Jeongjong of Joseon

Jeongjong of Joseon (1 July 1357 – 26 September 1419),[lower-roman 2] personal name Yi Bang-gwa (Korean: 이방과; Hanja: 李芳果), later Yi Gyeong (Korean: 이경; Hanja: 李曔), was the second ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Taejo, the founder of the dynasty. Before rising to power, he was known as Prince Yeongan (Korean: 영안군; Hanja: 永安君).

This article is about 2nd ruler of the Joseon dynasty. For the 3rd ruler of the Goryeo dynasty, see Jeongjong, 3rd monarch of Goryeo. For the 10th ruler of the Goryeo dynasty, see Jeongjong, 10th monarch of Goryeo.
Not to be confused with Jungjong of Joseon or Jeongjo of Joseon.

Jeongjong of Joseon
朝鮮定宗
조선 정종
King Emeritus[lower-roman 1] of Joseon
Tenure13 November 1400 – 26 September 1419
SuccessorTaejong
King of Joseon
Reign5 September 1398 – 13 November 1400
EnthronementGeunjeongjeon Hall, Gyeongbok Palace
PredecessorTaejo
SuccessorTaejong
RegentPrince Jeongan (1398–1400)
Crown Prince of Joseon
Tenure26 August 1398 – 5 September 1398
PredecessorDeposed Crown Prince Yi Bang-seok
SuccessorCrown Prince Yi Bang-won
BornYi Bang-gwa (이방과; 李芳果)
1 July 1357
Yi Seong-gye's private residence, Dongbuk-myeon, Goryeo (present-day Hamhŭng, South Hamgyŏng Province, North Korea)
Died26 September 1419(1419-09-26) (aged 62)
Indeok Palace, Hanseong, Joseon
Burial
Huneung Mausoleum, Kaesŏng, North Hwanghae Province, North Korea
Spouse(s)
​
(died 1412)​
Issue
Detail		15 sons, 8 daughters
Era name and dates
Adopted the era name of the Ming dynasty:
  • Hongmu (Hongwu) (홍무; 洪武): 1398
  • Geonmun (Jianwen) (건문; 建文): 1399–1400
Posthumous name
  • Joseon: King Gongjeong Uimun Jangmu Onin Sunhyo the Great
    • 공정의문장무온인순효대왕
    • 懿文莊武溫仁順孝大王
  • Ming dynasty: Gongjeong (공정; 恭靖)
Temple name
Jeongjong (정종; 定宗)
ClanJeonju Yi clan
DynastyHouse of Yi
FatherTaejo of Joseon
MotherQueen Sinui
ReligionKorean Buddhism → Korean Confucianism (Neo-Confucianism)
Military career
Allegiance Goryeo
 Joseon
Years of service1376–1398
RankCommander of the Middle Army
Commands held
  • The Three Military Divisions (Taejo's Guard Corps)
  • The Three Military Divisions
  • The Middle Army
Battles/wars
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationJeongjong
McCune–ReischauerChŏngjong
Birth name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationI Banggwa, later I Gyeong
McCune–ReischauerYi Panggwa, later Yi Kyŏng
Courtesy name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationGwangwon
McCune–ReischauerKwangwŏn

Biography

Born in 1357 as the second son of Yi Seong-gye (posthumously King Taejo) and his first wife Lady Han, he was a prudent, generous, brave, and able military officer. During the latter days of the declining Goryeo dynasty, Jeongjong followed his father to various battlefronts and fought at his side. When his father took the throne in 1392, he became a prince.

Taejo had two wives — the first one, who gave birth to six sons (including Jeongjong), died before he was crowned; the second wife was Lady Gang, with whom he had two sons. The king favored his youngest son, whose mother was Lady Gang. Chief State Councillor Jeong Do-jeon also backed him as successor, causing much resentment in the other princes.

