Karlsruhe Stadtbahn

The Karlsruhe Stadtbahn is a German tram-train system combining tram lines in the city of Karlsruhe with railway lines in the surrounding countryside, serving the entire region of the middle upper Rhine valley and creating connections to neighbouring regions. The Stadtbahn combines an efficient urban railway in the city with an S-Bahn (suburban railway), overcoming the boundary between trams and trains. Its logo does not include the green and white S-Bahn symbol used in other German suburban rail systems and the symbol is only used at stops and stations outside the inner-city tram-operation area.

Karlsruhe Stadtbahn
A Stadtbahn train at Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof
A Stadtbahn train at Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof
Overview
LocaleKarlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Transit typeLight rail (Stadtbahn)
Number of lines12[1]
Number of stations190[2]
Daily ridership192.876
Annual ridership70.400.000
WebsiteAVG and KVV
Operation
Began operation25 September 1992[3]
Operator(s)Albtal Verkehrs Gesellschaft mbH (AVG); Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund (KVV)
Technical
System length262.4 km (163.0 mi)[4] (660 km (410 mi) including track operated by Deutsche Bahn)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification750 V DC
15 kV  16.7 Hz AC
Karlsruhe Stadtbahn network (2010)

The idea to link tram and railway lines with one another in order to be able to offer an attractive transport system for town and outskirts was developed in Karlsruhe and implemented gradually in the 1980s and 1990s, with the system commencing operation in 1992.[3] This idea, known as the Karlsruhe model or tram-train, has been adapted by other European cities.

The Karlsruhe Stadtbahn is operated in co-operation by Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (Alb valley transport corporation, AVG), Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe (Karlsruhe transport authority, VBK) and Deutsche Bahn (DB). The two urban transport operators, VBK and AVG, operate most services, while DB is responsible for the sections from Pforzheim and Bretten to Bietigheim-Bissingen. As of 2013, AVG quotes the size of the part of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn system that is not operated by DB as 262.4 kilometres (163.0 mi),[4] with 12 lines[1] serving 190 stations.[2]

Network

The Karlsruhe Stadtbahn includes thirteen lines, in four different forms:

  • Tram lines under the German law regulating tram operations, in a modernised form with a large proportion of segregated track and priority at traffic lights. These lines are electrified at 750 V DC. This is Stadtbahn line S2, operated by VBK in addition to its own seven tram lines.
  • A combination of tram line sections within urban Karlsruhe and the secondary lines of the AVG, electrified at 750 V DC. These are Stadtbahn lines S1, S11 and S12.
  • A combination of tram line sections within urban Karlsruhe, Wörth am Rhein, Bad Wildbad and Heilbronn, electrified at 750 V DC, and the railway lines of the DB and AVG, electrified at 15 kV AC, 16.7 Hz. These are Stadtbahn lines S4, S41, S42, S5, S51, S52, S6, S7 and S8.
  • Pure rail operations on DB and AVG tracks, electrified at 15 kV AC. These are Stadtbahn lines S31 S32, S71 and S81.

