Tarokoid languages
The five Tarokoid languages are a branch of the Plateau family spoken in central Nigeria, just north of the middle reaches of the Benue River. Tarok itself has 300,000 speakers, with Pe and Sur about 5,000 each. Yangkam is severely endangered, being spoken by around fifty elderly men.
| Tarokoid | |
|---|---|
| Plateau VII | |
| Geographic distribution | Nigeria |
| Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
|
| Glottolog | taro1265 |
The Tarokoid languages have significantly influenced the Ron languages and later Ngas, but not the other West Chadic languages of Tel, Goemai, Mupun, and Mwaghavul. Most borrowed words went from Tarok to Chadic, although occasionally Chadic words were also borrowed into Tarok. Today, Tarok remains the lingua franca of the southern Plateau region of Nigeria.[1]
Classification
The only language with significant data is Tarok. Pe (Pai) has been placed in various branches of Plateau, and Kwang (Kwanka) was only recently added, but it now seems clear that the following five languages belong together. The classification below follows Blench (2004).[2]
| Tarokoid |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Names and locations
Below is a list of Tarokoid language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).[4]
| Language | Dialects | Alternate spellings | Own name for language | Endonym(s) | Other names (location-based) | Other names for language | Exonym(s) | Speakers | Location(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tarok | iTarok (Plain Tarok), iZini (Hill Tarok), Səlyər, iTarok Oga aSa, iGyang | iTarok | Appa, Yergam, Yergum | Plateau State, Langtang and Wase LGAs | |||||
| Yangkam | Yaŋkam | Bashiri | Basharawa | [20,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin)]. Ethnic population given; these groups now speak only Hausa. As of 1996, there were likely fewer than 400 speakers, all over 40 years old. | Plateau State, Langtang and Wase LGAs, Bashar town |
Reconstruction
Reconstructed Proto-Tarokoid forms proposed by Longtau (2016):[5]
| Gloss | Proto-Tarokoid |
|---|---|
| to burn | *bi-ʃi |
| head | *iki-ʃi |
| tongue | *iki-lerem ~ *iti-lem |
| to monger iron | *kɨ-la |
| bed | *iki-ler |
| tail | *iku-ʃol |
| hyena | *mmu-tuŋ |
| duiker | *in-tep |
| guinea fowl | *iru-nshyok |
| ladder | *n-kwaŋ |
| fonio | *iti-ʃi |
| head-pad | *ati-kat |
| knee | *itu-kuruŋ |
| bone | *atu-kubi |
| corpse | *atu-kum |
| skin | *a-tukwa |
| heart | *itun-rum |
| money | *igi-ʧam |
| fruit bat | *igi-gyak |
| husband | *u-rom |
| termite | *i-ʃum |
| hunger | *y-yɔŋ |
Footnotes
- Longtau, Selbut (25–26 March 2004). Some Historical Inferences from Lexical Borrowings and Traditions of Origins in the Tarokoid/Chadic Interface. International Symposium on Endangered Languages in Contact: Nigeria’s Plateau Languages. Hamburg: Asien-Afrika-Institut, Universität Hamburg.
- Blench, Roger. 2004. Tarok and related languages of east-central Nigeria.
- Blench, Roger. 2023. The Pe language of Central Nigeria and its affinities. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
- Longtau, Selbut (1–3 September 2016). A comparative morphology of non-productive Tarok affixes and stems for suggested Proto-Tarokoid reconstruction of some lexemes (PDF). Towards Proto-Niger-Congo: Comparison and Reconstruction (2nd International Congress). Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique (LLACAN).
References
- Blench (2008) Prospecting proto-Plateau. Manuscript.
External links
- Roger Blench: Tarokoid materials
- Plateau materials from Roger Blench