Joseph Lonardo

Prohibition began in Ohio on May 27, 1919,[20] and nationally throughout the United States on January 16, 1920.[21] Once stockpiles of alcohol were consumed,[10] the brewing of beer and distillation of liquor at home increased exponentially in the first few years of Prohibition.[22][23][24][lower-alpha 4] By 1920, Lonardo was so well-regarded nationally by other organized crime families that Buffalo underboss Angelo Palmeri asked Lonardo to be godfather to his daughter.[26]

The start of Prohibition also saw the formation of the Cleveland Syndicate. Formed by Moe Dalitz, Maurice Kleinman, Louis Rothkopf, and Sam Tucker, the Cleveland Syndicate was a group of Jewish mobsters based in Cleveland and Akron who engaged in bootlegging, gambling, and smuggling luxury goods, among other things.[27] The Cleveland Syndicate preferred to give a cut of its profits to mobsters in other criminal organizations, who then did the actual work of bootlegging or running the gambling operations.[28] The Cleveland Syndicate dominated bootlegging in Cleveland during the early days of Prohibition, but swiftly partnered with the Mayfield Road Mob—which did most (but not all) of the bootlegging for the Syndicate.[29] The Mayfield Road Mob's bootlegging operation moved large amounts of high-quality liquor from Canada into northeast Ohio and northwest Pennsylvania, generating substantial profits for those involved.[30]

Beginning in 1924, Lonardo began a campaign of intimidation and murder to win control of the majority of bootlegging in northeast Ohio.[19] The barriers to entry into the illegal liquor industry were low, which meant that Lonardo could reduce, but not entirely eliminate, the competition.[31] Lonardo relied on several associates in his effort, including Salvatore "Black Sam" Todaro, his top lieutenant; Frank Milano, one of the top leaders in the Mayfield Road Mob; and gangsters John Angersola, Charles Colletti, Lawrence Lupo, and Charles Russo.[19] Salvatore "Sam" Tilocco[32] and Porrello also became part of the Lonardo crime family, and Porrello rose to a position of some prominence in the organization.[31]

In 1925, with pre-Prohibition stockpiles of alcohol exhausted, corn whiskey—which had been manufactured on a small scale—became the illegal liquor of choice in northeast Ohio.[33][lower-alpha 5] Corn sugar[lower-alpha 6] was key to the manufacture of corn whiskey. Corn whiskey was usually made with cornmeal or unground corn mixed with rye as the mash. Corn sugar could not only be substituted for grain as the mash ingredient but also permitted faster production of the final liquor.[36] Control of the corn sugar industry as well as the distribution of illegal liquor was critical to anyone seeking to dominate the illegal liquor industry.[37]

Lonardo essentially established a cottage industry in the production of illegal corn whiskey.[22][lower-alpha 7] He and his brothers used their profits from previous criminal activities to invest heavily in corn sugar manufacturing,[31] a completely legal enterprise.[39] They purchased a warehouse located at Woodland Avenue and E. 9th Street.[11][40][lower-alpha 8] Todaro ran the warehouse, oversaw the bookkeeping, and assisted home brewers in obtaining and setting up stills.[lower-alpha 9] Frank Lonardo oversaw the collection of the corn whiskey and its distribution to buyers.[43] Lonardo sold corn sugar sold to home distillers, who in turn sold their corn whiskey to the Mayfield Road Mob. The mob, in turn, sold the alcohol at high prices to local speakeasies.[11][22][39] Lonardo offered his corn sugar customers easy credit, which encouraged expansion in home distilling[11] and drove most legitimate corn sugar merchants out of business.[44] The cottage industry system dispersed distillation operations so that no single raid by law enforcement could seriously interrupt production. The cottage industry system also created few opportunities for law enforcement aggrandizement.[31] The vast majority of home distillers used by Lonardo were immigrants,[45][44] and few law enforcement officers wanted the media to depict them breaking into the homes of poor immigrants.[31] By 1925, law enforcement recognized that home distilling had become so widespread it was now an industrial concern.[11]