Lines
Line no.
 Route No. of stations Railways Operator
S 1 Hochstetten–Bad Herrenalb
Hochstetten – Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen – Neureut – Yorckstraße – Marktplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Alb Valley Railway – Rüppurr – Ettlingen – Busenbach – Bad Herrenalb		 54 Hardt Railway, Alb Valley Railway AVG
S 11 Hochstetten–Ittersbach
Hochstetten – Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen – Neureut – Yorckstraße – Marktplatz – Hauptbahnhof – Albtalbahnhof – Rüppurr – Ettlingen – Busenbach – Ittersbach		 56 Hardt Railway, Alb Valley Railway, Busenbach–Ittersbach railway AVG
S 2 Spöck–Rheinstetten
Spöck – Blankenloch – Hagsfeld – Durlacher Tor – Marktplatz – Entenfang – Daxlanden – Rheinstetten		 47 Karlsruher Lokalbahn, Entenfang–Rheinstetten Stadtbahn line VBK
S 31 Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof–Odenheim
Hauptbahnhof – Durlach – Bruchsal – Ubstadt Ort – Odenheim		 16 Rhine Valley Railway, Katzbach Railway AVG,
DB Regio
S 32 Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof–Menzingen
Hauptbahnhof – Durlach – Bruchsal – Ubstadt Ort – Menzingen		 18 Katzbach Railway, Rhine Valley Railway, Kraich Valley Railway
S 4 Karlsruhe Albtalbahnhof–Öhringen-Cappel
Albtalbahnhof – Karlsruhe Hbf – Rüppurrer Tor – Kronenplatz – Durlacher Tor – Tullastraße / VBK – Durlach – Grötzingen Oberausstraße – Bretten – Eppingen – Heilbronn – Weinsberg – Öhringen-Cappel		 73 Rhine Valley Railway, Karlsruhe–Mühlacker Railway, Kraichgau Railway, Hohenlohe Railway AVG, Stadtwerke Heilbronn, DB Regio
S 41 Heilbronn–Mosbach
Heilbronn Hbf/Willy-Brandt-Platz – Harmonie / Kunsthalle – Neckarsulm – Bad Friedrichshall – Neckarelz – Mosbach		 22 Franconia Railway, Neckar Valley Railway, Neckarelz–Osterburken railway AVG, Stadtwerke Heilbronn
S 42 Heilbronn–Neckarsulm
Heilbronn Hauptbahnhof/Willy-Brandt-Platz – Harmonie / Kunsthalle – Technisches Schulzentrum – Kaufland – Neckarsulm 		11 Franconia Railway AVG, Stadtwerke Heilbronn
S 5 Wörth Dorschberg–Bietigheim-Bissingen
Wörth am Rhein – Maxau – Entenfang – Yorckstraße – Marktplatz – Durlacher Tor – Tullastraße / VBK – Durlach – Grötzingen Oberausstraße – Pfinztal – Pforzheim – Mühlacker – Vaihingen an der Enz – Bietigheim-Bissingen		 59 Winden–Karlsruhe railway, Karlsruhe–Mühlacker Railway, Western Railway AVG,
DB Regio
S 51 Germersheim–Marktplatz
Germersheim – Rheinzabern – Wörth am Rhein – Maxau – Westbahnhof – Hauptbahnhof – Markplatz		 26 Schifferstadt–Wörth railway, Winden–Karlsruhe railway
S 52 Germersheim–Hauptbahnhof
Germersheim – Rheinzabern – Wörth am Rhein – Entenfang – Yorckstraße – Markplatz – Hauptbahnhof		 24
S 6 Pforzheim–Bad Wildbad
Pforzheim – Neuenbürg – Bad Wildbad		 19 Enz Valley Railway AVG
S 7 Karlsruhe Tullastraße–Achern
Achern – Baden-Baden – Rastatt – Durmersheim – Albtalbahnhof – Karlsruhe Hbf – Rüppurrer Tor – Kronenplatz – Durlacher Tor – Tullastraße / VBK		 23 Rhine Railway, Rhine Valley Railway AVG, DB Regio
S 71 Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof–Achern
Achern – Baden-Baden – Rastatt – Malsch – Karlsruhe Hbf		 15 Rhine Valley Railway
S 8 Eutingen im Gäu–Karlsruhe Tullastraße
Eutingen im Gäu – Freudenstadt Hbf – Baiersbronn – Forbach – Rastatt – Durmersheim – Karlsruhe Hbf – Rüppurrer Tor – Kronenplatz – Tullastraße / VBK 		65 Rhine Railway, Murg Valley Railway, Gäu Railway
S 81 Eutingen im Gäu–Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof
(Herrenberg –) Eutingen im Gäu – Freudenstadt Hbf – Baiersbronn – Forbach – Rastatt – Malsch – Karlsruhe Hbf		 53 Rhine Valley Railway, Murg Valley Railway, Gäu Railway
AVG station (Albtalbahnhof) in Karlsruhe; behind to the right is the ramp towards the DB tracks towards Rastatt, behind to the left is the AVG line to Ettlingen
Notice marking the transition from tram operating procedures (BOStrab) to EBO

S-Bahn line S3 between Germersheim, Speyer, Ludwigshafen, Mannheim, Heidelberg and Bruchsal and Karlsruhe is controlled by RheinNeckar S-Bahn, not by the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn. It is operated by DB Regio with Class 425 EMUs.

