major risk to people with ICL is unexpected infections, including cryptococcus, atypical mycobacterial and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP). The condition may also resolve on its own.[14]

ICL sometimes precedes and may be the first signal of several blood cancers. ICL patients have developed primary effusion lymphoma,[15][16] primary leptomeningeal lymphoma,[9] diffuse large cell lymphoma,[17] MALT lymphoma,[18] and Burkitt's lymphoma,[19] among others.

ICL may indirectly trigger autoimmune diseases. It has been associated with several cases of autoimmune disease Sjögren syndrome.[4][20]

Because all of the reported autoimmune diseases and lymphomas involve B cells, one hypothesis proposes that ICL's narrow T cell repertoire predisposes the immune system to B cell disorders.[4]

Epidemiology

ICL is a very rare disease.[2] In 1993, a total of 47 confirmed cases were reported in a survey sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control.[21]

References
  1. "OMIM Entry - # 615518 - IMMUNODEFICIENCY 13; IMD13". omim.org. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  2. Walker UA, Warnatz K (July 2006). "Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 18 (4): 389–95. doi:10.1097/01.bor.0000231908.57913.2f. PMID 16763460. S2CID 20289181.
  3. Luo L, Li T (December 2008). "Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia and opportunistic infection--an update". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 54 (3): 283–9. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00490.x. PMID 19049641.
  4. Wladis EJ, Kapila R, Chu DS (July 2005). "Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia and Sjogren syndrome". Arch. Ophthalmol. 123 (7): 1012. doi:10.1001/archopht.123.7.1012-a. PMID 16009850.
  5. Online Medical Dictionary entry on T-lymphocytopenia Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
  6. Duncan RA, von Reyn CF, Alliegro GM, Toossi Z, Sugar AM, Levitz SM (February 1993). "Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia--four patients with opportunistic infections and no evidence of HIV infection". N. Engl. J. Med. 328 (6): 393–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302113280604. PMID 8093636.
  7. Laurence J, Mitra D, Steiner M, Lynch DH, Siegal FP, Staiano-Coico L (February 1996). "Apoptotic depletion of CD4+ T cells in idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia". J. Clin. Invest. 97 (3): 672–80. doi:10.1172/JCI118464. PMC 507103. PMID 8609222.
  8. UpToDate article on "Techniques and interpretation of measurement of the CD4 cell count in HIV-infected patients", by John G. Bartlett. Accessed 30 Oct 2006.
  9. Busse PJ, Cunningham-Rundles C (March 2002). "Primary leptomeningeal lymphoma in a patient with concomitant CD4+ lymphocytopenia". Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 88 (3): 339–42. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62019-4. PMID 11926631.
  10. Hamidieh, A. A.; Pourpak, Z.; Hamdi, A.; Nabavi, M.; Ghavamzadeh, A. (2013). "Successful fludarabine-based hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a pediatric patient with idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia". Pediatric Transplantation. 17 (4): E109–11. doi:10.1111/petr.12086. PMID 23581828. S2CID 206265698.
  11. Laurence J, Siegal F, Schattner E, Gelman I, Morse S (1992). "Acquired immunodeficiency without evidence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2". Lancet. 340 (8814): 273–4. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92359-N. PMID 1353194. S2CID 20114472.
  12. Ho D, Cao Y, Zhu T, Farthing C, Wang N, Gu G, Schooley R, Daar E (1993). "Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia--immunodeficiency without evidence of HIV infection". N Engl J Med. 328 (6): 380–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302113280602. PMID 8093634.
  13. Spira T, Jones B, Nicholson J, Lal R, Rowe T, Mawle A, Lauter C, Shulman J, Monson R (1993). "Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia--an analysis of five patients with unexplained opportunistic infections". N Engl J Med. 328 (6): 386–92. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302113280603. PMID 8093635.
  14. Zonios DI, Falloon J, Bennett JE, et al. (July 2008). "Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia: natural history and prognostic factors". Blood. 112 (2): 287–294. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-12-127878. PMC 2442741. PMID 18456875.
  15. Niino D, Tsukasaki K, Torii K, et al. (January 2008). "Human herpes virus 8-negative primary effusion lymphoma with BCL6 rearrangement in a patient with idiopathic CD4 positive T-lymphocytopenia". Haematologica. 93 (1): e21–3. doi:10.3324/haematol.12085. PMID 18166773.
  16. Richetta A, Amoruso GF, Ascoli V, et al. (2007). "PEL, Kaposi's sarcoma HHV8+ and idiopathic T-lymphocitopenia CD4+". Clin Ter. 158 (2): 151–5. PMID 17566517.
  17. Campbell JK, Prince HM, Juneja SK, Seymour JF, Slavin M (April 2001). "Diffuse large cell lymphoma and t(8;22) (q24;q11) in a patient with idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphopenia". Leuk. Lymphoma. 41 (3–4): 421–3. doi:10.3109/10428190109057998. PMID 11378556. S2CID 23366810.
  18. Longo F, Hébuterne X, Michiels JF, Maniere A, Caroli-Bosc FX, Rampal P (January 1999). "[Multifocal MALT lymphoma and acute cytomegalovirus gastritis revealing CD4 lymphopenia without HIV infection]". Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. (in French). 23 (1): 132–6. PMID 10219614.
  19. Shimano S, Murata N, Tsuchiya J (July 1997). "[Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia terminating in Burkitt's lymphoma]". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 38 (7): 599–603. PMID 9267164.
  20. Mandl T, Bredberg A, Jacobsson LT, Manthorpe R, Henriksson G (April 2004). "CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia--a frequent finding in anti-SSA antibody seropositive patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome". J. Rheumatol. 31 (4): 726–8. PMID 15088298.
  21. Smith D, Neal J, Holmberg S (1993). "Unexplained opportunistic infections and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia without HIV infection. An investigation of cases in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia Task Force". N Engl J Med. 328 (6): 373–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302113280601. PMID 8093633.
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