Kinmen

Jiangong Islet, with a Koxinga monument, in Kinmen Harbor

Kinmen (金門) means 'golden gate'. The name was first recorded in 1387 when the Hongwu Emperor appointed Zhou Dexing to administer the island and protect it from pirate attacks.[6] The spelling "Kinmen" is a postal romanization.[7] This transcription system is a variation of Nanking Syllabary, a system developed by Herbert Giles in 1892.[8] It was adopted by the Chinese Imperial Post, part of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service led by Irishman Robert Hart. It is based on pronunciation in the Southern Mandarin, or Jianghuai, dialect. This dialect is widely spoken in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, including the city of Nanjing. The Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses "Kinmen,"[9] while the United States Board on Geographic Names gives "Kinmen Island."[4] Jinmen is the island's name both in Tongyong Pinyin and in Hanyu Pinyin.[10] Chin-men / Chinmen is the Wade–Giles romanization of the county and island's name.[11]

Quemoy, pronounced /kɪˈmɔɪ/, is a name for the island in English and in other European languages.[12] It may have originated as a Spanish or Portuguese transcription of the Zhangzhou Hokkien pronunciation of the name, Kim-mûi.[13] This is the most common form of the islands' name in English. For example, works that deal with the First and Second Taiwan Strait Crises (the Quemoy Incident[14]) and the 1960 United States presidential election debates when the islands received prominent worldwide news coverage all use the word Quemoy. In addition, the former National Kinmen Institute of Technology was renamed National Quemoy University in 2010. Kinmen scholar Wei Jian-feng advocates the use of the word Quemoy to better connect the island to "international society or achieve more recognition in the world".[13] Kimoi is a Hokkien-derived spelling also used in the postal romanization system.[15][16]

Kinmen Military Headquarters of Qing Dynasty

The slogan "Three Principles of the People unite China" written in Traditional Chinese (official script of ROC) is founded on Dadan Island facing Mainland China by General Zhao in Aug. 1986, deposed after 1987 Lieyu massacre.

Humans have lived on Kinmen for 5,800 to 8,000 years.[17] During the reign of Emperor Yuan (317 CE), the Five Barbarians invasion of China led six extended families to flee south and they settled in Kinmen, then called Wuzhou.[17] More people settled there during the Tang dynasty, changing the name from Wuzhou to Kinmen.[18]

During the Ming dynasty, more migrants settled in Kinmen. Koxinga used Kinmen as a base to capture Formosa and Penghu from the Dutch. He cut down trees to build his navy, resulting in massive deforestation that made Kinmen vulnerable to soil erosion.[18]

Attack in Quemoy (1663)

The Prince of Lu, a member of the Southern Ming dynasty, resisted the invading Manchu Qing dynasty forces. In 1651, he fled to Kinmen, which the Qing dynasty took in 1663.[19] During the Qing Dynasty, the Kinmen area was part of Tungan County.[20][21]

After the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) in 1912, Kinmen became part of Fujian Province. In 1913, the Kinmen area was made part of Siming County.[21] Kinmen County was established in 1914.[21][22] In 1928, the county came under direct administration of the provincial government.[21]

The Empire of Japan captured Kinmen in 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. They blockaded the island on September 3 and landed on October 23. Fighting was light with ROC forces fleeing rather than fighting. The only casualty was sustained by a local self-defense unit. Many of the residents fled to the mainland or to Southeast Asia. The purpose of the Japanese seizure of Kinmen was to use it as a position from which to attack the neighboring city of Xiamen which they would seize in May 1938. Following the seizure of Xiamen many of the locals who had fled there returned to Kinmen.[23]

After the capture of the island the county government went into exile in Dadeng.[20] The Japanese administered Kinmen as a special municipality of Xiamen, the government was composed of locals, people from other parts of occupied China, and Taiwanese.[23]

A poor harvest in 1938 brought challenges for islanders. The Japanese engaged in economic development of the island including through the use of forced labor. KMT forces engaged in two serious attempts to retake the island and kept up a low level campaign against the Japanese. In 1943 insurgents kidnapped two Taiwanese officials who had been overseeing the salt fields and took them to China before executing them. In retaliation the Japanese authorities rounded up 300 young men from the local community eventually executing four.[23]