In 1398, Taejo's fifth son, Yi Bang-won (posthumously King Taejong) led a coup along with many military officers and killed his two younger half-brothers, Jeong Do-jeon, and many of his faction. Yi Bang-won first tried to show that he was not interested in the throne, so he gave a push to Yi Bang-gwa (who was the eldest son by then), to be the next crown prince. King Taejo was upset and abdicated in disgust, and Yi Bang-gwa became Joseon's second ruler. The same year he moved the government back to Gaegyeong, the old Goryeo capital.

In 1400, a conflict broke out between Yi Bang-won and his elder brother, Yi Bang-gan. Yi Bang-won's force attacked and defeated that of his Yi Bang-gan's, who was then sent into exile along with his family. General Park Bo, who persuaded Yi Bang-gan into rebellion, was executed. King Jeongjong, knowing that he was a mere political figurehead for his younger brother, appointed him as crown prince and abdicated months later.

He was an able and wise administrator despite his short reign being marked by bloodshed within the royal family.

Jeongjong died in 1419 and was buried alongside his wife, Queen Jeongan, at Huneung (후릉), in present-day P'anmun District, Kaesŏng, North Hwanghae Province, North Korea.

Family
  • Father: King Taejo of Joseon (조선 태조) (11 October 1335 – 24 May 1408)
    • Grandfather: Yi Ja-chun, King Hwanjo of Joseon (조선 환조 이자춘) (1315 – 18 April 1360)
    • Grandmother: Queen Uihye of the Yeongheung Choe clan (의혜왕후 최씨)
  • Mother: Queen Sinui of the Cheongju Han clan (신의왕후 한씨) (4 September 1337 – 23 September 1391)
    • Grandfather: Han Gyeong, Internal Prince Ancheon (안천부원군 한경)
    • Grandmother: Lady Shin of the Saknyeong Shin clan, Grand Princess Consort of Samhan State (삼한국대부인 삭녕 신씨)

Consorts and their respective issue:[lower-roman 3]

  1. Queen Jeongan of the Gyeongju Gim clan (정안왕후 김씨) (9 January 1355 – 25 June 1412)[lower-roman 4][lower-roman 5] — No issue.
  2. Royal Noble Consort Seong of the Chungju Ji clan (성빈 지씨)[lower-roman 6][lower-roman 7]
    1. Yi Hu-saeng, Prince Deokcheon (덕천군 이후생) (1397 – 10 November 1465), tenth son[lower-roman 8][lower-roman 9][lower-roman 10]
    2. Yi Mal-saeng, Prince Dopyeong (도평군 이말생) (9 August 1402 – ?), twelfth son[lower-roman 11][lower-roman 12]
  3. Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Chungju Ji clan (숙의 지씨)[lower-roman 13][lower-roman 14]
    1. Yi Won-saeng, Prince Uipyeong (의평군 이원생) (1391 – 4 August 1461), first son[lower-roman 15]
    2. Yi Mu-saeng, Prince Seonseong (선성군 이무생) (26 November 1392 – 7 July 1460), fourth son[lower-roman 16][lower-roman 17][lower-roman 18][lower-roman 19]
    3. Yi Ho-saeng, Prince Imseong (임성군 이호생), eleventh son[lower-roman 20][lower-roman 21][lower-roman 22]
    4. Princess Hamyang (함양옹주), eldest daughter[lower-roman 23]
  4. Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Haengju Gi clan (숙의 기씨) (? – 13 June 1457)[lower-roman 24][lower-roman 25]
    1. Yi Gun-saeng, Prince Sunpyeong (순평군 이군생) (1392 – 21 August 1456), second son[lower-roman 26]
    2. Yi Ui-saeng, Prince Geumpyeong (금평군 이의생) (? – 3 November 1435), third son[lower-roman 27][lower-roman 28][lower-roman 29]
    3. Yi Yung-saeng, Prince Jeongseok (정석군 이융생) (1409 – 10 October 1464), fourteenth son[lower-roman 30][lower-roman 31]
    4. Princess Sukshin (숙신옹주), second daughter[lower-roman 32]
    5. Yi Seon-saeng, Prince Murim (무림군 이선생) (1419 – 19 February 1475), fifteenth son[lower-roman 33]
    6. Princess Sangwon (상원옹주), fifth daughter[lower-roman 34]
  5. Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Nampyeong Mun clan (숙의 문씨)
    1. Yi Gwi-saeng, Prince Jongui (종의군 이귀생) (1393 – 26 April 1451), fifth son[lower-roman 35][lower-roman 36][lower-roman 37]
  6. Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Haepyeong Yun clan (숙의 윤씨) (1368–1417)[lower-roman 38]
    1. Yi Deok-saeng, Prince Sudo (수도군 이덕생) (15 February 1393 – 10 July 1449), seventh son[lower-roman 39][lower-roman 40]
    2. Yi Nok-saeng, Prince Imeon (임언군 이녹생) (1399 – 6 August 1450), eighth son[lower-roman 41][lower-roman 42]
    3. Yi Bok-saeng, Prince Seokbo (석보군 이복생), ninth son[lower-roman 43][lower-roman 44]
    4. Yi Bo-saeng, Prince Jangcheon (장천군 이보생) (1418 – 15 March 1465), thirteenth son[lower-roman 45]
    5. Princess Incheon (인천옹주), seventh daughter[lower-roman 46]
  7. Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Pyeongchang Yi clan (숙의 이씨) (? – 1443)
    1. Yi Jong-saeng, Prince Jinnam (진남군 이종생) (1406 – 27 November 1470), sixth son[lower-roman 47][lower-roman 48]
  8. Royal Princess Gaui of the Yu clan (가의궁주 유씨)
    1. Yi Bul-no (이불노) (1388–1410), unacknowledged son
  9. Cho Gung-jang (초궁장)[lower-roman 49]

