Interstate 65 in Tennessee

I-65 near the Alabama state line. The extra right lane serves as an acceleration lane for trucks entering from a weigh station.

I-65 enters Tennessee from Alabama concurrent with U.S. Route 31 (US 31) in rural Giles County near the town of Ardmore. About 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later, near the town of Elkton, is an interchange with State Route 7 (SR 7), where US 31 splits off into a concurrency with that route, heading north toward Pulaski. Continuing through mostly rural territory characterized by slight rolling hills, I-65 gradually descends off of the Highland Rim into the Nashville Basin, and crosses the Elk River. About 10 miles (16 km) later, the Interstate has an interchange with US 64 near the Frankewing community, which also serves Pulaski to the west and Fayetteville to the east. I-65 meanders over the next several miles through a series of irregular hills and valleys characteristic of the region's topography, and contains several minor curves along this stretch. It then crosses into Marshall County and immediately has an interchange with US 31A near the town of Cornersville, which also serves as a connector to Lewisburg. Bypassing Lewisburg to the west, I-65 passes through an artificial cut in a ridge, and traverses additional hilly terrain that is mostly wooded before straightening out and entering Maury County some distance beyond. Immediately is an interchange with SR 50, which serves Columbia to the northwest and Lewisburg to the southeast. Bypassing Columbia to the east, I-65 crosses the Duck River a few miles later and has an interchange with SR 99 and the eastern terminus of US 412 after some distance.[4]

I-65 northbound near Franklin

After about 7 miles (11 km), I-65 crosses into Williamson County and has an interchange with the eastern terminus of SR 396 (Saturn Parkway), a freeway spur that serves Spring Hill and the General Motors Spring Hill Manufacturing plant. After passing east of Spring Hill and the town of Thompson's Station, the freeway widens to six lanes and reaches a combination interchange with I-840, which serves as an outer southern bypass of Nashville. The Interstate receives eight lanes from this interchange, with the left lanes serving as high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV lanes) during rush hour. I-65 has an interchange with the eastern terminus of SR 248 (Goose Creek Bypass) southeast of Franklin, one of the principal cities of the Nashville metropolitan area. Entering the eastern part of Franklin, the Interstate crosses the Harpeth River and has interchanges with SR 96 (a major arterial route that also serves Murfreesboro to the east), McEwen Drive, Cool Springs Boulevard, and SR 441 (Moores Lane). The highway then leaves Franklin, enters Brentwood, and has an interchange with SR 253 (Concord Road) a little over two miles (3.2 km) later. Passing through the center of Brentwood, the Interstate crosses into Davidson County about three miles (4.8 km) later and immediately has an interchange with SR 254 (Old Hickory Boulevard), which is considered the second Brentwood exit due to its extreme proximity.[4]

I-65 northbound in Brentwood near the Davidson County line

Serving as the boundary between Oak Hill and the southern neighborhoods of Nashville, I-65 has an interchange with SR 255 (Harding Place) about three miles (4.8 km) later. The HOV lane restrictions then terminate, and the freeway widens to 10 lanes. On the border between Berry Hill and Nashville is a four-level spaghetti junction stack interchange with I-440, a southern bypass of downtown Nashville. Here, I-65 reduces to six lanes, and a little over two miles (3.2 km) later, enters downtown Nashville and begins a brief concurrency with I-40. The mile and exit numbers during the concurrency are numbered using I-40's mileage. Forming part of the Downtown Loop, the set of Interstate Highways that encircle downtown Nashville, the routes pass near Music Row and the neighborhoods of The Gulch and SoBro, and shift sharply to the west, before shifting to the northwest. In short succession are interchanges with Demonbreun Street, US 70S/US 431 (Broadway), and US 70 (Charlotte Avenue). About one mile (1.6 km) later, I-40 splits off to the west, heading toward Memphis, and I-65 curves sharply to the northeast, reaching an interchange with US 41A (Rosa L. Parks Boulevard) immediately beyond.[4]

