Jukunoid languages

The Jukunoid languages are a branch of the Benue-Congo languages spoken by the Jukun and related peoples of Nigeria and Cameroon. They are distributed mostly throughout Taraba State, Nigeria and surrounding regions.

Jukunoid
Geographic
distribution		Nigeria, Cameroon
Linguistic classificationNiger–Congo?
Glottologjuku1257
The Jukunoid languages shown within Nigeria and Cameroon

Their asymmetrical nasal consonants are atypical for West Africa, as can be seen in Wapan.

External relationships

Gerhardt (1983) and Güldemann (2018) suggest that Jukunoid may actually be part of the Plateau languages, as it shares similarities with various Plateau groups, especially Tarokoid.[1][2] However, Blench (2005) argues that Jukunoid is clearly separate from Plateau.[3]

Classification

The following classification is from Glottolog;[4] the Kororofa branch has been added from Ethnologue (Glottolog classifies the Kororofa languages as Jukun):[5]

Ethnologue adds the Yukubenic branch of the Plateau languages as part of a Yukubenic-Kuteb group[5] based on Shimizu (1980), and Blench also follows this classification.[6] Ethnologue also leaves the Wurbo language Shoo-Minda-Nye as unclassified within Jukun–Mbembe–Wurbo, and includes the unclassified Benue–Congo language Tita in its place.[5]

Lau was also recently reported by Idiatov (2017).[7]

Names and locations

Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).[8]


LanguageBranchClusterDialectsAlternate spellingsOwn name for languageEndonym(s)Other names (location-based)Other names for languageExonym(s)SpeakersLocation(s)Notes
AkumAnyar3 villages in Nigeria; 600 in Cameroon (1976)Taraba State, ca. 6°50N, 9°50E
Bete50 (2002)Taraba State, Wukari LGA, Bete townno data
NyifonIordaa1000 (CAPRO n.d. but probably 1990s)Buruku LGA, Benue Stateno data
Jan AweiJan Awei12 ? (1997)Gombe State, West of Muri mountains, North of the Benue (precise location unknown)
Jukun clusterJukunNjukuNjikun35,000 (1971 Welmers);[9] 1700 in Cameroon (1976)Taraba State, Wukari, Takum, Bali and Sardauna LGAs; Nasarawa State, Awe and Lafia LGAs; Plateau State, Shendam and Langtang South LGAs; Benue State, Makurdi LGA; and in Furu-Awa subdivision, Cameroon
JibuJukunGayam, Garbabi25,000 (1987 SIL)Taraba State, Gashaka LGA
Takum-DongaJukunTakum, DongaJibuSecond language speakers only 40,000 (1979 UBS)Taraba State, Takum, Sardauna and Bali LGAs
Wase TofaJukunPlateau State, Shendam and Langtang South LGAs
Jukun–Mbembe–Wurbo groupJukun–Mbembe–Wurbo
Kororofa clusterJukun–Mbembe–WurboKororofaJukunmore than 62,000 (SIL)
AbinsiJukun–Mbembe–WurboKororofaWapanRiver JukunTaraba State, Wukari LGA, at Sufa and Kwantan Sufa; Benue State, Makurdi LGA, at Abinsi
WapanJukun–Mbembe–WurboKororofaWapanWukari and Abinsi60,000 (1973 SIL)Taraba State, Wukari LGA; Nasarawa State, Awe and Lafia LGAs; Plateau State, Shendam and Langtang South LGAs (precise areas uncertain)
HoneJukun–Mbembe–WurboKororofaKona2,000 (1977 Voegelin & Voegelin)Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA; Plateau State, Wase LGA. Villages north and west of Jalingo
DamparJukun–Mbembe–WurboKororofaTaraba State, Wukari LGA, at Dampar
Mbembe Tigong clusterJukun–Mbembe–WurboMbembe TigongNoaleTigong, Tigun, Tugun, Tukun, TigumAkonto, Nzare2,900 in Nigeria (1973 SIL)Taraba State, Sardauna LGA; mainly in Cameroon
AshukuJukun–Mbembe–WurboMbembe TigongAshakuÁkә́tsә̀kpә́, ÁkúcùkpúKitsipki
NamaJukun–Mbembe–WurboMbembe TigongDama, NamuKporoNzare ‘I say so’; Eneeme
Shoo–Minda–Nye clusterWurboShoo–Minda–NyeMay be related to Jessi spoken between Lau and Lankoviri10,000 (SIL)Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA
ShooWurboShoo–Minda–NyeShóódàŋ ShóóNwii ShóóBanda, Bandawa
MindaWurboShoo–Minda–NyeJinleri
NyeWurboShoo–Minda–NyeNyéNyéNwi NyéKunini
JiruWurboZhiruAtak, Wiyap, KirTaraba State, Karim Lamido LGA
EtkywanKpan–IcenIcen, Ichen, ItchenKentu, Kya)tõ, Kyanton, Nyidu6,330 in Donga district (1952 W&B);[10] more than 7,000 (1973 SIL)Taraba State, Takum and Sardauna LGAs
KpanKpan–IcenWestern and Eastern groups: Western: 1 Kumbo–Takum Group: Kumbo (Kpanzon), Takum; 2 Donga (Akpanzhĩ; 3 Bissaula (extinct) Eastern: Apa (per Kilham), Kente, Eregba (per Koelle)Kpanten, Ikpan, Akpanzhi, Kpanzon, AbakanKpwate, Hwaye, Hwaso, Nyatso, Nyonyo, Yorda, IbukwoTaraba State, Wukari, Takum and Sardaunda LGAs
Como–KarimWurboShomoh, Shomong, Chomo, ShomoKarim, KirimKiyu, NuadhuTaraba State, Karim Lamido and Jalingo LGAs
TitaWurboTaraba State, Jalingo LGA, at Hoai PetelBlench was not able to identify the people or the location, though Meek had data showing it to be Jukunoid.