Towards the end of WWII conditions worsened with Japanese authorities conscripting 500 locals (with their mules) into the military and confiscating household goods. The island came under allied bombing including one attack on Aug. 30, 1944 which killed 19 locals.[23]

WWII ended in Aug. 15, 1945 with the surrender of Japan. Following the end of the war there were attacks by locals against Taiwanese who took shelter with the Japanese garrison. Kinmen was effectively ungoverned until Oct. 3, 1945 when ROC forces landed and installed a new government. A celebration on Oct. 10 marked the end of hostilities. Locals who had survived the war following their conscription by the Japanese were treated as traitors by the KMT occupation authorities.[23]

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) by the Chinese Communists in October 1949, Kinmen County was claimed by both the Nationalists and the Communists. Dadeng, Xiaodeng and Jiaoyu were taken by the Communists on 9 October[22] or 15 October,[24] 1949. While those islands are still claimed by the ROC,[25] they are governed as part of Dadeng Subdistrict, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China.[26][27]

On 25 October 1949, People's Liberation Army (PLA) forces landed on Kinmen Island near Guningtou beginning the Battle of Kuningtou. ROC forces successfully defended the island and prevented an attack on Taiwan.

At the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, retired Admiral Charles M. Cooke Jr., advisor to President Chiang Kai-shek, opposed withdrawing ROC forces from Quemoy (Kinmen).[28] On 26 July 1950, ROC forces on Dadan Island (Tatan), in total 298 soldiers, repulsed an attack (大擔島戰役) from a People's Liberation Army force of 700 soldiers that landed on the island.[29]^{: 11, 19–20} General Douglas MacArthur and other US officials supported ROC efforts to defend the islands.[30]

Map including most of the territory of Kinmen County (AMS, 1954)

The PLA extensively shelled the island during the First and Second Taiwan Strait crises in 1954–1955 and 1958 respectively. In 1954, the United States considered responding by using nuclear weapons against the PRC.[31] Again in 1958, General Nathan Farragut Twining and the Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the United States should not permit the loss of the islands to the communists and recommended to President Eisenhower the use of whatever force was necessary, including atomic weapons.[32]

The phrase "Quemoy and Matsu" became part of American political language in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. During the debates, both candidates, Vice-President Richard Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy, pledged to use American forces if necessary to protect Taiwan from invasion by the PRC, which the United States did not recognize as a legitimate government. But in the second debate on 7 October 1960, the two candidates presented different opinions about whether to use American forces to protect Taiwan's forward positions, Quemoy and Matsu, also. Senator Kennedy stated that these islands – as little as 9 kilometres (5.5 mi) off the coast of China and as much as 170 kilometres (106 mi) from Taiwan – were strategically indefensible and were not essential to the defense of Taiwan. Vice-President Nixon maintained that since Quemoy and Matsu were in the "area of freedom," they should not be surrendered to the Communists as a matter of principle.[33]

Earlier in the debate, then-Vice President Nixon mentioned:[34][35]

In the Truman Administration 600 million people went behind the Iron Curtain including the satellite countries of Eastern Europe and Communist China. In this Administration we have stopped them at Quemoy and Matsu, we have stopped them in Indo China, we have stopped them in Lebanon, we have stopped them in other parts of the world.

Later in the debate, Edward P. Morgan asked then-Senator Kennedy:[34][36][37][38]

Senator, Saturday on television, you said that you had always thought that Quemoy and Matsu were unwise places to draw our defense line in the Far East. Would you comment further on that, and also address to this question: couldn't a pull-back from those islands be interpreted as appeasement?

Chin-men Tao (Quemoy Island, Greater Kinmen), Lieh Hsü (Lesser Kinmen), Tung-ting Hsü (Dongding Island), Wu-ch'iu Hsü (Daqiu), and Hsia Hsü (Xiaoqiu)
"The Nationalist-held islands off the Chinese mainland are nominally a part of Fukien Province, but are presently under military administration." (1962)

Then-Senator Kennedy responded to Morgan's question saying:[34][35][36][37]

Well, the United States has on occasion attempted, mostly in the middle '50s to persuade Chiang Kai-shek to pull his troops back to Formosa. I believe strongly in the defense of Formosa. These islands are a few miles, five or six miles[lower-alpha 2] off the coast of Red China within a general harbor area, and more than a hundred miles[lower-alpha 3] from Formosa. We have never said flatly that we will defend Quemoy and Matsu if it is attacked. We say we will defend it if it's part of a general attack on Formosa, but it is extremely difficult to make that judgment.