I-65 southbound in Nashville concurrent with I-24

About one mile (1.6 km) later, I-65 crosses the Cumberland River on the Lyle H. Fulton Memorial Bridge and then reaches an interchange with I-24, beginning a concurrency with that route and shifting into a northward direction. Unlike the concurrency with I-40, the I-65 mile and exit numbers are retained. Carrying eight lanes, the combined routes have an interchange with US 431 (Trinity Lane) just beyond. About 1.5 miles (2.4 km) later, I-24 splits off, heading northwest toward Clarksville, while I-65 shifts northeast, carrying a total of 10 through lanes, the left lanes once again functioning as HOV lanes during rush hour. Slightly over one mile (1.6 km) later is a complicated interchange with US 31W/US 41, and SR 155 (Briley Parkway), the latter of which is a freeway that serves as a northern bypass around Nashville. A controlled-access section of US 31E (Ellington Parkway) that parallels I-65 and I-24 south of this interchange is also directly accessible here. The widest section of highway in Tennessee is found on the north side of this interchange, where the road briefly accommodates a total of 15 lanes (eight northbound, seven southbound). The road passes through Madison and has an interchange with SR 45 (Old Hickory Boulevard) about two miles (3.2 km) later. A little over three miles (4.8 km) later, the Interstate reaches an interchange with the western terminus of SR 386 (Vietnam Veterans Boulevard) in Goodlettsville, a freeway spur which serves the Nashville suburbs of Hendersonville and Gallatin. Here, I-65 reduces to six lanes, and the HOV restrictions terminate.[4]

I-65 in Cross Plains, facing south.

Leaving the urban Nashville area, I-65 reduces back to four lanes at SR 174 (Long Hollow Pike) and enters Sumner County. Immediately beyond is an interchange with US 31W near the city of Millersville, where the Interstate begins a temporary ascent, utilizing a truck climbing lane. The freeway then enters a predominantly rural area and a few miles later begins a steep ascent out of the Nashville Basin onto the northern part of the Highland Rim with the northbound lanes utilizing a truck climbing lane over a distance of about two miles (3.2 km). The Interstate crosses into Robertson County at the top of this ascent. Four miles (6.4 km) later is an interchange with SR 76 in White House, which also serves Springfield to the west. Passing through rural terrain characterized mostly by farmland, I-65 reaches an interchange with SR 25 about five miles (8.0 km) later near the town of Cross Plains, which also connects to Springfield and Gallatin. The Interstate crosses the Red River twice in short succession, and, bypassing Portland to the west, reaches an interchange with SR 52. A few miles beyond this point, I-65 reaches an interchange with SR 109 northwest of Portland and then crosses into Kentucky about 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) later.[4]

When Middle Tennessee was first settled by European Americans in the late 18th century, a series of Native American trails existed within what is now the I-65 corridor.[5] These gradually evolved into stagecoach paths which were used extensively by early settlers and travelers through the region.[6] In 1816, Congress approved the construction of a road between Nashville and New Orleans that also passed through Franklin and Columbia. Completed four years later, the road was named Jackson's Military Road after President Andrew Jackson, who had advocated for its construction during the Creek War. It ran east of the Natchez Trace, another Native American trail used by early settlers.[7][8] In the 1830s and 1840s, two toll roads were constructed between Nashville and Louisville. These two roads were designated as the Louisville and Nashville Turnpike also known as the L&N Turnpike, and roughly followed existing Native American trails.[9]

In 1911, Jackson's Military Road and the eastern branch of the L&N Turnpike were designated as part of the Jackson Highway, an auto trail.[10] The Dixie Highway, another auto trail, also ran through the area.[11] The Tennessee Department of Highways and Public Works, the predecessor agency to TDOT, was established in 1915 and tasked with establishing a state highway system. In 1923, with the formation of the Tennessee State Route System, the Jackson Highway was designated as part of SR 6, and SR 7 was applied to the road between Ardmore and Columbia. SR 6 was also applied to the eastern branch of the L&N Turnpike, with the western branch designated as part of SR 11 and 75.[12] When the United States Numbered Highway System was established by Congress in 1926, SR 6 and 7 between Nashville and Alabama were designated as part of US 31, and the L&N Turnpike was designated as US 31E and 31W.[13][14]

I-65 near the Alabama state line was the first stretch of Interstate Highway in Tennessee, opened on November 15, 1958.

