Interleukin 24

Interleukin 24 (IL-24) is a protein in the interleukin family, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system. In humans, this protein is encoded by the IL24 gene.

IL24
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesIL24, C49A, FISP, IL10B, MDA7, MOB5, ST16, IL-24, interleukin 24
External IDsOMIM: 604136 MGI: 2135548 HomoloGene: 4991 GeneCards: IL24
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

11009

93672

Ensembl

ENSG00000162892

ENSMUSG00000026420

UniProt

Q13007

Q925S4

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001185156
NM_001185157
NM_001185158
NM_006850
NM_181339

NM_053095

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001172085
NP_001172086
NP_001172087
NP_006841

NP_444325

Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 206.9 – 206.9 MbChr 1: 130.81 – 130.82 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

IL-24 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 family of cytokines that signals through two heterodimeric receptors: IL-20R1/IL-20R2 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2. This interleukin is also known as melanoma differentiation-associated 7 (mda-7) due to its discovery as a tumour suppressing protein. IL-24 appears to control cell survival and proliferation by inducing rapid activation of particular transcription factors called STAT1 and STAT3. This cytokine is predominantly released by activated monocytes, macrophages and T helper 2 (Th2) cells[5] and acts on skin, lung, and reproductive tissues. IL-24 performs important roles in wound healing, arthritis, psoriasis and cancer.[6][7][8] Several studies have shown that cell death occurs in cancer cells/cell lines following exposure to IL-24.[9][10] The gene for IL-24 is located on chromosome 1 in humans.[11]

Structure

The structure of IL-24 has been found through crystallization by fusing a flexible linker with a ligand to its two receptors, IL-22R1 and IL-20R2. The structure revealed that there is a lack of disulfides, which is present in most cytokines, and is likely the reason why IL-24 is unstable compared to other interleukins.[12]

IL-24 is a secreted protein that is highly conserved throughout evolution with sequence homology between species including yeast, dog, cat, monkey and cow. It is located on chromosome 1q32-33 in humans along with several other IL-10 cytokine family gene members. IL-24 encompasses seven exons and six introns. The cDNA of IL-24 is 1,718 base pairs in length and encodes a protein of 206 amino acid with a predicted molecular size of ˜24 kDa. IL-24 also contains an IL-10 signature motif at amino acids 101–121 shared by other IL-10 family member cytokines. IL-24 possibly can form functionally active dimers due to the presence of potential disulfide bonds. Researchers identified a number of splice variants of IL-24 lacking one or more exons.[13] The signal peptide in IL-24 is two times the length as in other related human cytokines (51 amino acids), and the predicted molecular mass of IL-24 monomer is 18.3 kDa.[14]

Function

IL-24 functions as a cytokine (at low concentrations). Its normal physiological role is connected with wound healing (In normal skin cells, it suppress keratinocyte proliferation during wound healing[15]), and protection against diseases caused by bacteria (for example Mycobacterim tuberculosis, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). It is also important in autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis or spondyloarthropathy.

IL-24's Role in the Jak/STAT Pathway

IL-24 carries its functions through two types of membrane receptors (IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2) with simultaneous activation of the JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway within their cytoplasmic domains.[16] IL-24 is a type of cytokine that interacts frequently with class 2 cytokine receptors. IL-24 can form IL-20R1/IL-20R2 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2 which are shared with the other IL-20SFCs and IL-22. IL-20SFC is an IL-20 subfamily of cytokines which includes IL-19, IL-20, and IL-24. They all signal through the common chain that is IL-20R2. Through these two types of membrane receptors (IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2), simultaneous activation of the JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway within their cytoplasmic domains.[17]

Although it belongs to the same group of cytokines as IL-10, it has different effect on the immune system. IL-10 is a suppressive cytokine that suppresses inflammation while also maintaining immunomodulatory functions. Beside the normal physiological roles, IL-24 inhibits tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.[18]