Now, Mr. Herter, in 1958, when he was Under Secretary of State, said they were strategically indefensible. Admiral Spruance and Collins in 1955 said that we should not attempt to defend these islands in their conference on the Far East. General Ridgway has said the same thing. I believe that when you get into a war, if you're going to get into a war for the defense of Formosa, it ought to be on a clearly defined line. One of the problems, I think, at the time of South Korea was the question of whether the United States would defend it if it were attacked. I believe that we should defend Formosa, we should come to its defense. It leaves this rather in the air that we will defend it under some conditions but not under others, I think it is a mistake.

Secondly, I would not suggest a withdrawal at the point of the Communist guns. It is a decision finally that the Nationalists should make and I believe that we should consult with them and attempt to work out a plan by which the line is drawn at the Island of Formosa. It leaves 100 miles[lower-alpha 4] between the sea. But with General Ridgway, Mr. Herter, General Collins, Admiral Spruance and many others, I think it is unwise to take the chance of being dragged into a war which may lead to a world war over two islands which are not strategically defensible, which are not according to their testimony, essential to the defense of Formosa.

I think that we should protect our commitments. I believe strongly we should do so in Berlin. I believe strongly we should do so in Formosa and I believe we should meet our commitments to every country whose security we've guaranteed. But I do not believe that that line, in case of a war, should be drawn on those islands, but instead on the island of Formosa. And as long as they are not essential to the defense of Formosa, it has been my judgement ever since 1954, at the time of the Eisenhower Doctrine for the Far East, that our line should be drawn in the sea around the island itself.

Then–Vice President Nixon retorted:[34][35][37]

I disagree completely with Senator Kennedy on this point.

I remember in the period immediately before the Korean War, South Korea was supposed to be indefensible as well. Generals testified to that, and Secretary Acheson made a very famous speech at the Press Club early in the year that the Korean War started, indicating in effect that South Korea was beyond the defense zone of the United States. I suppose it was hoped when he made that speech that we wouldn't get into a war, but it didn't mean that. We had to go in when they came in.

Now I think as far as Quemoy and Matsu are concerned, that the question is not these two little pieces of real estate—they are unimportant. It isn't the few people who live on them—they are not too important. It's the principle involved. These two islands are in the area of freedom. The Nationalists have these two islands. We should not force our Nationalist allies to get off of them and give them to the Communists. If we do that, we start a chain reaction, because the Communists aren't after Quemoy and Matsu, they're after Formosa. In my opinion, this is the same kind of woolly thinking that lead to disaster for America in Korea, I'm against it, I would never tolerate it as President of the United States, and I will hope that Senator Kennedy will change his mind if he should be elected.

Kinmen in the map on the obverse of the Commemorative NT$10 Coin in Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of Taiwan's Retrocession (1995)

After the third debate on 13 October 1960, Kennedy's advisers spoke with then Secretary of State Herter and said Kennedy was willing to revise his position on the Quemoy and Matsu issue so as not to give the Communists the impression that the USA would not stand united against aggression. Nixon pointed out the change in Kennedy's position but decided not to press the point due to the importance of the USA's role in what was an extremely tense situation.[39] Nixon's polls among Republicans and Democrats showed overwhelming support for Nixon's position on the issue.[40]

Kinmen was originally a military reserve under the Martial Law curfews, which eventually led to the tragedies of innocent civilian casualties,[41] such as the 1985 Shi Islet Slaughter and 1987 Lieyu massacre.[42][43][44] The island was returned to the civilian government in the mid-1990s, after which travel to and from it was allowed. Direct travel between mainland China and Kinmen re-opened in January 2001 under the mini Three Links, and there has been extensive tourism development on the island in anticipation of mainland tourists.[45] Direct travel was suspended in 2003 as a result of the SARS outbreak, but has since resumed.[46]

Many Taiwanese businessmen use the link through Kinmen to enter the Chinese mainland, seeing it as cheaper and easier than entering through Hong Kong. However, this changed following the 2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China and the 2008 presidential and legislative victories of the KMT, that allowed easier cross-Strait relations. Kinmen has experienced a considerable economic boom as businessmen relocate to the island for easier access to the vast markets of the PRC.