The corn sugar industry generated immense wealth for the Lonardos.[17][lower-alpha 10] Lonardo's personal profits from the industry were estimated at $5,000 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars) a week.[47] He became Cleveland's first "corn sugar baron",[48] and this in turn allowed him to become boss of the Mayfield Road Mob within just a few years.[17] Lonardo then began to use intimidation and murder to force other corn sugar dealers and purchasers of home-distilled liquor out of business.[15][31] Tactics included hijacking other people's liquor shipments,[11][41] stealing liquor from warehouses rented by other gangs,[11] or tipping off the police about where liquor was stored or how it was being moved.[15][41] The Mayfield Road Mob killed so many small-time corn sugar merchants, distillers, and bootleggers that police claimed hit men were charging a flat fee of $25 ($427 in 2022 dollars) per murder.[10][lower-alpha 11] Lonardo used the same tactics to discourage home distillers from selling liquor directly to speakeasies, and to encourage retailers to sell liquor at the highest possible price.[11] When his better corn sugar customers ran into trouble with the law, Lonardo often donated money for attorneys and bail.[11] As law enforcement improved, the Mayfield Road Mob strengthened its organization and promoted gangsters with stronger personalities and more talent to leadership positions within the mob.[11] Lonardo and his organization also began the widespread bribery of judges, police, and politicians.[11][49]

The Mayfield Road Mob's influence was not limited to Cleveland. In Akron, a large industrial city 40 miles (64 km) to the south, Frank Bellini and Michael Corcelli controlled the imported illegal liquor and home distilling operations (but not corn sugar sales). The Akron mob owed its allegiance to Lonardo.[50]

The political economist Dennis M.P. McCarthy suggests that the Cleveland mafia went through three stages: An initial stage, where rival gangs and families contended with one another for power; a second stage, when these gangs sometimes cooperated and sometimes competed; and a third stage, where a powerful boss dominated all the gangs and families and the mafia acted more like a unitary organization. The Mayfield Road Mob under Lonardo, he concludes, is typical of the initial stage.[31][lower-alpha 12] The distinctiveness of the Mayfield Road Mob as a crime family is supported by mafioso Nicola Gentile, who called the group predominio dei licatesi (dominance of those from Licata).[52]

Lonardo and the Mayfield Road Mob had become so dominant in Cleveland that other mafia families began to take interest in what was happening in the city. Prohibition also encouraged the much more powerful New York City mafia organizations to seek alliances with crime families in other cities to ensure reliable and large supplies of illegal liquor.[53] Among the many friends Lonardo made while living briefly in New York City were several who later became important mafioso,[16] including Nicola "Uncle Cola" Gentile (a powerful mafia figure who played a major role in peacekeeping among crime families and helped create The Commission in 1931) and Salvatore "Toto" D'Aquila.[54][lower-alpha 13] D'Aquila, who was rapidly expanding his influence in New York City and was heavily involved in bootlegging, began supporting Lonardo in his efforts to establish himself as the sole boss in Cleveland.[14][56][57][58] According to Gentile, Lonardo "worshipped" D'Aquila "like a god"[59] and was one of D'Aquila's most avid supporters[14] even though D'Aquila tended to murder any of his associates who grew too rich and powerful.[55]

Through his domination of the corn sugar and corn whiskey industries and with the support of the D'Aquila crime family,[39][48] Todaro, and the Porrello brothers,[14] Lonardo became the first known boss of the Cleveland crime family.[39][48][lower-alpha 14] Lonardo was generally regarded as an effective boss. He overcame resistance to his criminal activities by maintaining good relationships with people in Little Italy (the area most affected by his bootlegging), helping to resolve their disputes and donating money to those in need.[60] He was also aware of the precarious position he held. He had several bodyguards, including Charles Colletti[49] and Lawrence Lupo,[41] and he was rarely seen in public without at least one of them by his side.[49]

Lonardo encountered new problems as boss of the Cleveland crime family. Over time, he came to expect that his word would be obeyed without question and without the need to use force. Many of his competitors, as well as some of his subordinates, felt he was becoming arrogant.[49] Problems with bootlegging also cropped up. The corn whiskey cottage industry system did not emphasize quality, and by the mid-1920s many consumers preferred to purchase high-quality liquor illegally imported from Canada. This hurt the market for corn whiskey, reducing criminal profits.[44] Improvements in law enforcement also made many restive with Lonardo's rule. Lonardo demanded a percentage of the profits from the sale of corn whiskey, but appeared to take little risk. As more and more home distillers were jailed, the number of people willing to brew corn whiskey fell (further reducing income). Some distillers attempted to deceive the mob, selling liquor on the side; many of these individuals were murdered. Some sellers of corn whiskey lied about the amount of whiskey they were selling or the amount of profits they were making, depriving Lonardo and the Mayfield Road Mob of revenue. Many of these people were also killed. More and more distillers and distributors of corn whiskey were joining a new Italian American gang run by the Porrellos that had formed near the intersection of Woodland Avenue and E. 55th Street.[10]

