Italian Argentines

Italian Argentines (Italian: italo-argentini; Spanish: ítalo-argentinos, or tanos in Rioplatense Spanish) are Argentine-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Argentina during the Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Argentina.

Italian Argentines
Italo-argentini (Italian)
Ítalo-argentinos (Spanish)
Italian Argentines during the opening parade of the XXXIV Immigrant's Festival in Oberá, Misiones
Total population
c. 690,000 (by birth)[1]
c. 25,000,000 (by ancestry, about 62.5% of the total Argentine population)[2]
Regions with significant populations
Throughout Argentina
(Plurality in the Pampas)
Languages
Argentine Spanish, Rioplatense Spanish, Italian, Piedmontese, Venetian, Neapolitan, Sicilian, and other languages of Italy• Cocoliche pidgin (also Lunfardo slang).
Religion
Roman Catholicism of Latin rite[3](with a small minority of Roman Catholics observing the Byzantine rite[4])
Related ethnic groups
Italians, Italian Americans, Italian Bolivians, Italian Brazilians, Italian Canadians, Italian Chileans, Italian Colombians, Italian Costa Ricans, Italian Cubans, Italian Dominicans, Italian Ecuadorians, Italian Guatemalans, Italian Haitians, Italian Hondurans, Italian Mexicans, Italian Panamanians, Italian Paraguayans, Italian Peruvians, Italian Puerto Ricans, Italian Salvadorans, Italian Uruguayans, Italian Venezuelans

Between 1880-1930, Italian immigration to Argentina was the largest migratory movement, with around two million Italian immigrants.[5] It was estimated that at least 25 million Argentines (62.5% of the country's population) have some degree of Italian ancestry.[2] Argentina has the second-largest community of Italians outside of Italy, after Brazil. Contingents of Italian immigrants arrived in Argentina from all regions of Italy, mainly from Northern Italy in the 19th century and mostly from Southern Italy in the 20th century.[6]

Italian community in Argentina, along with Spanish, formed the backbone of modern Argentine society. Argentine culture has significant connections to Italian culture in terms of language, customs, and traditions. Argentina is also a strongly Italophilic country as cuisine, fashion and lifestyle has been sharply influenced by Italian immigration. [7][8]

History
Main article: Italian diaspora
Percent of Italian Argentines in each Argentine Region in 2022

During the Spanish conquest of what would be present-day Argentine territory, an Italian Leonardo Gribeo, from the region of Sardinia, accompanied Pedro de Mendoza to the place where Buenos Aires would be founded. From Cagliari to Spain, to Río de la Plata, then to Buenos Aires, he brought an image of Saint Mary of Good Air, to which the "miracle" of having reached a good place was attributed, giving the founded city its name in Spanish: Buenos Aires (lit. "good airs").[9]

The presence of Italians in the Río de la Plata Basin predates the birth of Argentina. Small groups of Italians began to emigrate to the present-day Argentine territory already in the second half of the 17th century.[10]

There were already Italians in Buenos Aires during the May Revolution, which started the Argentine War of Independence. In particular, Manuel Belgrano, Manuel Alberti and Juan José Castelli, all three of Italian descent, were part of the May Revolution and the Primera Junta.[11] The Italian community had already grown to such an extent that in 1836 the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia sent an ambassador, Baron Picolet d'Hermilion.[9]

However, the stream of Italian immigration to Argentina became a mass phenomenon only from 1880 to 1920, during the Great European immigration wave to Argentina. Over that time period, about two million Italians settled in Argentina, with one million coming from 1900 to 1914.[12] A small number of Italo-Albanians also emigrated to Argentina from Southern Italy.[13]

In 1887, Italians accounted for 60.4% of all immigration to Argentina, then there was a decrease as the percentage of Spanish immigration increased.[14] The effect of Italian immigration to Argentina was important for the constitution of Argentine society. In Argentina there are influences of Italian culture that are still evident in modern times.[10] Outside of Italy, Argentina is the country with the highest percentage of Italians, and the one with the greatest examples of Italian culture.[15][16]

Italian immigrants aboard a cart at the Hotel de Inmigrantes in Buenos Aires
A sculpture symbolizing first Italian immigrants' arrival to Resistencia, Chaco
House of the Italian Argentines of Oberá, Misiones