On 30 June 2014, Dadan Island and Erdan Island were handed over from the military to civilians, represented by Kinmen County Government.[47] Since 1 January 2015, tourists from Mainland China could directly apply for the Exit and Entry Permit upon arrival in Kinmen. This privilege also applies to Penghu and Matsu Islands as means to boost tourism in the outlying islands of Taiwan.[48]

On 23 August 2019, the sixty-first anniversary of the beginning of the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, President Tsai Ing-wen visited the Taiwushan martyrs' shrine (太武山忠烈祠) in Mount Taiwu where she placed flowers and offered incense.[49]

Wuqiu Lighthouse in Wuqiu, Kinmen

Kinmen County map

The county is made up of numerous islands and islets[50][51][21][52] including:

• Kinmen group[53]
  • Kinmen (Kinmen, Main island; 大金門, 金門本島) (main island; divided into four townships)
  • Dongding Island (Tangtia, Tungting 東碇島, 東椗島) (in Jinhu Township; approximately 35 km (22 mi) to the southwest)
  • Beiding Island (北碇島) (in Jinhu Township; approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) to the east)
  • Cao Islet (Ts'ao Hsü; 草嶼) (in Jinsha Township) 24.523335°N 118.437021°E / 24.523335; 118.437021
  • Hou Islet (后嶼) (in Jinsha Township) 24.529171°N 118.41233°E / 24.529171; 118.41233
  • Jiangong Islet (建功嶼) (in Jincheng Township)
  • Lesser Kinmen (Hsiao Kinmen, Lieyu; 小金門, 烈嶼) (second largest island under ROC control; in Lieyu Township)
  • Dadan Island (大膽島) (in Lieyu Township)
  • Erdan Island (二膽島) (in Lieyu Township)
  • Fuxing Islet (Fuhsing Islet; Phaktia) (復興嶼) (in Lieyu Township)
  • Menghu Islet (Tiger Island, 猛虎嶼) (in Lieyu Township)
  • Shi Islet (Lion Islet) (獅嶼) (in Lieyu Township)
  • Binlang Islet (檳榔嶼) (in Lieyu Township)
  • Dadeng (Tateng[54][55][56]) (大嶝[25][3][57]/大嶝島[24]) (under PRC control from 9 October[22] or 15 October 1949;[24] part of Dadeng Subdistrict, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian[26][27])
  • Xiaodeng (Hsiaoteng,[56] Siao Deng[58]) (小嶝[25][3][57]/小嶝島[24]) (under PRC control from 9 October[22] or 15 October 1949;[24] part of Dadeng Subdistrict, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian[26][27])
  • Jiaoyu[59]/Jiao Yu[60] (Chiao I.,[61] 角嶼[25][3][57][24]) (under PRC control from 9 October[22] or 15 October 1949;[24] part of Dadeng Subdistrict, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian[26][27])
• Wuqiu (Ockseu, Wuchiu; 烏坵) group
  • Daqiu (Tachiu, Taciou; 大坵) (in Wuqiu Township)
  • Xiaoqiu (Hsiaochiu; 小坵) (in Wuqiu Township)

Kinmen's climate is classified as humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Among them, the annual average temperature is 21.0 °C (69.8 °F), the hottest month in August is 28.5 °C (83.3 °F), and the coldest month is 12.6 °C (54.7 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 1,089.4 millimetres (42.89 in), of which August is the wettest with 156.3 millimetres (6.15 in), while November is the driest with only 23.5 millimetres (0.93 in).[62] The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from 1.3 °C (34.3 °F) on January 25, 2016[63] to 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) on August 31, 2020.[64]

