Rothamsted Research

Rothamsted Research, previously known as the Rothamsted Experimental Station and then the Institute of Arable Crops Research, is one of the oldest agricultural research institutions in the world, having been founded in 1843. It is located at Harpenden in the English county of Hertfordshire and is a registered charity under English law.[1]

Panorama of Rothamsted Research

One of the station's best known and longest-running experiments is the Park Grass Experiment, a biological study that started in 1856 and has been continuously monitored ever since.[2]

51°48′33″N 0°21′19″W

History
John Bennet Lawes
The Centenary building at Rothamsted Research, finished in 2003

The Rothamsted Experimental Station was founded in 1843 by John Bennet Lawes, a noted Victorian era entrepreneur and scientist who had founded one of the first artificial fertilizer manufacturing factories in 1842, on his 16th-century estate, Rothamsted Manor, to investigate the impact of inorganic and organic fertilizers on crop yield.

Joseph Henry Gilbert

Lawes had Henry King conduct studies on the application of bone dust to turnip fields between 1836 and 1838. In 1840 he hired Dobson, a chemist. He had experiments conducted with bone ash treated with sulphuric acid and various other mixtures. It is thought that the experiments were at least to some extent influenced by Justus von Liebig who had attended a meeting of the British Association at Liverpool in 1837. Lawes took out patents on manure mixtures and began a factory to manufacture them in 1843, the same year that Joseph Henry Gilbert replaced Dobson who had moved to Australia. Gilbert had trained under Liebig and with Lawes support, he launched the first of a series of long-term field experiments, some of which still continue.[3] Over 57 years, Lawes and Gilbert established the foundations of modern scientific agriculture and the principles of crop nutrition.

A plaque commemorating 50 years of research, in front of the Russell Building

In 1902 Daniel Hall moved from Wye College to become director, taking a lower salary to join an establishment lacking money, staff, and direction. Hall decided that Rothamsted needed to specialise and was eventually successful in obtaining state support for agricultural research. In 1912 E. John Russell, who had come from Wye in 1907, took over as director until 1943, overseeing a major expansion in the 1920s, when Sir William Gammie Ogg took over until 1958 and increasing the number of staff from 140 to 471 and creating new biochemistry, nematology, and pedology departments. The site in Harpenden grew to cover 330 hectares (820 acres).[4]

Statistical science

Many distinguished scientists have been associated with Rothamsted. In 1919 Russell hired Ronald Fisher to investigate the possibility of analysing the vast amount of data accumulated from the "Classical Field Experiments." Fisher analysed the data and stayed to create the theory of experimental design, making Rothamsted a major centre for research in statistics and genetics. Among his appointments and successors in the Statistics department were Oscar Irwin, John Wishart, Frank Yates, William Cochran, Winifred Mackenzie and John Nelder. Indeed, many consider Rothamsted to be the most important birthplace of modern statistical theory and practice.


Partly through these methods, researchers at Rothamsted have made significant contributions to agricultural science, including the discovery and development of systemic herbicides and pyrethroid insecticides, as well as pioneering contributions to the fields of virology, nematology, soil science and pesticide resistance. During World War II, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war, a team under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel developed 2,4-D, still the most widely used weed-killer in the world.

Recent history

In 1987, Rothamsted, the Long Ashton Research Station, and Broom's Barn Experimental Station merged to form the Institute of Arable Crops Research (IACR). The Long Ashton Research Station was closed in 2002, with some of its staff moved to Rothamsted, whilst Broom's Barn is operated as an experimental farm for Rothamsted.

Rothamsted is now operated by a grouping of private organizations under the name of Rothamsted Research and is mainly funded by various branches of the UK government through the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Rothamsted Research supports around 350 scientists (including 50 visiting scientists), 150 administrative staff and 60 PhD students.[5]

As well as the Rothamsted site Rothamsted Research operates:[5]

  • Broom's Barn, a 120-hectare (300-acre) experimental farm near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, which is the UK's national centre for sugar beet research.
  • North Wyke, 250 hectares (620 acres) of grassland near Okehampton, Devon. It provides a "Farm Platform" allowing research teams to conduct experiments on three 25-hectare (62-acre) mini farms. It was formerly part of the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research.

Its research program has four main areas:[6]

  • 20:20 Wheat: increasing wheat productivity to yield 20 (metric) tonnes per hectare in 20 years from the current nine tonnes per hectare in 2012.[7]
  • Cropping carbon: optimising carbon capture by grasslands and perennial energy crops, such as willow.
  • Designing seeds: improved health and nutrition through seeds.
  • Delivering sustainable systems: investigating sustainable agricultural systems to increase productivity while minimising environmental impact.