In 1914, Buenos Aires alone had more than 300,000 Italian-born inhabitants, representing 25% of the total population.[12] The Italian immigrants were primarily male, aged between 14 and 50 and more than 50% literate; in terms of occupations, 78.7% in the active population were agricultural workers or unskilled laborers, 10.7% artisans, and only 3.7% worked in commerce or as professionals.[12]

The outbreak of World War I and the rise of fascism in Italy caused a rapid fall in immigration to Argentina, with a slight revival in 1923 to 1927 but eventually stopped during the Great Depression and World War II.[17]

After the end of the war, from 1946 to 1957, another massive wave of Italians moved to Argentina, this time numbering about 380,000.[18] A small number of Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians emigrated to Argentina during the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus, leaving their homelands, which were lost to Italy and annexed to Yugoslavia after the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947.[19]

In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a period of growth and recovery, removing one of the primary incentives for emigration. As of 2016, 527,570 Italian citizens still lived in Argentina.[20]

In 2011, it was estimated that at least 25 million Argentines (62.5% of the country's population) have some degree of Italian ancestry.[2] Argentina has the second-largest community of Italians outside of Italy, after Brazil. Jorge Luis Borges stated that "the Argentine is an Italian who speaks Spanish",[21] while the Spanish philosopher Julián Marías stated that Argentina could be "the only Italian-Spanish republic on the planet".[11] The Italian economist Marcello De Cecco said: "Italians, as we know, are a people of emigrants. For many centuries they have spread to the four corners of the world. However, they constitute the majority of the population in only two countries: Italy and Argentina."[15]

There are second and third generation Italian Argentines who hold dual citizenship, recognized by both countries.[9][22] This is because Argentina uses the ius soli principle, which grants nationality to those born in the country, while Italy uses the ius sanguinis principle, which grants citizenship to the children of Italians.[23]

Italians abroad have elected[24] deputies and senators in the Italian Parliament since 2006, when, after a constitutional reform, 12 seats in Chamber of Deputies and six seats in the Senate were assigned to the Italian diaspora.[25] Argentina belongs to the constituency of South America, which corresponds to three deputies and two senators.[26]

Reasons for Italian immigration to Argentina
Italian immigrants in a conventillo in Buenos Aires

Between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, emigration from Italy was largely due to conditions of widespread poverty, high demographic pressure and heavy taxation,[8] while Argentina was a country with a strong need for immigrants. The welcoming commitment, enshrined in the constitution of 1853, found its reasons in a de facto underpopulated country. The Argentine population, a country whose land area is nine times larger than that of Italy, was only 1.1 million in 1850[27]) and was eager to populate the large regions conquered in the recent War of the Triple Alliance and with the so-called Conquest of the Desert (Patagonia).

Furthermore, a law passed by the Argentine government in 1876 offered the possibility of free land assignments or those payable in installments at very low prices, while in 1882 the government decided to grant 25 hectares of land free of charge to all families.[28] In particular, article 25 of the current Argentine constitution states that:[29]

The federal government will encourage European immigration; will not be able to restrict, limit or impose any tax on the entry into Argentine territory of foreigners whose purpose is to cultivate the land, improve industries, introduce and teach the sciences and the arts

— Article 25 of the Argentine constitution

Characteristics of Italian immigration to Argentina

Overview
Percentage of Italian-born immigrants in the 1914 Argentine census by provinces and territories
Italian immigrants to Argentina, 1861–1920 (by decade)[12]
Period Total Italian Proportion
1861–1870 159,570 113,554 71%
1871–1880 260,885 152,061 58%
1881–1890 841,122 493,885 59%
1891–1900 648,326 425,693 57%
1901–1910 1,764,103 796,190 45%
1911–1920 1,204,919 347,388 29%
1861–1920 3,798,925 2,270,525 59%
Italian citizens residing in Argentina[30][31]
Census Population of foreigners Population of Italian citizens  % of Italians compared to foreigners  % of Italians compared to the total population
1869 210,330 71,403 33.8 4.9
1895 1,006,838 492,636 48.9 12.5
1914 2,391,171 942,209 39.4 11.9
1947 2,435,927 786,207 32.3 4.9
1960 2,604,447 878,298 33.7 4.4
1970 2,210,400 637,050 29.8 2.7

