Kynureninase
Kynureninase or L-Kynurenine hydrolase (KYNU) (EC 3.7.1.3) is a PLP dependent enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of kynurenine (Kyn) into anthranilic acid (Ant). It can also act on 3-hydroxykynurenine (to produce 3-hydroxyanthranilate) and some other (3-arylcarbonyl)-alanines. Humans express one kynureninase enzyme that is encoded by the KYNU gene located on chromosome 2.[6][7]
| kynureninase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Crystal structure of Homo sapiens kynureninase.[1] | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 3.7.1.3 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9024-78-6 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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KYNU is part of the pathway for the catabolism of Trp and the biosynthesis of NAD cofactors from tryptophan (Trp).
Kynureninase catalyzes the following reaction:
- L-kynurenine + H2O ↔ anthranilate + L-alanine
Structure
Kynureninase belongs to the class V group of aspartate aminotransferase superfamily of structurally homologous pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzymes. To date, two structures of human kynureninase have determined by X-ray diffraction with resolutions of 2.0 and 1.7 Å.[1][8] Forty percent of the amino acids are arranged in an alpha helical and twelve percent are arranged in beta sheets. Docking of the kynurenine substrate into the active site suggests that Asn-333 and His-102 are involved in substrate binding.[1]
Function
In KYNU reaction, PLP facilitates Cβ-Cγ bond cleavage. The reaction follows the same steps as the transamination reaction but does not hydrolyze the tautomerized Schiff base. The proposed reaction mechanism involves an attack of an enzyme nucleophile on the carbonyl carbon (Cγ) of the tautomerized 3hKyn-PLP Schiff base. This is followed by Cβ-Cγ bond cleavage to generate an acyl-enzyme intermediate together with a tautomerized Ala-PLP adduct. Hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme then yields 3hAnt.
 The KYNU's reaction mechanism. The color scheme is as follows: KYNU, PLP, substrate names, inorganic molecules, 3hAn's moiety, Ala's moiety |
References
- PDB: 2HZP; Lima S, Khristoforov R, Momany C, Phillips RS (March 2007). "Crystal structure of Homo sapiens kynureninase". Biochemistry. 46 (10): 2735–44. doi:10.1021/bi0616697. PMC 2531291. PMID 17300176.
- GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115919 - Ensembl, May 2017
- GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026866 - Ensembl, May 2017
- "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Alberati-Giani D, Buchli R, Malherbe P, Broger C, Lang G, Köhler C, Lahm HW, Cesura AM (July 1996). "Isolation and expression of a cDNA clone encoding human kynureninase". Eur. J. Biochem. 239 (2): 460–8. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0460u.x. PMID 8706755.
- Toma S, Nakamura M, Toné S, Okuno E, Kido R, Breton J, Avanzi N, Cozzi L, Speciale C, Mostardini M, Gatti S, Benatti L (May 1997). "Cloning and recombinant expression of rat and human kynureninase". FEBS Lett. 408 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00374-8. PMID 9180257. S2CID 36265922.
- PDB: 3E9K; Lima S, Kumar S, Gawandi V, Momany C, Phillips RS (January 2009). "Crystal structure of the Homo sapiens kynureninase-3-hydroxyhippuric acid inhibitor complex: insights into the molecular basis of kynureninase substrate specificity". J. Med. Chem. 52 (2): 389–96. doi:10.1021/jm8010806. PMID 19143568.
Further reading
- Lima S, Khristoforov R, Momany C, Phillips RS (2007). "Crystal structure of Homo sapiens kynureninase". Biochemistry. 46 (10): 2735–2744. doi:10.1021/bi0616697. PMC 2531291. PMID 17300176.
- Heyes MP, Chen CY, Major EO, Saito K (1997). "Different kynurenine pathway enzymes limit quinolinic acid formation by various human cell types". Biochem. J. 326 (2): 351–6. doi:10.1042/bj3260351. PMC 1218677. PMID 9291104.
- Rose JE, Behm FM, Drgon T, et al. (2010). "Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score". Mol. Med. 16 (7–8): 247–53. doi:10.2119/molmed.2009.00159. PMC 2896464. PMID 20379614.
- Zhang Y, Zhang KX, He X, et al. (2005). "[A polymorphism of kynureninase gene in a hypertensive candidate chromosomal region is associated with essential hypertension]". Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 33 (7): 588–91. PMID 16080802.
- Inada J, Okuno E, Kimura M, Kido R (1984). "Intracellular localization and characterization of 3-hydroxykynureninase in human liver". Int. J. Biochem. 16 (6): 623–8. doi:10.1016/0020-711x(84)90031-4. PMID 6468727.
- Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Bissbort SH (1991). "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of human lymphocyte kynureninase activity levels". J. Chromatogr. 566 (2): 369–75. doi:10.1016/0378-4347(91)80253-9. PMID 1939450.
- Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
- Magni G, Amici A, Emanuelli M, et al. (2004). "Enzymology of NAD+ homeostasis in man". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 61 (1): 19–34. doi:10.1007/s00018-003-3161-1. PMID 14704851. S2CID 22041610.
- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
- Christensen M, Duno M, Lund AM, et al. (2007). "Xanthurenic aciduria due to a mutation in KYNU encoding kynureninase". J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 30 (2): 248–55. doi:10.1007/s10545-007-0396-2. PMID 17334708. S2CID 13295336.
- Walsh HA, Botting NP (2002). "Purification and biochemical characterization of some of the properties of recombinant human kynureninase". Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (8): 2069–74. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02854.x. PMID 11985583.
- Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
External links
- PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Kynureninase
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