Former lines

In 2019, the S5 ceased operation between Pforzheim and Bietigheim-Bissingen, being replaced by the MEX17a running the same line and stopping at the same stations. Operations between Pforzheim and Bietigheim-Bissingen were possible due to an agreement with german national operator DB, which allowed AVG to run their S5 services in slots assigned to trains of DB, effectively replacing them. As DB lost several of their lines near Stuttgart to private operators in 2019, the route between Pforzheim and Bietigheim-Bissingen was taken over by abellio, ending the operation between Pforzheim and Bietigheim-Bissingen. The Part between Pforzheim and Wörth Badepark runs mostly unchanged.[5][6]

In December 2022, the S9 - by then renamed to S34 because of the S9 Line of RheinNeckar S-Bahn reaching Karlsruhe - seized operation, being totally taken over by the trains of the MEX17c. Already previously, in 2019, most services of the S9 were taken over by this line, leaving it with only few trains a day.[7][8]

Also during this time, S71 and S81 lost most of its trains to DB, leaving S71 with five trains a day and S81 with only two trains per day, one per direction.[9]

History

Karlsruhe attempted to create a network of street and interurban tram lines for the development of the surrounding countryside, modelled on the Oberrheinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft. However, by the middle of the twentieth century there had been little lasting achievement due to the difficult economic times in between.

Acquisition and extension of the Alb Valley Railway

The acquisition of the Alb Valley Railway (Albtalbahn) by the city of Karlsruhe, the establishment of AVG and the integration of the Alb Valley Railway cross-country line into the Karlsruhe tram system between 1957 and 1966 formed the foundation for the later Stadtbahn network. The Alb Valley Railway was connected to the tram system and electrified as a tramway, so that modified trams could run through between the southern outskirts and Karlsruhe city centre.

The success of the Alb Valley Railway encouraged the Karlsruhe planners in the 1960s to connect the northern surrounding outskirts by a modern tram/stadbahn system as well. For this it negotiated with Deutsche Bundesbahn to use the Hardt Railway (Karlsruhe-Neureut-Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen), sharing with the local goods traffic, and reached an agreement at the end of the 1970s. After building a connecting line between the tram network and the railway line in 1979 the tram service shared the railway line for 2 km (1.2 mi) to Neureut, where the few remaining goods trains left the line. In 1986 and 1989 the Stadbahn was extended north to Leopoldshafen and Linkenheim-Hochstetten and to the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, again sharing existing railway tracks. Since the remaining goods traffic was hauled by diesel locomotives, the electrification of the line with the tramway’s 750 V DC system did not cause technical problems.

Line B: introduction of tram-trains
System change in the overhead wiring: the wire is replaced by ceramic rods to isolate the two systems from each other
System change in Bad Wildbad

Apart from the Stadtbahn line Hochstetten–Karlsruhe–Alb Valley (formerly line A, since 1994 lines S1/S11), a further Stadtbahn line, S2 (Stutensee-Karlsruhe-Rheinstetten), was built in stages between 1989 and 2006, extending an existing city tram line. This line connects the northeast with the southwest suburbs. This line included single-track sections in the main streets of the local centres of Blankenloch, Forchheim and Mörsch. This route through the centres was preferred to a route on the edge of these localities or in a tunnel because it was seen as promoting development.