The general alignment for the freeway that became I-65 was included in the National Interregional Highway Committee's 1944 report, titled Interregional Highways, and a subsequent 1947 plan produced by the Public Roads Administration of the now-defunct Federal Works Agency.[15][16] The freeway was reportedly originally planned to pass west of Franklin until 1955, when it was moved to the east to provide a better link to Nashville.[17] This alignment was affirmed in a map produced by the Bureau of Public Roads, the predecessor agency to the Federal Highway Administration, in September of that year,[18] and I-65 was part of 1,047.6 miles (1,685.9 km) of Interstate Highways allocated to Tennessee by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, commonly known as the Interstate Highway Act.[19] The numbering was subsequently approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials on August 14, 1957.[2] A planned interchange with US 431 in southern Williamson County was moved 4 miles (6.4 km) north to SR 248 (Peytonsville Road/Goose Creek Bypass) in October 1960 at the urging of the state highway department. Critics charged that this was done to financially benefit then-Governor Buford Ellington, who was investing in adjacent land at the time. Both Ellington and the state denied these allegations, claiming the decision was made after the location was determined to be more suitable to relieve congestion in downtown Franklin.[17]

The southernmost 1.8 miles (2.9 km) of I-65 was the first section of Interstate Highway in Tennessee to begin construction and open to traffic after the passage of the Federal-Aid Highway Act.[20][lower-alpha 1] Work began on this stretch on May 23, 1957,[21] and it was dedicated and opened to traffic on November 15, 1958.[22] Contractor McDowell and McDowell Construction built this stretch, including the figure-eight interchange with US 31 and SR 7, at a cost of $1.3 million (equivalent to $9.51 million in 2021[23]).[20] The next section to be constructed was the original alignment of I-65 in Nashville concurrent with I-24, stretching from the western I-24/I-40 interchange to US 41 (First Street). This section includes the Silliman Evans Bridge over the Cumberland River, which began construction in late April 1960,[24] and was partially opened in late December 1963.[25] On January 14, 1964, the remainder of this stretch was dedicated and opened.[26][27] The 19.4-mile (31.2 km) section between US 412/SR 99 in Columbia and SR 96 in Franklin was completed in November 1964.[17][28] On July 27, 1965, the 1.2-mile (1.9 km) Nashville section between US 41 (First Street) and US 431 (Trinity Lane) was opened; this section included provisions for the present-day southern exchange with I-24, which had not been constructed yet.[29] The stretch between SR 96 in Franklin and SR 255 (Harding Place) in south Nashville was declared complete on December 20, 1965.[30] The section between US 31 and US 64 in Giles County was completed by December 31, 1965.[31] On December 20, 1966, the 13.5-mile (21.7 km) section between SR 373 (then SR 50A) and U.S. 412/SR 99 opened to traffic.[32][33] The section between US 64 and US 31A was completed by the end of 1966.[34][35] The last segment between the Alabama state line and Nashville, 9.7 miles (15.6 km) between US 31A near Cornersville and SR 373, opened on November 22, 1967.[36][37][38] This was the second major stretch of Interstate Highway to be completed in Tennessee, after I-40 between Memphis and Nashville, completed the previous year.[39][40]

I-65 at the SR 25 interchange in September 1972, looking north. The section south of this interchange was completed three months later.

The 2.5-mile (4.0 km) section between US 431 (Trinity Lane) and US 41 (Dickerson Pike) in north Nashville was opened to traffic on December 23, 1968.[41][42] The adjacent 9-mile (14 km) section extending north to US 31W in Millersville opened on October 10, 1969.[43] On June 22, 1970, the 8.8-mile (14.2 km) section between SR 25 near Cross Plains and the Kentucky state line, along with the southernmost 2.5 miles (4.0 km) in Kentucky, was opened.[44][45] The section between I-40 and I-24, which was then I-265, opened on March 15, 1971, along with the adjacent stretch of the former to the west.[46] The Lyle H. Fulton bridge across the Cumberland River on this section was dedicated on July 9, 1971.[47] Work on the section in Nashville concurrent with I-40, along with the original alignment concurrent with that route, began in May 1969 and was dedicated and opened on March 3, 1972.[48] The two-mile (3.2 km) segment between Berry Road, near the present location of the I-440 interchange, and the split with I-40 south of downtown Nashville was opened on October 25, 1972.[49][50] The 14-mile (23 km) segment between US 31W in Millersville and SR 25 near Cross Plains opened on December 15, 1972.[51] The final section of I-65 completed in Tennessee was the approximately 2.5-mile (4.0 km) section between SR 255 (Harding Place) and Berry Road, opened to traffic on October 26, 1973.[52]