In New York City in the early 1920s, Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria was contending with D'Aquila for control of organized crime.[58] Masseria began backing challenges to D'Aquila-supported crime families across the country, most notably in Cleveland.[56][lower-alpha 15] Much of Masseria's extended family lived in Cleveland and his brother was involved in the Mayfield Road Mob, so his interest in the city is not surprising.[62]

In 1924, Porrello and his six brothers pooled their money and began selling corn sugar as well. By 1926, they had purchased several homes and warehouses at the intersection of Woodland Avenue and E. 110th Street, and become wealthy selling corn sugar to distillers.[32] The Porrellos were the only significant corn sugar suppliers other than Lonardo, who had intimidated or eliminated nearly all other competitors. Lonardo tolerated their operation only because the Porrellos were lifelong friends.[50][lower-alpha 16] Todaro, too, was unhappy with Lonardo's rule. Despite largely managing the Lonardo corn sugar business, he had gained little wealth.[63]

After secretly visiting Sicily in April 1926,[64][65] Lonardo left openly for Sicily in April 1927 for five months to visit his mother.[66] The relationship between Lonardo and the Porrellos worsened while he was away. Law enforcement officials had identified a Porrello-owned barber shop at 10902 Woodland Avenue as a front for the sale of large orders of corn whiskey and, following a sting in early 1927, Raymond Porrello was arrested. He was convicted of various violations of liquor laws and for threatening a law enforcement officer and sentenced to jail.[67] Joseph Porrello allegedly tried to bribe officials to win Raymond's release, and failed. He then asked Lonardo for help. Lonardo agreed to use his political influence, although Porrello had to pay him $5,000 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars).[50] Lonardo either took no action or failed to win Raymond Porrello's release before he left.[15][50]

John Lonardo served as caretaker of Joseph's businesses while Joseph was in Sicily. John had little temperament for business and lacked good judgment, and a leadership vacuum emerged in the Mayfield Road Mob. As soon as Joseph Lonardo left for Sicily, the Porrellos began offering home distillers corn sugar at $2.19 per pound ($4.8/kg) ($37 in 2022 dollars), much less than the $3.50 per pound ($7.7/kg) ($59 in 2022 dollars) Lonardo charged.[68] Lonardo's influence with local politicians and police evaporated, and law enforcement raids on home brewers loyal to the Lonardos increased significantly. A Porrello subordinate, Mike Chiapetta, began swiftly building a home brewing network loyal to the Porrellos. Just a few weeks after Lonardo's departure, the Porrellos had taken control of more than half of Lonardo's corn sugar and corn whiskey business.[63]

Lonardo returned to Cleveland in August 1927, and worked hard to put his business back in order.[10] He correctly surmised that Todaro had conspired with the Porrellos to undermine his business, and ejected him from the Mayfield Road Mob.[69] Lonardo then ordered Lawrence Lupo to kill Todaro, ostensibly for abusing a Jew who worked for the mafia.[70][lower-alpha 17] Nicola Gentile says that Joseph Biondo and Paolino Palmieri[lower-alpha 18] members of the Buffalo crime family,[lower-alpha 19] tried to convince Lonardo to rescind the death sentence, but he refused.[72] Gentile finally told Lonardo that if Todaro was murdered without good reason, Gentile would leave Cleveland and never return.[75] The seriousness of Gentile's announcement impressed Lonardo, who rescinded the assassination order the next day.[76] Historian Rick Porrello says Todaro was lucky not to have been killed.[77]

Todaro allied with the Porrellos, where he became suddenly wealthy. Lonardo was allegedly enraged that Todaro refused to acknowledge that he owed his station in life to Lonardo—not the Porrellos.[69] Lonardo, however, was not eager to start a gang war. He met several times with the Porrellos to discuss what was happening, allegedly seeking a merger of the two gangs and their bootleg operations.[78]

The Lonardo family plot at Calvary Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio

In September 1927, Ernest J. Yorkell (about 30 years old) and Jack Brownstein (about 25 years old) came to Cleveland.[79] Yorkell had once been a sideshow strongman,[79] nicknamed "Young Hercules."[80] Brownstein had been a small-time robber and thief specializing in jewelry. Almost nothing was known about how the two met and/or where they had operated, except that they had engaged in blackmail in Buffalo, New York, before moving to Cleveland.[79]

After their arrival in Cleveland, Yorkell and Brownstein spent time in local gambling dens, speakeasies, and other places where criminal activity took place. They paid attention to local gossip, learned who the wealthy criminals were, and then attempted to blackmail these gangsters. They allegedly never asked for much money, and never blackmailed a victim twice. On October 7, 1927, Yorkell and Brownstein told witnesses that they intended to hit up a very wealthy local crime boss for $5,000 ($100,000 in 2022 dollars).[79][lower-alpha 20] They did not mention the name of their intended victim, but local newspapers and historians widely believe that they wanted to blackmail Lonardo.[47][79]

Yorkell and Brownstein's bullet-riddled bodies were found in the early hours of October 8, 1927, at the intersection of East Blvd. (now Martin Luther King Jr. Drive) and North Park Blvd. in Cleveland Heights,[80] less than 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from Lonardo's home and within view of the homes of a number of millionaires. Lonardo was widely believed to have ordered their deaths.[79] Lonardo bodyguards Lawrence Lupo[81] and Charles Colletti were arrested for suspicion in involvement in the Yorkell-Brownstein murders (although both were released in late October).[49]

Lonardo's headstone in front of the memorial at the Lonardo family plot in Calvary Cemetery in Cleveland.

Masseria encouraged Todaro to murder Lonardo and take over the Cleveland crime family in order to embarrass Salvatore D'Aquila.[58][82][62][lower-alpha 21] Todaro likely ordered the murder of Lonardo,[58][83] and most likely arranged the meeting at which Lonardo was killed.[82]

Lonardo suspected that his life was in danger. After his return from Sicily, he never entertained at home and rarely ventured out at night. His bodyguards Lupo and Colletti were constantly with him during the day as he conducted his business, but Lonardo was deprived of their services after their arrest in the Yorkell-Brownstein murders.[15]

In the early evening of October 13, 1927, someone telephoned Lonardo and asked him to come to the barber shop owned by Ottavio Porrello at 10902 Woodland Avenue. The caller was never identified, although it appears to have been someone Lonardo trusted.[49] Joseph and John Lonardo arrived at the barber shop without any bodyguards (which was highly unusual)[84][lower-alpha 22] about 8:15 PM[15][81] and proceeded into the back room, which was used for playing cards. A few minutes later,[lower-alpha 23] two men entered the card room from the barber shop.[lower-alpha 24] The two men then opened fire. Angelo Porrello, who was in the card room, claims he did not know who the men were and survived only by hiding under the card table.[lower-alpha 25] Joseph Lonardo was killed instantly. Two bullets entered his skull near his left eye, three bullets entered his left shoulder and upper left arm, and two bullets entered his right side.[lower-alpha 26] John Lonardo was shot in the left leg and stomach.[lower-alpha 27] The two gunmen fled out the front door of the barber shop and onto Woodland Avenue. John Lonardo followed them. One of the gunmen stopped in front of Anthony Caruso's butcher shop[49][85][84] at 10906 Woodland.[15] When John Lonardo reached him, the gunman hit Lonardo between the eyes with the butt of his pistol. John Lonardo fell unconscious, and bled to death on the sidewalk.[49][85][84][lower-alpha 28] Police found Joseph Lonardo's will on his body, which led them to suspect that Lonardo knew he was being targeted for death.[15][86][lower-alpha 29]

Joseph and John Lonardo were buried on October 18, 1927. A wake was held at John Lonardo's home[87] at 3269 Warrington Road in Shaker Heights.[84] Several hundred mourners, many from out of town, attended the wake. A procession of about 500 cars followed the hearse[88] to St. Anthony's Catholic Church[89][90] on E. 13th Street and Carnegie Avenue.[91][lower-alpha 30] John and Joseph Lonardo were both buried in silver caskets[88] at Calvary Cemetery in Cleveland.[90]

Lonardo's death ignited what the press called the "Corn Sugar War", a series of power-grabs and retaliatory blood feuds that left another Lonardo and seven Porrellos dead before it ended.[92] Police in 1927 believed Lonardo's death was only one in a series of five murders recently committed in the city.[15] The name of the conflict is a misnomer, since the struggle for control over Cleveland's corn sugar industry had ended (not begun) with Lonardo's death.[93]