Areas of origin
Italian association of Italian-Argentines originally from the Campania region in Mar del Plata
Allegory of the Italian Argentines of Molise region origin in Mar del Plata
Monument to Luigi Pirandello, a gift of the Italian city of Agrigento (Sicily) to the Argentine city of Buenos Aires and tribute to the Sicilian community in Argentina
Women of the Calabrian community of Buenos Aires

Italian immigrants arrived in Argentina from all regions of Italy, mainly from Northern Italy in the 19th century, and mostly from Southern Italy in the 20th century.[6] Most of the Italians who initially moved to Argentina were farmers from the north, originating from regions such as Piedmont, Liguria, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Lombardy.[32][33] Due to the nascent industrialization of Northern Italy in the 20th century, immigration patterns shifted to rural Southern Italy, especially Campania, Calabria and Sicily.[34] Immigrants from northern Italy settled mainly in rural areas, while those from the south preferred large cities.[16]

Of the 2,386,181 Italians who arrived in Argentina between 1876 and 1930, 47% (1,116,369) came from Southern Italy, 41% (988,235) from Northern Italy and 12% from Central Italy (281,577).[35] The Italian regions from which most of the immigrants came were Piedmont (in the north) and Calabria (in the south). Calabrian immigrants have always arrived in large numbers and their migration has not changed much over time. Immigrants from Sicily began to arrive in large numbers from 1895 to the early 1900s, and by 1914, one in six immigrants were Sicilian.[36]

In the 1950s, more than 65% of Italian immigrants came from the south, with 30% from Calabria, 15% from Campania and 12% from Sicily. Of the remaining 35%, 21% came from central-southern regions, in particular Abruzzo and Molise (in this case 14%), while 13% came from the north, mainly from Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.[37]

Of the immigrants who arrived between 1876 and 1915, 16.9% were from Piedmont, 13.2% from Calabria, 11.1% from Sicily, 10.4% from Lombardy, 8.2% from Marche, 7.5% from Campania, 7.2% from Veneto and 3.2% from Abruzzo and Molise, which then constituted a single region.[12] Tuscany, Umbria, Lazio and Emilia-Romagna, in central Italy, were the regions that contributed the least to immigration to Argentina.[36]

In Argentine slang, tano (from Napulitano, "Neapolitan") is still used for all people of Italian descent although it originally meant inhabitants of the former independent state the Kingdom of Naples. The assumption that emigration from cities was negligible has an important exception. Naples went from being the capital of its own kingdom in 1860 to being just another large city in Italy. The loss of bureaucratic jobs and the subsequently declining financial situation led to high unemployment. This caused a massive departure from Naples and southern Italy to Argentina.[38][39]

According to a 1990 study, the high proportion of returnees can show a positive or negative correlation between regions of origin and of destination. Southern Italians indicate a more permanent settlement. Argentine society's Italian component is the result of Southern rather than Northern influences.[40][41]

Italian immigrants arriving in Argentina and regional distribution[42]
PeriodNorthwest
Italy		Northeastern
and central Italy		Southern
and insular Italy		Total
1880–188459.8%16.8%23.4%106,953
1885–188945.3%24.4%30.3%259,858
1890–189444.2%20.7%35.1%151,249
1895–189932.3%23.1%44.6%211,878
1900–190429.2%19.6%51.2%232,746
1905–190926.9%20.1%53.0%437,526
1910–191427.4%18.2%54.4%355,913
1915–191932.3%23.1%44.6%26,880
1920–192419.7%27.4%52.9%306,928
1925–192914.4%33.1%52.5%235,065

Religion

Italian Argentines are predominantly Catholic Christians of the Latin rite.[3] A group of Italian-Albanians, belonging to the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church observing the Byzantine rite, are present in Luis Guillón, in the Esteban Echeverría Partido in the Buenos Aires Province.[4]

Settlement areas
Buenos Aires district of La Boca, settlement of the Genoese
Space dedicated to the Italian Argentines of Tierra del Fuego in the Maritime Museum of Ushuaia

Most of the Italian immigrant community settled in the Buenos Aires Province, especially in the city of Buenos Aires, as well as in the provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, Córdoba, La Pampa, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero and Corrientes.[43]

For example, in Rosario, Santa Fe, the descendants of Italians are almost 65% of the total of the city.[44] Italian immigration to Argentina was markedly urban, with the exception of the province of Santa Fe, where agricultural colonies predominated.[36]