It also operates:

  • The Insect Survey: two national networks for monitoring insect populations in the UK.[8]
  • PHI-base: a database of multiple pathogen-host interactions.[9]

GM protest

In 2012 Rothamsted started testing genetically modified wheat which had been modified to produce an aphid alarm pheromone produced by aphids when under attack to helps deter pests.[10] This trial attracted criticism from anti-GM groups and "about 200" people attempted to occupy the site on 27 May 2012.[11] They were prevented by a large police presence and the protest ended peacefully.[12] However one protester did trespass and damage the crop. The protester was later arrested, tried and fined £4,000.[13]

A video appeal by scientists at Rothamsted led to over 6,000 people signing a "Don't destroy research" petition organised by Sense about Science.[14] Sense about Science also organised a question and answer session with scientists.[15] The author Mark Lynas commented that Rothamsted's successful campaign may be a turning point for GMOs.[16]

The results published in 2015 showed that the trial wheat variety was no better than standard wheat varieties in deterring pests.[17]

People associated with Rothamsted

Directors

Source:[18]

Entomologists

Environmental meteorologists

Botanists

Chemists and biochemists

Some of the chemists associated with Rothamsted can be found by searching on Rothamsted on the Biographical Database of the British Chemical Community, 1880-1970.[23]

Statisticians

Geologists and soil scientists

Librarians
  • Donald H. Boalch (1950-1962)

See also

References
  1. "ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH LIMITED, registered charity no. 802038". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
  2. Silvertown, J.; Poulton, P.; Johnston, E.; Edwards, G.; Heard, M.; Biss, P. M. (2006). "The Park Grass Experiment 1856-2006: Its contribution to ecology". Journal of Ecology. 94 (4): 801. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.589.7794. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01145.x. S2CID 23198088.
  3. Russeli, E. John (1942). "Rothamsted and Its Experiment Station". Agricultural History. 16 (4): 161–183. ISSN 0002-1482. JSTOR 3739533.
  4. "The History of Rothamsted Research". Rothamsted Research. Retrieved 2021-02-21.
  5. "About Us". Rothamsted Research. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  6. "Introduction to the Research Strategy at Rothamsted". Rothamsted Research. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  7. Ruitenberg, Rudy (2012-06-15). "U.K. Researchers Start Plan to Double Wheat Yields in 20 Years". Bloomberg Business. USA. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
  8. Harrington, Richard and Woiwod, Ian (February 2007) Foresight from hindsight: The Rothamsted Insect Survey Outlooks on Pest Management, Volume 18 , Number 1, Retrieved 22 May 2012
  9. Winnenburg, R.; Urban, M.; Beacham, A.; Baldwin, T. K.; Holland, S.; Lindeberg, M.; Hansen, H.; Rawlings, C.; Hammond-Kosack, K. E.; Köhler, J. (2007). "PHI-base update: Additions to the pathogen host interaction database". Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (Database issue): D572–D576. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm858. PMC 2238852. PMID 17942425.
  10. Ian Sample (27 May 2012). "The GM scientists' risky strategy that won public support". The Guardian.
  11. David Shukman (27 May 2012). "GM trial survives - but 'war' goes on". BBC News.
  12. Shiv Malik (27 May 2012). "Anti-GM protesters kept from tearing up wheat crop by police". The Guardian.
  13. (19 July 2014) GM Crop Damage Fine ITV News, Retrieved 9 July 20915
  14. "Don't Destroy Research Campaign". Sense about Science. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  15. "Sense about Science Q&A". Sense about Science. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  16. Lynas, M. (2012). "Rothamsted's aphid-resistant wheat - a turning point for GMOs?". Agriculture & Food Security. 1: 17. doi:10.1186/2048-7010-1-17.
  17. Case, Philip (27 June 2015). "9 questions about the GM wheat trial answered". Farmers Weekly. Surrey, UK. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  18. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2016-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. Russell, E. J. (1942). "Alfred Daniel Hall. 1864-1942". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4 (11): 228–250. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1942.0018. S2CID 161964820.
  20. Thornton, H. G. (1966). "Edward John Russell. 1872-1965". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 12: 456–477. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1966.0022.
  21. "News".
  22. "Angela Karp announced as new Director and CEO of Rothamsted Research". Rothamsted Research. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  23. "Biographical Database of the British Chemical Community, 1880-1970". The Open University. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  24. Simons, Paul (2019-05-18). "Decline of 'nature's ploughs', the earthworm". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  25. Malvern, Jack (2019-02-23). "Modern farming is wiping out worms". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  26. Brown, Paul (2019-02-26). "Specieswatch: farmers fight to save Britain's disappearing earthworms". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  27. "Dearth of worms blamed for dramatic decline in UK songbird population". The Independent. 2019-02-24. Retrieved 2019-08-02.
  28. Howard, Jules (2019-05-20). "It's not just about the bees – earthworms need love, too". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-08-02.

Further reading
  • A History of Agricultural Science in Great Britain 1620-1954, by E. J. Russell (1966) London, George Allen & Unwin. Sir John Russell was a director of Rothamsted and his book emphasises the role of Rothamsted in the development of agricultural science in Britain.
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