Production of IL-24 by Different Cells

IL-24 can be produced by myeloid cells (in response to microbial products through TLRs), lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells in response to cytokine stimulation. IL-24 can also dampen the first rounds of CD8 cell expansion to prevent uncontrolled T cell responses. After the combination of anti-IgM and CD40-L stimulation, B lymphocytes can also induce IL-24 expression. In response to immune cells, non-lymphoid cells such as melanocytes can also produce IL-24.[19]

Cancer

IL-24 is an immunomodulatory cytokine which can also display broad cancer-specific suppressor effects. The tumor suppressor activities of IL-24 include inhibition of angiogenesis, sensitization to chemotherapy, and induction of cancer-specific apoptosis. Given its ubiquitous apoptotic effect on malignant cells, lack of an effect on normal cells, and absence of significant side effects, IL-24 is an important candidate for cancer therapy.[20]

IL-24 is able to induce apoptosis via both intracellular and extracellular signaling mechanisms. Secreted IL-24 protein induces a robust expression of endogenous IL-24 and subsequent induction of tumor-specific killing through an ER stress-mediated pathway as well as by ROS production. The ER stress is the initial pathway in IL-24-induced apoptosis.[20]

An important question, which remained unresolved, is why IL-24 has the abilities to selectively induce apoptosis in a large spectrum of human cancer-derived cell lines without harming normal cells. One possible reason for this differential killing effect involves inherent biochemical differences between normal and cancer cells (ER stress, ROS production and ceramide), another possibility is that IL-24 is able to target a molecule that only triggers apoptosis in cancer cells. The third option for this differential killing effect is that both of the above hypotheses are correct.[20]

IL-24 is able to induce toxic autophagy in cancer cells in vitro and animal models in vivo. Past independent studies have also proven that the cytokine can play a role in inflammation for inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, and viral infection.[21]

Secondary cytokines that evoke antitumor immune responses are stimulated by IL-24. These secondary cytokines include TNF-α, IFN-gamma, and IL-1, which induce apoptosis.[22] IL-24 also inhibits cancer by blocking VEGF and TGF-alpha activities through inhibition of Src, a proto-oncogene, within tumor cells and inhibiting epithelial cell differentiation.[23] IL-24 also induces apoptosis By inducing more stress on the endoplasmic reticulum.[24]