In 1895, 181,361 of the 663,864 inhabitants of the city of Buenos Aires were Italians. The main settlement was the La Boca district of Buenos Aires, where Italians represented 80% of the merchants and 70% of the employees. At the same time there were 13 Italian-language newspapers.[45]

In 1914, Buenos Aires had more than 300,000 inhabitants born in Italy, which represented 25% of the total population of the capital[12] and 60% of the Italian immigration in all of Argentina.[9] There, the Italian community was integrated into Buenos Aires society through institutions, schools, churches, newspapers and political groups.[9]

In La Plata at the end of the 19th century there were almost 4,600 Italian emigrants in a city of just 10,000 inhabitants.[46] Immigrants from northern Italy settled in highly populated regions of the country such as the provinces of Santa Fe, Córdoba and Mendoza, where they found better job opportunities.

The capital of Chaco Province, Resistencia, was the destination of many Italians after 1878.[33] Patagonia was a minor destination.[10] However, the city of Ushuaia, capital of the Tierra del Fuego Province, received a substantial influx of Italians between 1948 and 1949.[47]

Subsidized immigration

Subsidized immigration has never been relevant, although agricultural colonies have been established in central and northeastern Argentina.[36] The first was in the Corrientes Province in 1853, establishing the way for companies to advance the travel expenses of immigrants and the expenses necessary to start the business in the allotted lots. According to the 1895 census, out of a total of 407,503 subsistence peasants, more than a quarter were of foreign nationality, and of these 62,975 were Italians, of which the largest community was from Calabria.[48]

Italian-born in Argentina in 2010
Percentage of Italian-born in Argentina by province according to the 2010 census

The 2010 Argentine census recorded 147,499 people born in Italy. According to the 2010 Argentine census, out of a total of 147,499 people born in Italy, 65,021 were men and 82,478 were women. Out of the total number of men, 966 were between 0 and 14 years old, 20,226 between 15 and 64 years old and 43,829 were over 65 years old. Of the total number of women, 1,011 were between 0 and 14 years of age, 21,597 between 15 and 64 years of age and 59,870 were over 65 years of age.[49] The following table shows the distribution in the 23 provinces and in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires:[50]

Rank Province Born in Italy  %
1  Buenos Aires Province 102,037 69.17%
2  Buenos Aires (CABA) 22,168 15.00%
3  Santa Fe 7,875 5.34%
4  Córdoba 4,894 3.31%
5  Mendoza 3,786 2.50%
6  Río Negro (Argentina) 1,573 1.07%
7  Chubut 601 0.40%
8  Neuquén 546 0.37%
9  Entre Ríos 507 0.34%
10  Tucumán 504 0.34%
11  Salta 424 0.29%
12  San Juan 419 0.28%
13  San Luis 375 0.25%
14  Santa Cruz 223 0.15%
15  Misiones 219 0.15%
16  Corrientes 208 0.14%
17  Santiago del Estero 199 0.13%
18  Chaco 191 0.13%
19  La Pampa 180 0.12%
20  Jujuy 145 0.10%
21  Tierra del Fuego 136 0.09%
22  Catamarca 109 0.07%
 La Rioja (Argentina) 109 0.07%
24  Formosa 71 0.05%
Total  Argentina 147,499 100 %

Discrimination
Severino Di Giovanni in court

Compared to the experience of Italians in other parts of the world, such as in the United States, Italian Argentines did not suffer from anti-Catholic or racist sentiments. Catholic societies in Argentina welcomed new settlers of the same faith, who could help shape the country. Italian Argentines have integrated better into the general society than German Argentines also due to the Latin affinity. [9]

Despite this, there were extreme cases in which Italian Argentines suffered xenophobia, such as in the 1931 trial against anarchist Severino Di Giovanni. Di Giovanni's trial aroused some anti-Italian sentiments, motivated above all by the fear of attacks on the Argentine state by Italian anarchists.[51] Between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the bourgeoisie of Spanish origin initially looked at the large number of Italians with an evil eye, fearing for the social ascent of the following generations, thus asking for the intervention of Argentine national culture. The main concern was aimed at anarchists and socialists, for whom repressive laws were passed in 1902 and 1910.[45]