While the development of the lines to the nearby northern and southern municipalities could be achieved by use of the Alb Valley and Hardt Railway and by building new tram lines, this was not true of the eastern suburbs. Therefore, shared operations over the existing railway lines was considered, although they were electrified, at least in sections, with the 15 kV system of the main-line railway. After development of a Stadtbahn vehicle, with the electrical systems of both trams and railways, that could be operated under both the tram and rail regulations, lengthy negotiations with DB were required (well before rail reform legally permitted access by other rail operators to Germany’s rail infrastructure) before it was agreed that the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn could share the Karlsruhe–Bretten line.

In 1992, Stadtbahn operations between Karlsruhe and Bretten-Gölshausen started on the Kraichgau Railway (then line B, now S4).[3] The tram and rail networks were linked by building a connecting line between Durlacher Allee and Grötzingen station. This connecting line also contains the equipment that controls the change between the two electrification systems.

Extension of the network
A Stadtbahn Karlsruhe service running on tram line in Heilbronn.
Stadtbahn train on line S8 on Murg Valley Railway (Nordschwarzwald).

The unexpected success of the new Stadtbahn line between Karlsruhe and Bretten (passenger numbers increased fivefold in just a few weeks) led to an accelerated development of the Stadtbahn system in the 1990s. The modernisation and integration of additional lines resulted in the following extensions:

  • 1994: to Baden-Baden via Durmersheim and Rastatt as preliminary service via DB tracks, to Bruchsal via Weingarten; Bretten - Bruchsal
  • 1996: Bruchsal to Menzingen; Karlsruhe inner city to Baden-Baden via Rastatt
  • 1997: to Pforzheim via Pfinztal; Bretten to Eppingen/Wörth
  • 1998: Bruchsal to Odenheim
  • 1999: Bretten to Mühlacker; Pforzheim to Bietigheim-Bissingen; Eppingen to Heilbronn central station (Hauptbahnhof)
  • 2001: Heilbronn central station (Hauptbahnhof) to Heilbronn city centre (new construction)
  • 2002: Rastatt to Forbach on the Murg Valley Railway; Pforzheim to Bad Wildbad
  • 2003: Forbach to Freudenstadt on the Murg Valley Railway; Bad Wildbad town tram line (new construction)
  • 2004: Baden-Baden to Achern
  • 2005: Heilbronn to Öhringen
  • 2006: Blankenloch to Spöck; Freudenstadt central station (Hauptbahnhof) to Eutingen im Gäu
  • 2010: Wörth to Germersheim

The Karlsruher Stadtbahn is 507 km (315 mi) long[10] with over 120 trains. The longest line (S4) runs from Karlsruhe Albtalbahnhof to Öhringen and takes three hours.

Rolling stock
Two-system car 898 of the AVG of type GT8-100D/2S-M

Stadtbahn cars of the Karlsruhe type have been used since 1983 (such as class GT6-80C). The fleet includes 60 single-current vehicles for the direct current services only and operate on lines S1, S11 and S2. This type was derived from the Stadtbahnwagen B. 40 vehicles are 38 m (125 ft)-long 8-axle cars, while the remaining 20 6-axle cars are 28 m (92 ft)-long.

An 8-axle two-system car of the design GT8-100C/2S was developed for services running under a mixture of DC and AC lines from the DC vehicles, and 36 examples were supplied between 1991 and 1995. As technology advanced the follow-up design GT8-100D/2S-M was developed in 1997 and 85 vehicles were delivered up to 2005, carrying the numbers 837–922. In the autumn of 2009, 30 new two-car Flexity Swift sets were ordered, with an option for a further 45 sets. To bridge the bottleneck in deliveries at the end of 2009 three Flexity Link sets were borrowed from the Saarbahn.