Issue by unknown mother(s):

  1. Princess Deokcheon (덕천옹주), third daughter[lower-roman 50]
  2. Princess Goseong (고성옹주), fourth daughter[lower-roman 51]
  3. Princess Jeonsan (전산옹주), sixth daughter[lower-roman 52]
  4. Princess Haman (함안옹주), eighth daughter[lower-roman 53]

Ancestry

See also

References
  1. Yeonsangun Sillok, vol. 52, 8 April 1504, entry 1
  2. Gwanghaegun Sillok, vol. 18, 6 August 1609, entry 1

Notes
  1. After Sejong ascended to the throne in 1418, Jeongjong was known as 'The Old King Emeritus' (노상왕; 老上王) to distinguish him from his younger brother Taejong, who also abdicated.
  2. Unless otherwise noted, all dates in this article are given in the lunar calendar.
  3. Listed according to Yeonlyeosilgisul (연려실기술; 燃藜室記述) by Yi Geung-ik (이긍익).
  4. Eldest daughter of Gim Cheon-seo, Internal Prince Wolseong (월성부원군 김천서); and Lady Yi of the Damyang Yi clan, Grand Princess Consort of Samhan State (삼한국대부인 담양 이씨).
  5. Known as 'Consort Deok' (덕비) during her husband's reign. In the aftermath of the Second Strife of Princes, when her husband abdicated in favor of his younger brother, Yi Bang-won (the newly-appointed crown prince), she was granted the title 'Royal Queen Dowager Sundeok' (순덕왕대비). Her other little-known posthumous name is 'Queen Anjeong' (안정왕후).[1][2]
  6. Second daughter of Ji Yun (지윤) (? – 1377); and Lady Ahn of the Sunheung Ahn clan (순흥 안씨).
  7. Her elder sister married Grand Prince Jinan (Taejo's eldest son and Jeongjong's brother) and became his primary wife; her younger sister was another one of Jeongjong's concubines, Royal Consort Sug-ui (숙의).
  8. Married Lady Yi of the Jangsu Yi clan (장수 이씨), Princess Consort Gotaek (고택군부인); they had issue (4 sons and 5 daughters).
  9. His eldest daughter married Seong Chan (성찬); her grandson was Seong Hui-an, one of the leaders of the 1506 coup, which had ousted Yeonsangun and placed his younger half-brother, Grand Prince Jinseong, on the throne.
  10. By an unknown concubine, he had 1 daughter.
  11. Married firstly to Lady Yi of the Yongin Yi clan (용인 이씨), Princess Consort (군부인) (? – 1432); they had issue (1 son).
  12. Married secondly to Lady Choe of the Jeonju Choe clan (전주 최씨), Princess Consort (군부인); they had issue (1 daughter).
  13. Third daughter of Ji Yun (지윤) (? – 1377); and Lady Ahn of the Sunheung Ahn clan (순흥 안씨).
  14. Her eldest sister married Grand Prince Jinan (Taejo's eldest son and Jeongjong's brother) and became his primary wife; her second sister was another one of Jeongjong's concubines, Royal Noble Consort Seong (성빈).