Culture
Monument to Manuel Belgrano in Trelew, Chubut Province, with a plaque commemorating the "Italian Immigrant Day". Manuel Belgrano was the politician and military leader who created the Flag of Argentina. His father was Italian.
Italian festival in Oberá
Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi, located on Plaza Italia, a landmark in the Palermo neighbourhood of Buenos Aires
Italian Society in Adrogué

Argentine culture, in its Italian component, is the result of influences from southern Italy rather than from the north.[52] According to the anthropologist Stefania Pedrini of the University of Rome La Sapienza, this cultural influence is due to the fact that "at the end of the 19th century Argentina was a new nation, which did not have a defined identity, and in which the grandeur European immigration has influenced the construction of a national being, through a policy of very strong cultural syncretism." At the same time there are Italian traditions still maintained in Argentina but forgotten or little remembered in Italy.[23] Many of these Italians who brought their culture came from the lower middle classes.[16]

Language
See also: Rioplatense Spanish, Lunfardo, and Cocoliche

According to Ethnologue, Argentina has more than 1,500,000 Italian speakers, making it the third most spoken language in the nation (after Spanish and English).[53] In spite of the large Italian immigration, the Italian language never truly took hold in Argentina, partly because at the time of mass immigration, almost all Italians spoke their native regional languages rather than what is now standard Italian, precluding the expansion of the use of Italian as a primary language in Argentina. The similarity between Spanish and many of those languages also enabled the immigrants to acquire communicative competence in Spanish with relative ease, and thus to assimilate linguistically without much difficulty.

By 1840, Italian-language newspapers were already published in Buenos Aires, increasing in 1900.[11] The main one was La Patria degli Italiani ("The homeland of the Italians"), which in turn was the third most important in Argentina, with a circulation of 14,000 copies.[45][54] On 22 February 1917, the government of Hipólito Yrigoyen, with Decree n. 6925, made the teaching of the Italian language compulsory in the 4th and 5th grades of secondary school in national schools.[54]

Italian immigration from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century made a lasting and significant impact on the intonation of Argentina's vernacular Spanish. Preliminary research has shown that Rioplatense Spanish, particularly the speech of the city of Buenos Aires, has intonation patterns that resemble those of Italian dialects (especially the ones whose substratum is the Neapolitan language) and differ markedly from the patterns of other forms of Spanish.[55] That correlates well with immigration patterns in Argentina, particularly Buenos Aires, which had huge numbers of Italian settlers since the 19th century. According to a study conducted by the National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina, and published in Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (ISSN 1366–7289),[56] the researchers note that this is a relatively recent phenomenon, starting in the early 20th century with the main wave of Southern Italian immigration. Until then, the porteño accent was more similar to that of Spain, particularly Andalusia.[57]

Lunfardo is a slang born and developed in the city of Buenos Aires and its suburbs, which has spread to other nearby cities such as Rosario (in the Santa Fe Province) and Montevideo, Uruguay.[58][59] The word comes from Lombard, a language spoken mainly in Lombardy (a region located in northern Italy).[60] The sounds of the lunfardo feeds mainly from the languages of Italy, especially the northern ones, because in Buenos Aires the Italian colony is very extensive and has left onomasiology and terminology a vast lexical heritage. Additionally, lunfardo has taken its own words, expressions, or ways of speaking (borrowings) from various languages such as French, Portuguese, English; other words arrived from the pampa by means of the gauchos; and a few came from Argentina's native population. Lunfardo words are inserted in the normal flow of Rioplatense Spanish sentences. Thus, a Spanish-speaking Mexican reading tango lyrics needs only the translation of a discrete set of words, not a grammar guide. Most tango lyrics use lunfardo sparsely, but some songs (such as El Ciruja, or most lyrics by Celedonio Flores) employ lunfardo heavily. Here are some examples:

Between about 1880 and 1900, Argentina received a large number of peasants from the South of Italy, who arrived with little or no schooling in Spanish. As the immigrants strove to communicate with the local criollos, they produced a variable mixture of Spanish with Italian languages and dialects, specially Neapolitan. The pidgin language was given the derogatory name cocoliche by the locals. Since the children of the immigrants grew up speaking Spanish at school, work, and military service, Cocoliche remained confined mostly to the first generation immigrants and slowly fell out of use. The pidgin has been depicted humorously in literary works and in the Argentine sainete theater, such as by Dario Vittori.

