Izembek National Wildlife Refuge

The Izembek National Wildlife Refuge is the smallest of the National Wildlife Refuges located in the U.S. state of Alaska. It lies on the northwest (Bering Sea) coastal side of central Aleutians East Borough. Almost all of the refuge (307,982 acres (124,636 ha)[4] out of 315,000 acres (1,270 km²)) was designated as wilderness in 1980 under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (Anilca).[1] The refuge is administered from offices in Cold Bay.

Izembek National Wildlife Refuge
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
Map of the United States
Location	Aleutians East Borough, Alaska, United States
Nearest city	Cold Bay, Alaska
Coordinates	55°15′N 162°45′W
Area	315,000 acres (1,270 km2)[1][2]
Established	1960
Governing body	U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Website	Izembek NWR
Ramsar Wetland
Official name	Izembek Lagoon National Wildlife Refuge
Designated	18 December 1986
Reference no.	349[3]

Izembek National Wildlife Refuge lies between the highly productive waters of the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. Within the heart of the refuge is Izembek Lagoon, a 30-mile (48 km) long and 5-mile (8.0 km) wide coastal ecosystem that contains one of the world's largest eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds. More than 200 species of wildlife and nine species of fish can be found on the refuge. Millions of migratory waterfowl and shorebirds find food and shelter in the coastal lagoons and freshwater wetlands on their way to and from their subarctic and arctic breeding grounds. This extraordinary abundance and diversity of waterfowl has attracted international attention. In 1986, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge and Izembek State Game Refuge, which encompasses the submerged land of Izembek Lagoon, was the first wetland area in the United States to be recognized as a Wetland of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention. In 2001, Izembek Refuge was also designated as a Globally Important Bird Area by the National Audubon Society.[1][5]

Attempts have been made to build a road through the refuge connecting the towns of King Cove to Cold Bay. One such attempt proposed a land transfer of 43,000 acres (170 km²) of land owned by the state of Alaska and the King Cove Corporation in exchange for construction of a single-lane 17-mile (27 km) road which would pass through Izembek NWR. Environmentalists contended the road threatens the population of the migratory black brant and other species.[2] This attempted land transfer was ultimately blocked by the Department of the Interior in 2013.[6]

In January 2018 the Trump administration proposed a different land transfer agreement. Nine environmental groups sued the administration one week later,[7] arguing that the four-year environmental impact statement commissioned by the Department of the Interior had already determined that the road was unnecessary and would irreversibly damage the refuge.[6] A ruling on March 29, 2019 by the United States District Court for the District of Alaska once again blocked the land transfer,[8] finding that the Trump administration's attempts to remove acreage from the refuge contradicted the existing environmental impact statement and made no attempt to explain why the statement was no longer applicable. A second judge rejected a revised plan in June 2020.[9] In November 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth District, overruled a 3-judge panel of the court and scheduled a rehearing of the case against the Trump administration proposal. In an unusual action, former President Jimmy Carter filed a statement of support for the motion for the rehearing, saying the swap violated Anilca. The act "may be the most significant domestic achievement of my political life", Carter said at the time of his filing.[10]