Lawrence Lupo attempted to gain control over Mayfield Road Mob and the Lonardo corn sugar and corn whiskey empire after Lonardo's death[49][94] but was murdered on May 31, 1928.[95] Salvatore "Black Sam" Todaro is widely believed to have taken over Lonardo's criminal enterprises, becoming the second boss of the Cleveland crime family.[96][lower-alpha 31]

Todaro was murdered in front of Ottavio Porrello's barber shop on June 11, 1929,[61][103] by Angelo Lonardo (Joseph Lonardo's son) and Dominic Sospirato (Joseph Lonardo's nephew).[104] Joseph Porrello then took over as boss of the Cleveland crime family.[61]

Lonardo's common-law wife was Concetta Paragone.[98][lower-alpha 32] She was born in Licata about 1888.[107][108] Sources differ as to how they became a couple. Some sources say Concetta accompanied Joseph to the United States in 1901.[41] Concetta herself later claimed that she and Lonardo had lived together as man and wife since 1902 (although they never had a civil or religious ceremony).[49] Other sources say that Concetta married a fellow Licatan (either in Sicily or in the United States), and she had three children by him. They were living in Cleveland when Concetta left him in 1906 for Lonardo.[109] All sources agree that the Lonardos had five children:[15][98] Angelo (b. 1911), Antoinette (b. circa 1914), Frank (b. circa 1917), Dominic (b. circa 1921), and Helen (also known as Ella; b. circa 1922).[110] Angelo "Big Ange" Lonardo was later underboss of the Cleveland crime family from 1976 to 1983.[111] Joseph and Concetta Lonardo separated about 1925,[98] and Concetta died on January 24, 1943, in East Cleveland.

On September 8, 1925, Lonardo married 29-year-old Fannie (or Fanny) Lanzone[112] in Sandusky, Ohio.[49][lower-alpha 33] They immediately began living together.[98] Fannie had been widowed only 19 days earlier: Her husband, Angelo Lanzone, attacked her and her 15-year-old daughter, Angelina, with a hatchet. They survived the attack only when Fannie's mother, Frances Damanta,[lower-alpha 34] shot and killed Angelo.[114][lower-alpha 35][lower-alpha 36] Fannie claimed that she married Lonardo only after he threatened to kill her if she did not.[112] Their relationship apparently did not last; by the fall of 1927, Fannie was living in St. Louis, Missouri.[107][108]

Constantina Bullone[116] (also known as Concettina Bulone)[64] was Lonardo's mistress. Lonardo met her while in Sicily in 1926[64][116][lower-alpha 37] and began an affair with the married woman.[63][lower-alpha 38] He convinced her to come to the United States with him, and she agreed.[116] She lived in Cleveland in a lavishly furnished apartment Lonardo rented on her behalf.[64][116] She was 24 years old in November 1927 when U.S. officials deported her back to Italy.[117]

Lonardo deeded most of his property to his heirs several months before his death.[110][lower-alpha 39] The worth of the remainder of Lonardo's estate was assessed at about $2 million ($33,700,000 in 2022 dollars) by the probate court.[15][118] Concetta Lonardo was named administrator of the estate,[112] and Lonardo's will distributed most of his remaining wealth and property to her and his five children.[110]

Fannie Lanzone Lonardo sued to overturn the will, claiming that her 1925 civil marriage to Lonardo legally superseded Lonardo's common-law marriage to Concetta. The lawsuit tied up much of the estate, leaving Concetta Lonardo somewhat impoverished. By June 1929, her car had been legally repossessed, and her personal finances were so tight that she had to appeal to Salvatore Todaro for monetary assistance.[103] By March 1930, the probate court had resolved the lawsuit in Concetta Lonardo's favor, although Fannie Lonardo appealed the court's decision. Joseph Metzel was appointed a guardian of the estate while the appeal was heard, and former Cleveland police detective Phil Mooney was appointed a guardian for Lonardo's minor-aged children. The value of the estate dwindled to just $149,000 ($2,600,000 in 2022 dollars) by spring 1930, largely due to legal fees incurred by Concetta Lonardo as she defended herself against murder charges in the death of Salvatore Todaro and by Angelo Lonardo as he fought a concealed weapons charge.[118] Fannie Lonardo's suit was finally dismissed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in 1932.[113]