Cuisine
Main article: Cuisine of Argentina
Pasta is a feature of the Argentine cuisine
"Milanesa a la napolitana" with French fries
Argentine "Sorrentinos"
Argentine "Pizza over Fainá"
Argentine "Reggianito"
Argentine "Sardo"
Argentine "Pasta frola"
Different brands of Fernet

Argentine cuisine has been strongly influenced by Italian cuisine; the typical Argentine diet is a variation of the Mediterranean diet.

Italian staple dishes like pizza and pasta are common. Pasta is extremely common, either simple unadorned pasta with butter or oil or accompanied by a tomato or bechamel based sauce. Other similarities are found in the presence of the bañacauda (bagna càuda).

Pizza (locally pronounced pisa or pitsa), for example, has been wholly subsumed and, in its Argentine form, more closely resembles Italian pizza al taglio but round instead of rectangular. Pizza is shared between two or more people, not the usual Italian personal pizza. Typical or exclusively Argentine pizzas include pizza canchera, pizza rellena (stuffed pizza), pizza por metro (pizza by the meter), and pizza a la parrilla (grilled pizza). While Argentine pizza derives from Neapolitan cuisine, the Argentine fugaza/fugazza comes from the focaccia xeneise (from Genoa), but its preparation is different from its Italian counterpart, and the addition of cheese to make the dish (fugaza con queso or fugazzeta) started in Argentina.[61]

Fainá is a type of thin bread made with chickpea flour (adopted from northern Italy). The name comes from the Ligurian word for the Italian farinata. Pizzerias in Buenos Aires often offer fainá, which is eaten with pizza, a wedge of fainá on top of a wedge of pizza.

Pastas (pasta, always in the plural) still surpass pizzas in consumption levels. Among them are tallarines (fettuccine), ravioles (ravioli), ñoquis (gnocchi), lasañas (lasagna), and canelones (cannelloni). In Argentina there are also Italian restaurants specializing in pasta.[62] In Argentina, pasta is generally cooked, served and eaten in the local way, called all'uso-nostro ("for our use" or "our way"), a phrase of Italian origin.[63]

For example, pasta is often eaten with white bread ("French bread"). That can be explained by the low cost of bread and the fact that Argentine pastas tend to come with a large amount of tuco sauce (Italian sugo) and accompanied by estofado (Italian stufato). Less commonly, pastas are eaten with a dressing of pesto, a green sauce made with basil, or salsa blanca (béchamel sauce).

Sorrentinos are also a local dish with a misleading name (they do not come from Sorrento but were invented in the Rio de La Plata region).[64] It is believed that sorrentinos are a local derivation of the Italian ravioli capresi,[65] whose dough is instead elaborated with flour, water and olive oil, while the filling is made with caciotta cheese, flavoured with oregano.[66] Most sources point to an Italian immigrant from Sorrento, Rosalía Persico or his son Cayetano Persico, who created this pasta while working in a famous trattoria of Mar del Plata,[64][67][68] while other sources state that they originated in another restaurant in Mar del Plata called Sorrento.[67][69][70] They look like big round ravioles stuffed with mozzarella, cottage cheese and basil in tomato sauce.

Polenta comes from Northern Italy and is very common throughout Argentina. Similar to polenta concia in Italy, it is eaten as a main dish, with sauce and melted cheese, or it may accompany a stew. Since a tonic property has been attributed to it, the expression tener polenta ("having polenta") is used colloquially as a synonym for having strength.[71] At the beginning of the 20th century, both in Italy and in Argentina, the popular classes ate polenta accompanied by bird meat.[72] Buseca, a Lombard dish made with tripe, beans, tomato puree, carrots and celery, is also popular in Argentina.[73]

Milanesas are one of the most popular dishes in Argentina and have been described as "one of the quintessential Río de la Plata dishes".[74] A common dish of this variety is the milanesa a la napolitana, an Argentine innovation despite its name, which comes from former Buenos Aires restaurant "Nápoli." They are the legacy of Italian immigrants, who introduced cotoletta alla milanese, a dish from Milan, in the late 19th century and early 20th century.[75] During that time, Argentina experienced a huge European immigration wave, with most immigrants coming from Italy. Milanesas are so ubiquitous to Argentine culture that the country even has a "Day of the Milanesa", celebrated on 3 May.[75][76][77]