The southbound HOV lane on I-65 in Franklin

The short stretch between SR 255 and I-440 was widened to six lanes between August 1985 and November 1987 in a project that also involved the construction of a new interchange with Armory Drive.[53][54][55] The 9.7-mile (15.6 km) section between US 431 (Trinity Lane) in Nashville and SR 174 in Goodlettsville was widened to six lanes between December 1987 and November 1989.[56][57] The first HOV lanes in Tennessee opened on September 10, 1993, on the approximately eight-mile (13 km) section of I-65 between SR 255 in south Nashville and south of SR 253 in Brentwood with the completion of a project, begun on March 19, 1992, that widened that segment to four lanes in each direction.[58][59][60] Widening of the seven-mile (11 km) segment between SR 253 and SR 96 in Franklin from two to four lanes in each direction began in May 1996 and was completed in September 1997.[61]

In an effort to reduce congestion on the Inner Loop in Nashville, I-65 was rerouted from the eastern to the western leg, eliminating I-265.[62] Traffic studies had shown higher volumes and congestion on the eastern leg, and this action was undertaken to reduce this traffic and divert through traffic on I-65 onto the section that carried less traffic. In addition, the local government had advocated for the designation to be changed in order to help alleviate traffic congestion caused by motorists following I-65 through the city. This reroute moved the concurrency with I-40 to the west, and significantly shortened the I-24 concurrency. This reroute was announced on May 1, 2000,[62] and new designations officially went into effect on October 1 of that year with new signage complete by the end of that month.[63][64] As a result of this change, I-65 was lengthened by approximately 0.8 miles (1.3 km), but mile markers and exit numbers north of this realignment were not renumbered.[62]

Reconstruction on the segment of I-65 between US 41 (Dickerson Pike) in north Nashville and SR 45 in Madison between early 2001 and early 2004 widened this segment from three to five lanes in each direction and improved the interchange with Briley Parkway, adding new flyover bridges and straightening ramps. The section between SR 45 and SR 386 near Goodlettsville was reconstructed and widened from three to five lanes in each direction between early 2002 and late 2005.[65] Work to widen the segment between US 431 (Trinity Lane) through the split with I-24 and US 41 (Dickerson Pike) began in October 2012 and was completed in May 2016 after multiple delays.[66]

In 2005, a project to widen the six miles (9.7 km) of I-65 from four to eight lanes between SR 96 and I-840 was moved from low to high priority upon the urging of local legislators and the city of Franklin.[67][68] This project was accomplished in two phases. The first, which began in November 2010 and was completed in April 2013 widened the two-mile (3.2 km) section south of SR 96.[69] The second phase, which began on October 20, 2013, also included reconstruction of the interchange with SR 248, which widened the route and lengthened the ramps.[70] On August 15, 2014 a gasoline tanker truck crashed into the partially-rebuilt SR 248 overpass and exploded, killing the driver and necessitating the replacement of this bridge.[71] Despite this setback, the project was completed and dedicated on schedule on June 15, 2016.[72]

Although the area along I-65 north of Nashville has not grown as fast as the suburbs to the south, this stretch of highway is part of a major north-south freight corridor between Atlanta and Chicago, and in addition to trucks, also receives a large amount of tourist traffic. As Kentucky widened their rural stretches of I-65 in the 2000s and 2010s, TDOT began to receive criticism for not widening their adjacent stretch to the south.[73][74] As part of a project to construct a new interchange with an extension of the northern terminus of SR 109, the northernmost one mile (1.6 km) of I-65 in Tennessee was widened to six lanes. The interchange opened on November 27, 2019,[75] and final work was completed in the spring of 2020.[76] Preliminary engineering for the remaining 23-mile (37 km) segment, which extends to SR 174 in Goodlettsville, first received funding under the IMPROVE Act, passed by the Tennessee General Assembly in 2017. This legislation increased the state's fuel taxes and vehicle registration fees for the purpose of funding a backlog of 962 needed transportation projects. This stretch will be widened in four separate phases.[77]

The first phase, which began on September 30, 2021, widens the approximately 9.7-mile (15.6 km) segment between south of SR 25 and south of SR 109, and it is expected to be completed by April 2025.[78] At a cost of $160 million, this project was the most expensive individual contract ever awarded by TDOT.[79] In 2022, more than 340 crashes occurred along this stretch, making it the most dangerous work zone in the state.[80] In response, TDOT implemented additional safety measures along this stretch in May 2023, including stationing additional state troopers, additional warning signs, radar speed signs, and a reduction of the speed limit from 60 to 55 miles per hour (97 to 89 km/h).[81]