Kinmen, much like the surrounding Chinese mainland, is predominantly composed of Cretaceous aged granite, with lesser amounts of Eocene-Oligocene sandstone, Miocene basalt and Pleistocene-Holocene conglomerate. The thickness of the sediments varies from 150 metres in the west to only a few metres in the east.[67]

Artillery shells fired by the People's Liberation Army to Kinmen in the 1950s

A shisa (wind-lion god) carving in Kinmen

The people of Kinmen see themselves as Kinmenese, Mínnánrén/Mǐnnánrén (people of Southern Fujian), or Chinese. They identify as citizens of the Republic of China but not so much as Taiwanese.[14][68] Kinmen's strong Chinese identity was forged during the period of the ROC's military confrontation with the People's Republic of China (1949–1992) when Kinmen was under military administration.[14] In the 1980s, as the militarization decreased and martial law was ended on Taiwan, the Taiwan independence movement and efforts in de-Sinicization grew in strength on Taiwan.[14] To Kinmenese, however, these developments were viewed with concern and there was a feeling that "Taiwan didn't identify with Kinmen".[14] Many worried that Taiwanese de jure independence from China would lead to the severing of ties with Kinmen.[14] These concerns play a strong role in Kinmenese politics as well.[14] Legally speaking, Kinmenese people are not Taiwanese either and have a unique identity from that of the Taiwanese. "Taiwanization" is sometimes perceived as a threat to the cultural identity of the Kinmenese people.[69]

Kinmen's economy is mainly based on tourism and services due to its proximity to mainland China.[71][72]

Tourism

The Juguang Tower ("Brightness of Ju"), a famous landmark in Kinmen

Because of its military importance, development on the island was extremely limited. Only by 2003, Kinmen opened up itself to tourists from Fujian in Mainland China.[73] It is now a popular weekend tourist destination for Taiwanese and is known for its quiet villages, old-style architecture and beaches. Chinese and Taiwanese tour groups also spend a short time touring the island whilst transiting between the ferry and the airport, as an intermediate stop between China and Taiwan. Large parts of Kinmen form the Kinmen National Park which highlights military fortifications and structures, historical dwellings and natural scenery.

The year 2014 recorded the highest number of passengers traveling by ferry between Kinmen and Fujian ports for as many as 1.5 million people.[74] Since 1 January 2015, Chinese mainland tourists were no longer required to apply for Exit and Entry Permit in advance for visits to Kinmen, Penghu and Matsu Islands. Instead, they can apply for it upon arrival at a cost of NT$600.[75]

By 2016, two infrastructure projects are expected to boost tourism and meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions visitors to the islands. One includes a yet-to-be-named five-star resort spearheaded by Xiamen property developer, Wu Youhua, president of Xiamen Huatian Group, the first time a Chinese interest has been allowed to invest in the Taiwan hotel sector.[76]

Tourist attractions

Zhaishan Tunnel

Tourist-related affairs in Kinmen are governed by Transportation and Tourism Bureau of Kinmen County Government. Major tourist attractions in Kinmen are:[21]

Chen Fu-hai, the incumbent Magistrate of Kinmen County

The island consistently votes for the Kuomintang (KMT). Until the early 1990s, proponents of Taiwan independence argued that they would consider handing Kinmen over to the PRC in any negotiated settlement. Residents of the island have broadly opposed such measures.

The Democratic Progressive Party has a minor presence on the island and typically does not present candidates to stand in local elections, although it does hold a single seat in Kinmen County Council from both of the 2009 and 2014 local elections. However, the party occasionally lends support to liberal or center-left candidates.

On 29 November 2014 however, independent candidate Chen Fu-hai won the county magistrate election and took office as the Magistrate of Kinmen County on 25 December 2014, the first independent candidate to win the office. He replaced Magistrate Lee Wo-shih of the Kuomintang.[80] The 2014 Kinmen County magistrate election consisted of 10 candidates, the highest number of nominated candidates in the electoral history of Taiwan.[81]

