PHI-base

Background

The Pathogen-Host Interactions database was developed to utilise effectively the growing number of verified genes that mediate an organism's ability to cause disease and / or to trigger host responses.[9]

The web-accessible database catalogues experimentally verified pathogenicity, virulence and effector genes from bacterial, fungal and oomycete pathogens which infect animal, plant and fungal hosts. PHI-base is the first on-line resource devoted to the identification and presentation of information on fungal and oomycete pathogenicity genes and their host interactions. As such, PHI-base aims to be a resource for the discovery of candidate targets in medically and agronomically important fungal and oomycete pathogens for intervention with synthetic chemistries and natural products (fungicides).

Each entry in PHI-base is curated by domain experts and supported by strong experimental evidence (gene disruption experiments) as well as literature references in which the experiments are described. Each gene in PHI-base is presented with its nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence as well as a detailed structured description of the predicted protein's function during the host infection process. To facilitate data interoperability, genes are annotated using controlled vocabularies (Gene Ontology terms, EC Numbers, etc.), and links to other external data sources such as UniProt, EMBL and the NCBI taxonomy services.

Current developments

Version 4.15 (May 2, 2023) of PHI-base provides information on 9377 genes from 285 pathogens and 236 hosts and their impact on 20950 interactions as well on efficacy information on ~20 drugs and the target sequences in the pathogen. PHI-base currently focuses on plant pathogenic and human pathogenic organisms including fungi, oomycetes and bacteria. The entire contents of the database can be downloaded in a tab delimited format. Since the launch of version 4, the PHI-base is also searchable using the PHIB-BLAST search tool, which uses the BLAST algorithm to compare a user's sequence against the sequences available from PHI-base. In 2016 the plant portion of PHI-base was used to establish a Semantic PHI-base search tool".[10]

PHI-base is aligned with Ensembl Genomes since 2011, Fungidb since 2016, and Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) (since August 2018). All new PHI-base releases are integrated by these independent databases. PHI-base has been cited in over 350 peer-reviewed publications. Details on all these publications are cited in the ‘about us’ section of the database.

PHI-base is a resource for many applications including:

› The discovery of conserved genes in medically and agronomically important pathogens, which may be potential targets for chemical intervention

› Comparative genome analyses

› Annotation of newly sequenced pathogen genomes

› Functional interpretation of RNA sequencing and microarray experiments

› The rapid cross-checking of phenotypic differences between pathogenic species when writing articles for peer review

PHI-base use has been cited in >500 peer-reviewed articles published in International Journals. All these articles are cited in the 'About' section of the database.

Since 2015, the website has linked to an online literature curation tool called PHI-Canto, enabling community-driven literature curation for various pathogenic species. PHI-Canto employs a community curation framework that not only offers a curation tool but also includes a phenotype ontology and controlled vocabularies using unified languages and rules used in biology experiments.[11] The central concept of this framework is the introduction of a 'Metagenotype', which allows the annotation and assignment of phenotypes to specific pathogen mutant-host interactions.

Funding

PHI-base is a National Capability funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), a UK research council.

References
  1. Urban, Martin; Cuzick, Alayne; Seager, James; Wood, Valerie; Rutherford, Kim; Venkatesh, Shilpa Yagwakote; Sahu, Jashobanta; Iyer, S. Vijaylakshmi; Khamari, Lokanath; De Silva, Nishadi; Martinez, Manuel Carbajo; Pedro, Helder; Yates, Andrew D.; Hammond-Kosack, Kim E. (2022-01-07). "PHI-base in 2022: a multi-species phenotype database for Pathogen-Host Interactions". Nucleic Acids Research. 50 (D1): D837–D847. doi:10.1093/nar/gkab1037. ISSN 1362-4962. PMC 8728202. PMID 34788826.
  2. Urban, M.; Cuzick, A.; Rutherford10.1093/nar/gkab103, K.; Irvine, A. G.; Pedro, H.; Pant, R.; Sadanadan, V.; Khamari, L.; Billal, S.; Mohanty, S.; Hammond-Kosack, K. (2017). "PHI-base: a new interface and further additions for the multi-species pathogen-host interactions database". Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (D1): D604–D610. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1089. PMC 5210566. PMID 27915230.
  3. Winnenburg, R.; Baldwin, T.K.; Urban, M.; Rawlings, C.; Köhler, J.; Hammond-Kosack, K.E. (2014). "PHI-base: a new database for pathogen host interactions". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database Issue): D459-464. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj047. PMC 1347410. PMID 16381911.
  4. Baldwin, T.K.; Winnenburg, R.; Urban, M.; Rawlings, C.; Köhler, J.; Hammond-Kosack, K.E. (2006). "The pathogen-host interactions database (PHI-base) provides insights into generic and novel themes of pathogenicity". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 19 (12): 1451–1462. doi:10.1094/mpmi-19-1451. PMID 17153929.
  5. Winnenburg, R.; Urban, M.; Beacham, A.; Baldwin, T.K.; Holland, S.; Lindeberg, M.; Hansen, H.; Rawlings, C.; Hammond-Kosack, K.E.; Köhler, J. (2008). "PHI-base update: additions to the pathogen host interactions database". Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (Database Issue): D572-576. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm858. PMC 2238852. PMID 17942425.
  6. Urban, M.; Pant, R.; Raghunath, A.; Irvine, A.G.; Pedro, H.; Hammond-Kosack, K.E. (2015). "The Pathogen-Host Interactions database (PHI-base): additions and future developments". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database Issue): D645–D655. doi:10.1093/nar/gku1165. PMC 4383963. PMID 25414340.
  7. Urban, M.; Irvine, A. G.; Raghunath, A.; Cuzick, A.; Hammond-Kosack, K.E. (2015). "Using the pathogen-host interactions database (PHI-base) to investigate plant pathogen genomes and genes implicated in virulence". Front Plant Sci. 6: 605. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00605. PMC 4526803. PMID 26300902.
  8. Brown, N. A.; Urban, M.; Hammond-Kosack, K.E. (2016). "The trans-kingdom identification of negative regulators of pathogen hypervirulence". FEMS Microbiol Rev. 40 (1): 19–40. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuv042. PMC 4703069. PMID 26468211.
  9. Urban, M; Cuzick, A; Seager, J; Wood, V; Rutherford, K; Venkatesh, SY; De Silva, N; Martinez, MC; Pedro, H; Yates, AD; Hassani-Pak, K; Hammond-Kosack, KE (8 January 2020). "PHI-base: the pathogen-host interactions database". Nucleic Acids Research. 48 (D1): D613–D620. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz904. PMC 7145647. PMID 31733065.
  10. Rodriguez-Iglesias, A.; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, A.; Irvine, A.G.; Sesma, A.; Urban, M.; Hammond-Kosack, K.E.; Wilkinson, M.D. (2016). "Publishing FAIR Data: An Exemplar Methodology Utilizing PHI-Base". Front Plant Sci. 7: 641. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00641. PMC 4922217. PMID 27433158.
  11. Cuzick, Alayne; Seager, James; Wood, Valerie; Urban, Martin; Rutherford, Kim; Hammond-Kosack, Kim E (2023-07-04). "A framework for community curation of interspecies interactions literature". eLife. 12. doi:10.7554/elife.84658. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 10319440.
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