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[11]

ClassificationLanguage12345678910
Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, JukunHõne (Pindiga/Gwana)zùŋpyèːnèsáːrényẽ́sɔ́nɛ́sùnjésùnpyèːnèhūnnèsīnyáudùb
Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, JukunJibuzyunpyànàsàrayinaswanasùnjinsùmpyànnawùyinajunndúbidwib
Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, JukunWapa (Wãpha)zùŋpyĩ̀sā / sārānyìnāswã̄nāʃẽ̀ʒísémpyèsẽ̄sásínyáuádùb
Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, KororofaJiba (Jibe / Kona)zũ̀ːpyèːnàsàːrnyèsónsùnʒésùmpyèːnàhúhúnyèzōrhōnnìdùb
Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, KororofaWapan Jukundzunpyìnàtsaranyenatswanacìnjen / ʃìʒen (5+ 1)tsùpyìn (5+ 2)tsùntsa (5+ 3)tsùnyò (5+ 4)dzwe
Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, MbembeTigon Mbembenzopyasranyɛtʃwɔ́tʃwɔ́mbazo (5+ 1)tʃwɔ́mbapya (5+ 2)ɛ́nyɛnyɛ (2 x 4)  ??tʃwɔ́mnyɛ (5+ 4)dʒé
Yukuben-KutebAkumájìafã̀ataaɲɪ̀acóŋacóŋ jì (5+ 1)acóŋ afã̀ (5+ 2)acóŋ ata (5+ 3)acóŋ ɲì (5+ 4)īkùr(ù)
Yukuben-KutebKapyaūŋɡēméīfɡɔ̀ītàīɲɨɪ̀ìtútú ŋɡì (5+ 1)tú ófɡõ (5+ 2)tú àtà (5+ 3)tú īɲɨɪ̀ (5+ 4)èbʲí / èbzí
Yukuben-KutebKuteb (Kutev) (1)kínzōífaẽítāíndʒēítsóŋítsóŋ-ndʒō (5+ 1)ítsóŋ-ífaẽ (5+ 2)ítsóŋ-ítā (5+ 3)ítsóŋ-ndʒē (5+ 4)ridʒwēr
Yukuben-KutebKuteb (Kutev) (2)kínzōifaenitāinjeitsóŋitsóŋ-nzō (5+ 1)itsóŋ-faen (5+ 2)itsóŋ-tā (5+ 3)itsóŋ-nje (5+ 4)rijwēr
Yukuben-KutebYukubenkítə́ŋāpá(ŋ)ātà, āràēnzìotòŋ(ō)̄tòŋ kíhín (5+ 1)(ō)̄tòŋ āpá (5+ 2)(ō)̄tòŋ ātà / ārà (5+ 3)(ō)̄tòŋ ēnzì (5+ 4)kùr

See also

Further reading
  • Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1980. Comparative Jukunoid, 3 vols. (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 7–9. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5–7). Vienna: Afro-Pub.

References
  1. Gerhardt, L. 1983. The classification of Eggon: Plateau or Benue group? Journal of West African Languages, 13(1):37-50.
  2. Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9.
  3. Blench, Roger. 2005. Is there a boundary between Plateau and Jukunoid? Paper for the Vienna Jukunoid workshop, Vienna, 19-20th, November, 2005.
  4. Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jukunoid". Glottolog 3.0.
  5. "Jukunoid". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  6. Blench, Roger (15 November 2005). "Is there a boundary between Plateau and Jukunoid? (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. pp. 3, 5. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  7. Idiatov, Dmitry, Mark Van de Velde, Tope Olagunju and Bitrus Andrew. 2017. Results of the first AdaGram survey in Adamawa and Taraba States, Nigeria. 47th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics (CALL) (Leiden, Netherlands).
  8. Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  9. Welmers, William Everrett 1971. Checklist of African Language and Dialect Names. In: Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 7, T.A. Sebeok 759-900, The Hague, Mouton.
  10. Westermann, Diedrich & M.A. Bryan, 1952. Languages of West Africa. London: International African Institute.
  11. Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.

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