Kinmen County Constituency is represented by a single seat in the Legislative Yuan. It is currently represented by Chen Yu-chen (traditional Chinese: 陳玉珍; simplified Chinese: 陈玉珍; pinyin: Chén Yùzhēn) of the Kuomintang. The current majority seats of Kinmen County Council is from independent, but headed by speaker Hung Yun-tien (Chinese: 洪允典; pinyin: Hóng Yǔndiǎn) of the Kuomintang. The incumbent Magistrate of Kinmen County is independent Chen Fu-hai.[82]

Townships

Subdivision of Kinmen County into townships

Kinmen County Government

Kinmen County Council

Jincheng Township, the county seat of Kinmen

Kinmen County is divided into three urban townships and three rural townships.[83] Jincheng Township is the county seat which houses Kinmen County Government and Kinmen County Council. The township also houses the headquarter office of Kinmen-Matsu Joint Services Center. Kinmen County has the fewest rural townships among other counties in Taiwan.

Name	Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Wade–Giles	Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī	English meaning
Urban townships
Jincheng Township	金城鎮	Jīnchéng Zhèn	Chin¹-ch'eng² Chen⁴	Kim-siâⁿ-tìn	'Golden City'
Jinhu Township	金湖鎮	Jīnhú Zhèn	Chin¹-hu² Chen⁴	Kim-ô͘-tìn	'Golden Lake'
Jinsha Township	金沙鎮	Jīnshā Zhèn	Chin¹-sha¹ Chen⁴	Kim-soa-tìn	'Gold Dust'[84]
Rural townships
Jinning Township	金寧鄉	Jīnníng Xiāng	Chin¹-ning² Hsiang¹	Kim-lêng-hiong	'Golden Tranquility'
Lieyu Township	烈嶼鄉	Lièyǔ Xiāng	Lie⁴-yü³ Hsiang¹	Lia̍t-sū-hiong	'Split-off Islet'[85]
Wuqiu Township	烏坵鄉	Wūqiū Xiāng	Wu¹-ch'iu¹ Hsiang¹	O͘-khiu-hiong	'Black Mound'

All those townships on Greater Kinmen Island start their names with Jin (i.e., Kin, lit. "gold"). Lieyu Township encompasses the entire Lesser Kinmen Island, and is the closest to Xiamen. Wuqiu Township comprises Greater Qiu Islet (大坵) and Lesser Qiu Islet (小坵).

Jincheng and Jinsha are the largest of the six townships. Altogether, there are 37 villages in Kinmen County.

National Quemoy University

In August 2010, National Quemoy University was established from the predecessor National Kinmen Institute of Technology and Kinmen Division of National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences established in 1997.[91] It is located in Jinning Township. The islands also have a satellite campuses of Ming Chuan University and National University of Kaohsiung. Secondary educational institutions include National Kinmen Senior High School and National Kinmen Agricultural and Industrial Vocational Senior High School. In total, there are 24 junior high schools, elementary schools and kindergartens.[92]

The Kinmen County Government have invested millions in education in Kinmen, with an average of NT$20,000 per student. Schools in the county also accept the growing number of Taiwanese students whose parents are doing business in Fujian.[93] The county government has been striving to encourage universities in Taiwan Island and Mainland China to set up branches in the county, as well as to attract Chinese mainland students to study in Kinmen.[94]

• 
  Calligraphy by former President Chiang Kai-shek etched on Wu-Wang-Zai-Ju Inscribed Rock
• 
  Anti-landing spikes on Lesser Kinmen (Lieyu) near Shi Islet with Xiamen (Amoy) in the background
• 
  Shuitou historical residence (水頭古厝)
• 
  Daitianfu (代天府) in Jincheng

• Administrative divisions of Taiwan
• Kinmen Agreement

• Official website
• Geographic data related to Kinmen at OpenStreetMap
• Complete list of the villages in each township
• Kinmen Island: China without the Communism?
• On A Rural Taiwanese Island, Modern China Beckons, NPR (11 September 2016)
• Pictures : Taiwan on China's shores. Reuters.
• Satellite image of Greater Kinmen and Lesser Kinmen by Google Maps
• Michael Szonyi, Cold War Island: Quemoy on the Front Line, Cambridge University Press (11 August 2008), hardcover, 328 pages, ISBN 0521898137 ISBN 978-0521898133; trade paperback, 328 pages, ISBN 0521726409, ISBN 978-0521726405