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000162892 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026420 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Poindexter NJ, Walch ET, Chada S, Grimm EA (September 2005). "Cytokine induction of interleukin-24 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 78 (3): 745–52. doi:10.1189/jlb.0205116. PMID 16000394. S2CID 1329942.
  6. Wang M, Liang P (February 2005). "Interleukin-24 and its receptors". Immunology. 114 (2): 166–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02094.x. PMC 1782067. PMID 15667561.
  7. Kragstrup TW, Otkjaer K, Holm C, Jørgensen A, Hokland M, Iversen L, Deleuran B (January 2008). "The expression of IL-20 and IL-24 and their shared receptors are increased in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy" (PDF). Cytokine. 41 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2007.10.004. PMID 18061474.
  8. Kragstrup TW, Greisen SR, Nielsen MA, Rhodes C, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Hetland ML, et al. (March 2016). "The interleukin-20 receptor axis in early rheumatoid arthritis: novel links between disease-associated autoantibodies and radiographic progression". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 18 (1): 61. doi:10.1186/s13075-016-0964-7. PMC 4788924. PMID 26968800.
  9. Fisher PB, Gopalkrishnan RV, Chada S, Ramesh R, Grimm EA, Rosenfeld MR, et al. (2003). "mda-7/IL-24, a novel cancer selective apoptosis inducing cytokine gene: from the laboratory into the clinic". Cancer Biology & Therapy. 2 (4 Suppl 1): S23-37. doi:10.4161/cbt.458. PMID 14508078.
  10. Sauane M, Lebedeva IV, Su ZZ, Choo HT, Randolph A, Valerie K, et al. (May 2004). "Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 promotes tumor cell-specific apoptosis through both secretory and nonsecretory pathways". Cancer Research. 64 (9): 2988–93. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0200. PMID 15126330.
  11. IL24 GeneCard
  12. Lubkowski J, Sonmez C, Smirnov SV, Anishkin A, Kotenko SV, Wlodawer A (October 2018). "Crystal Structure of the Labile Complex of IL-24 with the Extracellular Domains of IL-22R1 and IL-20R2". Journal of Immunology. 201 (7): 2082–2093. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800726. PMC 6143405. PMID 30111632.
  13. Emdad L, Bhoopathi P, Talukdar S, Pradhan AK, Sarkar D, Wang XY, et al. (July 2019). "Recent insights into apoptosis and toxic autophagy: The roles of MDA-7/IL-24, a multidimensional anti-cancer therapeutic". Seminars in Cancer Biology. 66: 140–154. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.013. PMC 7009777. PMID 31356866.
  14. Fuson KL, Zheng M, Craxton M, Pataer A, Ramesh R, Chada S, Sutton RB (October 2009). "Structural mapping of post-translational modifications in human interleukin-24: role of N-linked glycosylation and disulfide bonds in secretion and activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (44): 30526–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.036061. PMC 2781607. PMID 19734147.
  15. Whitaker EL, Filippov VA, Duerksen-Hughes PJ (December 2012). "Interleukin 24: mechanisms and therapeutic potential of an anti-cancer gene". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 23 (6): 323–31. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.08.004. PMID 22981288.
  16. Wang M, Tan Z, Zhang R, Kotenko SV, Liang P (March 2002). "Interleukin 24 (MDA-7/MOB-5) signals through two heterodimeric receptors, IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (9): 7341–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106043200. PMID 11706020.
  17. Wang M, Tan Z, Zhang R, Kotenko SV, Liang P (March 2002). "Interleukin 24 (MDA-7/MOB-5) signals through two heterodimeric receptors, IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (9): 7341–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106043200. PMID 11706020.
  18. Menezes ME, Bhatia S, Bhoopathi P, Das SK, Emdad L, Dasgupta S, et al. (2014). "MDA-7/IL-24: Multifunctional Cancer Killing Cytokine". Anticancer Genes. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 818. pp. 127–53. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6458-6_6. ISBN 978-1-4471-6457-9. PMC 4633013. PMID 25001534.
  19. Persaud L, De Jesus D, Brannigan O, Richiez-Paredes M, Huaman J, Alvarado G, et al. (June 2016). "Mechanism of Action and Applications of Interleukin 24 in Immunotherapy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 17 (6): 869. doi:10.3390/ijms17060869. PMC 4926403. PMID 27271601.
  20. Persaud L, De Jesus D, Brannigan O, Richiez-Paredes M, Huaman J, Alvarado G, et al. (June 2016). "Mechanism of Action and Applications of Interleukin 24 in Immunotherapy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 17 (6): 869. doi:10.3390/ijms17060869. PMC 4926403. PMID 27271601. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  21. Menezes ME, Bhoopathi P, Pradhan AK, Emdad L, Das SK, Guo C, et al. (2018). "Role of MDA-7/IL-24 a Multifunction Protein in Human Diseases". Advances in Cancer Research. Elsevier. 138: 143–182. doi:10.1016/bs.acr.2018.02.005. ISBN 978-0-12-815127-3. PMC 6218935. PMID 29551126.
  22. Caudell EG, Mumm JB, Poindexter N, Ekmekcioglu S, Mhashilkar AM, Yang XH, et al. (June 2002). "The protein product of the tumor suppressor gene, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7, exhibits immunostimulatory activity and is designated IL-24". Journal of Immunology. 168 (12): 6041–6. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6041. PMID 12055212.
  23. Mhashilkar AM, Stewart AL, Sieger K, Yang HY, Khimani AH, Ito I, et al. (August 2003). "MDA-7 negatively regulates the beta-catenin and PI3K signaling pathways in breast and lung tumor cells". Molecular Therapy. 8 (2): 207–19. doi:10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00170-9. PMID 12907143.
  24. Sauane M, Su ZZ, Gupta P, Lebedeva IV, Dent P, Sarkar D, Fisher PB (July 2008). "Autocrine regulation of mda-7/IL-24 mediates cancer-specific apoptosis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (28): 9763–8. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.9763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804089105. PMC 2474541. PMID 18599461.
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