In the two-area system served by the GT8-100D/2S-M Flexity Swift vehicles, 55 cm (22 in) high platforms were built to provide step-free entrances. These were mostly built on the newer line (especially the Murg Valley, Enz Valley, the line to Odenheim and the Kraichgau line to Eppingen) while the older routes have been only been sporadically raised to this height. The Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn on the other hand, uses 76 cm (30 in) high platforms for accessibility on the Durlach–Bruchsal section, but only at Durlach and Bruchsal stations. These stations have been equipped with the conversion to S-Bahn operations with platforms of heights of both 55 and 76 cm (22 and 30 in).

The older two-system and all single-system high-floor Stadtbahn vehicles do not offer barrier-free entry. These trains run on line S 2, but alternate with low-floor vehicles of class GT6-70D/N or GT8-70D/N which are also operated on most urban tram lines and provide accessible entrance at the 34 cm (13 in) high platforms. The single-system Stadtbahn vehicles are to be replaced by low-floor vehicles by 2016 in preparation for the opening of the Stadtbahn tunnel being built in central Karlsruhe. The tender for these vehicles is being prepared.

There are currently a few stops in Karlsruhe city with platforms providing level access to two-system vehicles (such as those used on lines S 4 and S 5).[11] The Stadtbahn tunnel will have platforms that are up to 80 m (260 ft) long with a height of 34 cm (13 in), which are raised to a height of 55 cm (22 in) for a length of 15 metres (49 ft) to give step-free access to the first two doors of two-system trains.

Planned works

The extensive development of the network into the 1990s opened all of Karlsruhe’s surrounding countryside. The proposed urban tramways in Bruchsal, Rastatt, Baden-Baden and Landau failed to proceed, however, because of the political resistance of local politicians. A separate network, the Stadtbahn Heilbronn, is planned in the Heilbronn area to link with line S4.

Few lines have been opened so far to the area west of the Rhine, the Vorderpfalz (eastern Palatinate). This area has a lower population density, has closer connections to Mannheim and Ludwigshafen and the railways connecting it to Karlsruhe are not electrified.

New tunnel in Karlsruhe
Construction of the underground station in Europaplatz in February 2012

A tunnel is being built in central Karlsruhe,[12] which will be used in the future by Stadtbahn lines S 1 / S 11, S 2, S 4 / S 41 and S 5 / S 51 / S 52 and various tram lines. The tunnel will be built under Durlacher Allee and Kaiserstraße with a junction under Marktplatz connecting to a tunnel under Ettlinger Straße. The tunnel ramps to be built in the area of today's stops of Mühlburger Tor, Gottesauer Platz and Augartenstraße; the new stations to replace these stops will be installed above ground at the end of the ramps. A new stop will be built for tram line 3 in Grashofstrasse at Mühlburger Tor as the line branches off there; the new stop will not be used by Stadtbahn trains. The Herrenstraße stop in the pedestrian zone is to be closed without replacement.

The tunnel will shorten the travel time for the Stadtbahn through the pedestrian zone and the stability of the timetable will improve. In addition, the platforms of the station's tunnel will have pedestals that are about 15 metres (49 ft) long with a height of 55 cm (22 in) above the rail so that the first two doors of Stadtbahn trains will have step-less entry. This will make possible stepless entrance on lines S 4 / S 41 and S 5 / S 51 / S 52 in Karlsruhe for the first time, reflecting a trend that has long been standard elsewhere. The platforms cannot consistently have a height of 55 cm (22 in), because the tunnel will be used by trams and DC services of the Stadtbahn, which have an entry level on the modern lines of 34 cm (13 in).

At Marktplatz a stop will be built towards Ettlinger Straße on a line that was originally planned to be used by Stadtbahn trains to Wörth (S 5 / S 51 / S 52). This line runs currently on a loop through the central city and it is not certain whether the line will be used as originally planned.

Since line S 2 meets the Kaiserstraße at Durlacher Tor on Durlacher Allee, where there will be no entrance to the tunnel, it will be rerouted to branch off its current route at Hauptfriedhof and continue from there to Tullastraße.