Among the foods that Italian immigrants have reproduced in Argentina are also some cheeses. The reggianito was one of the first reproductions of Parmigiano Reggiano, the sardo, which unlike the Pecorino sardo is made with cow's milk, the romano, a reinterpretation of the Pecorino Romano and the provolone. Cremoso cheese derives instead from Italian cheeses with similar characteristics as Crescenza and is the most consumed cheese in Argentina.[78]

Pasta frola is a typical Argentine recipe heavily influenced by Southern Italian cuisine, known as pasta frolla in Italy. Pasta frola consists of a buttery pastry base with a filling made of quince jam, sweet-potato jam or milk caramel (dulce de leche) and topped with thin strips of the same pastry, forming a squared pattern. It is an Argentine tradition to eat pastafrola with mate in the afternoon. The dish is also very popular in Paraguay and Uruguay. The traditional Italian recipe was not prepared with latticework, unlike in Argentina, but with a lid pierced with molds in the form of hearts or flowers.

Among the desserts is the pandulce, originating from the Genoese pandolce, which is popular for Christmas and New Year's holidays. The cantuccini, desserts of Tuscan gastronomy, are also made and eaten in Argentina.[79] Other Italian desserts are also consumed in Argentina such as tiramisu, of Venetian origin, zabaione, crostata (known in Argentina as ricotta cake) and panna cotta.[80]

Ice cream (Spanish: Helado, Italian: gelato) is a particularly popular Argentine dessert. Its creamy texture is caused by the large proportion of cream,[81] and many flavors are available. Ice cream was again a legacy of the Italian diaspora. Among the liqueurs are chitronchelo (limoncello) and grapa (grappa). Italian alcoholic beverages such as gancia and fernet are widely consumed in Argentina.[80]

The noquis del 29 ("gnocchi of 29") defines the widespread custom in some South American countries of eating a plate of gnocchi on the 29th of each month. The custom is widespread especially in the states of the Southern Cone such as Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay;[82][83][84] these countries being recipients of a considerable Italian immigration between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. There is a ritual that accompanies lunch with gnocchi, namely putting money under the plate which symbolizes the desire for new gifts. It is also customary to leave a banknote or coin under the plate to attract luck and prosperity to the dinner.[85]

The tradition of serving gnocchi on the 29th of each month stems from a legend based on the story of Saint Pantaleon, a young doctor from Nicomedia who, after converting to Christianity, made a pilgrimage through northern Italy. There Pantaleon practiced miraculous cures for which he was canonized. According to legend, on one occasion when he asked Venetian peasants for bread, they invited him to share their poor table.[86] In gratitude, Pantaleon announced a year of excellent fishing and excellent harvests. That episode occurred on 29 July, and for this reason that day is remembered with a simple meal represented by gnocchi.[85]

Italian Immigrant Day

The Argentine national law n. 24,561 established that Italian Immigrant Day be celebrated each year on 3 June as recognition of Italian immigrants and their contribution to Argentina. This date was chosen because it is the day of the birth of Manuel Belgrano, of Genoese origin.[87] Belgrano was the politician and military leader who created the flag of Argentina. His father was Italian.

Architecture
The Arts Powerhouse (Usina del Arte), inaugurated on 23 May 2012, in a former Italian-Argentine Electric Company (CIAE) facility originally built in 1916 in La Boca, Buenos Aires

The Italian architect Giovanni Chiogna, who emigrated to Argentina from Trento, was hired by the Italian-Argentine Electric Company (CIAE) to build more than 200 structures for power plants, substations and substations in various parts of Buenos Aires. Currently some buildings maintain their function, while others have been transformed. These buildings are characterized by having a Florentine neo-Renaissance style originating in northern Italy, where Chiogna came from, with buildings that are characterized by the presence of stone and exposed brick bases, round arched windows, medieval turrets and other decorative elements.[88][89]

From the Apennines to the Andes is a short fictional story included by Edmondo de Amicis in his novel Heart, published in 1886. It tells the story of the long and complicated journey of a 13-year-old boy, Marco, from Genoa, Italy to Argentina, in search of his mother, who had immigrated there two years earlier.[90]

Il Gaucho is a film made in 1965 by the Italian director Dino Risi. It was co-produced by Clemente Lococo, an Argentine production company, and in Argentina it was released as Un italiano en la Argentina ("An Italian in Argentina").[91] It was shot in Argentina.[92]

The songs of Ivano Fossati Italiani d'Argentina ("Italians from Argentina"), contained in the album Discanto, and Argentina by Francesco Guccini, present in the Guccini album, are dedicated to the feeling of distance of the emigrants from Italy.