Reconstruction of the Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof forecourt

On the forecourt of Karlsruhe Central Station (Hauptbahnhof) there is a four-track station for trams and Stadtbahn DC-powered trains. Here there are platforms on both sides of the tracks. In the future, the heights of the platforms on the right hand side will remain at 34 cm (13 in) (the height of platform for trams) and on the left they will be lifted to 55 cm (22 in). This will make possible level access to all modern trains.

Weather protection will also be improved as part of the rebuilding, with the provision of roofs over individual platforms.[13]

Connection to Baden-Airpark

For many years, a connection from Baden Airpark, the regional airport of Karlsruhe / Baden-Baden has been discussed. Initial planning focused on a route running via central Rastatt, Iffezheim and Hügelsheim, but there has been political opposition to this route in Rastatt. In recent years a route from Baden-Baden station to Baden-Airpark has been discussed[14] along with continued discussion of a route from Rastatt, with or without crossing central Rastatt. Meanwhile, the results of the “standardised” cost–benefit analysis (Standardisierte Bewertung) used for German transport projects, show a moderately favourable value of 1.19 for the route via Baden station, and (a less favourable) value of 1.03 for the route from Rastatt generally along the route of the former Rastatt–Wintersdorf railway (of the former Mittelbadische Eisenbahnen).[15]

Spöck–Karlsdorf-Neuthard–Bruchsal and Bruchsal–Hambrücken–Waghäusel

An extension of line S2 from Spöck to central Bruchsal and from there towards Waghäusel is being examined. The route for this line, especially in the inner city of Bruchsal, is still controversial. Meanwhile, the affected communities have been given briefings on the planned route. The next step is expected to be the carrying out of a standardised assessment.[16]

See also

References
  1. "ÖPNV - Stadtbahn- und Buslinien" [Public transport - tram and bus lines] (in German). Albtal Verkehrs Gesellschaft mbH (AVG). Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  2. "Stationen der AVG - Infrastruktur" [Stations of AVG - Infrastructure] (in German). Albtal Verkehrs Gesellschaft mbH (AVG). Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  3. "Geschichte der AVG 1990 bis 1999" [History of AVG 1990 to 1999] (in German). Albtal Verkehrs Gesellschaft mbH (AVG). Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  4. "Infrastruktur" [Infrastructure] (in German). Albtal Verkehrs Gesellschaft mbH (AVG). Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  5. "Fahrplanwechsel am 15. Dezember bringt Änderungen für Bus-, Tram- und Stadtbahnkunden". www.avg.info (in German). 3 December 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  6. "Bahnzeiten ändern sich: Fahrplanwechsel bringt massive Neuerungen in der Region - Region - Pforzheimer-Zeitung". Pforzheimer Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  7. "Ab Juni 2019: AVG stellt Betrieb auf Linie S9 ein - neuer Betreiber übernimmt | ka-news". ka-news.de (in German). 8 December 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  8. "Änderungen im Dezember 2022". Albtal Verkehrs Gesellschaft mbH (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  9. "Änderungen im Dezember 2022". Albtal Verkehrs Gesellschaft mbH (in German). Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  10. Robert Scwandl (June 2012). Tram Atlas Deutschland. Berlin: Robert Scwandl Verlag. ISBN 978-3-936573-33-6.
  11. "KVV - Halt an der Tullastraße wird nach Ausbau wieder angefahren: Karlsruhe hat weitere barrierefreie Haltestelle".
  12. "Die Kombilösung Karlsruhe" (in German). Karlsruher Schieneninfrastruktur-Gesellschaft. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  13. "Ideen- und Realisierungswettbewerb Bahnhofplatz Karlsruhe" (in German). City of Karlsruhe. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  14. "Spekulationen um Stadtbahn" (in German). ka-news.de. 29 September 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  15. "Schienenanbindung Baden-Airpark" (in German). ka-news.de. 25 September 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  16. "Wie sieht die innerstädtische Stadtbahneinschleifung planerisch aus?" (in German). www.burchsal.org. 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
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