Music

The Italian contribution to the music of Argentina has been extremely important for tango. Among the first and most important tangueros were immigrants and descendants of Italians. There are also numerous tango lyrics inspired by Italian immigrants and their lives.[93]

Institutions
Italian Association of Junín, province of Buenos Aires

The typology of Italian associations in Argentina is varied and includes, among others, cultural institutions, sports centers, social organizations and war veteran organizations.[9] The Italian Association of Mutuality and Education "Unione y Benevolenza" was created by 53 Italians on 18 July 1858, becoming the first Italian institution in South America.[94] Already in 1866 Italian language lessons were held there.[9] The Confederation of Italian Federations in Argentina dates back to 1912 and brings together all the federations of Italian-Argentine associations.[95] The Dante Alighieri Society is the most important Italian institution for the formation of the Italian language and culture. It has 126 offices in Argentina,[96] with Buenos Aires being its main office outside Italy.[9]

There are also the Committees for Italians Abroad, bodies of the Italian state created by law with functions in every consular jurisdiction, and there are several in Argentina. They represent the Italian community before the Italian consular authorities and the Argentine authorities.[97]

Education
Scuola Italiana Cristoforo Colombo in Buenos Aires

Italian international schools in Argentina include:[98]

  • Scuola Italiana Cristoforo Colombo (Buenos Aires)
  • Istituto Scolastico "Scuola Edmondo De Amicis" (Buenos Aires, Rosario)
  • Scuola "Dante Alighieri" (Córdoba, Rosario)
  • Istituto di Cultura Italica (La Plata)
  • Associazione Scuole Italiane "XXI Aprile" (Mendoza)
  • Centro Culturale Italiano Scuole Alessandro Manzoni (Olivos and Villa Adelina)

Italian press in Argentina

The Italian-language press in Argentina essentially consists of two publications:

  • L'Eco d'Italia ("The Echo of Italy"), Italian-language Argentine weekly magazine aimed at the Italian community in South America.[99]
  • L'Italiano ("The Italian"), Italian-language Argentine daily newspaper.[100]

Argentine oriundi
See also: Oriundo
The Italy national football team lined up in midfield before the 1934 FIFA World Cup final, then won. The team fielded two Italian Argentines, Luis Monti and Raimundo Orsi.

In football, Italian Argentine "oriundi" Luis Monti and Raimundo Orsi were finalists of the FIFA World Cup with Argentina national football team in the 1930 FIFA World Cup and then champions with Italy national football team in the 1934 FIFA World Cup.

Other examples of Italian Argentine oriundi in football are Omar Sívori, Humberto Maschio and Antonio Valentín Angelillo, the three stars of the Argentina national football team that won the 1957 South American Championship, who took Italian citizenship, which allowed them to later play for the Italy national football team.[101]

In recent years, the most famous Italian Argentine oriundo in football has been Mauro Camoranesi, who acquired Italian citizenship through a great-grandfather who in 1873 emigrated from Potenza Picena, in the Marche region, to Argentina. This allowed him to be part of Italy national football team that won the 2006 FIFA World Cup.[102]

Notable people

Anarchists

Architects
  • César Pelli, designed some of the world's tallest buildings and other major urban landmarks

Artists
Astor Piazzolla
Luis Alberto Spinetta
Gustavo Cerati

Business
Horacio Pagani

Criminals

Entertainers
Lucas Demare
Tita Merello
Valeria Mazza

Inventors
Domingo Liotta

Jurists

Law enforcement figures

Journalism

Military

Painters and sculptors
Lucio Fontana

Politicians
Juan Perón
Mauricio Macri

Prelates
Pope Francis

Scientists

Sports
Diego Maradona
Lionel Messi
Alfredo Di Stéfano
Luis Monti
Raimundo Orsi
Mauro Camoranesi
Gabriela Sabatini
Manu Ginóbili
Luis Ángel Firpo
Nicolino Locche
Juan Manuel Fangio
Belén Succi
Federico Molinari
Adolfo Cambiaso
Roberto De Vicenzo

Writers
Susana Calandrelli

See also

Further reading

References
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