  15. Married Lady Choe of the Dongju Choe clan (철원 최씨), Princess Consort Uihye (의혜택주); they had issue (5 sons and 3 daughters).
  16. Married firstly to Lady Jeong of the Yeonil Jeong clan (연일 정씨), Princess Consort Ocheon (오천군부인); granddaughter of Jeong Mong-ju; they had issue (1 daughter).
  17. Through his eldest daughter, Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (전주 이씨), he became a 4th great-grandfather of Deposed Queen Yu.
  18. Married secondly to Lady Gim of the Gwangsan Gim clan (광산 김씨), Princess Consort Angang (안강군부인); they had issue (1 son).
  19. Married thirdly to Lady Han of the Pyeongsan Han clan (평산 한씨), Princess Consort Pyeongsan (평산군부인); they had issue (8 sons and 2 daughters).
  20. Married Lady Yi of the Pyeongchang Yi clan (평창 이씨), Princess Consort (군부인); they had no biological issue.
  21. Yi Geum-son, Prince Gokseong (곡성군 이금손), third son of his half-brother Yi Bok-saeng, Prince Seokbo (석보군 이복생), became Imseong's adopted son.
  22. By an unknown concubine, he had 1 daughter.
  23. Married Park Gaeng (박갱), Prince Consort Milyeong (밀령위) (? – 1427); son of Park Deuk-jung (박득중), a contributor to the founding of Joseon; they had issue (1 son).
  24. Personal name Gi Ja-jae (기자재).
  25. Daughter of Minister of Public Works Gi Myeon (공조전서 기면), and elder sister of Gi Geon, Duke Jeongmu (정무공 기건) (? – 1460).
  26. Married Lady Seol of the Sunchang Seol clan (순창 설씨), Princess Consort (군부인); they had issue (2 sons and 2 daughters).
  27. Married Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan ( 남양 홍씨), Princess Consort (군부인); they had no biological issue.
  28. Yi Eom, Prince Dongrim of the Third Junior Rank (동림부정 이엄), second son of his half-brother Yi Deok-saeng, Prince Sudo (수도군 이덕생), became Geumpyeong's adopted son.
  29. By a concubine, Maesowol (매소월), he had 1 daughter.
  30. Married Lady Gwon of the Chungju Gwon clan (충주 권씨), Princess Consort Chungwon (충원군부인); they had issue (3 daughters).
  31. By a concubine, Yeon-gyeong (연경), he had 4 sons.
  32. Married Gim Se-min (김세민), Duke Yangpyeong (양평공) (1401–1486); son of Gim Gyeom (김겸); they had issue (4 sons and 4 daughters).
  33. Married Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan (남양 홍씨), Princess Consort Yangdeok (양덕군부인); they had issue (2 sons and 4 daughters).
  34. Married Jo Hyo-san (조효산) (? – 1455); son of Jo Yul (조율); they had issue (1 son and 1 daughter).
  35. Married firstly to Lady Yu of the Yanggu Yu clan (양구 유씨), Princess Consort (군부인); they had no issue.
  36. Married secondly to Lady Jang of the Haepung Jang clan (해풍 장씨), Princess Consort (군부인); they had issue (1 daughter).
  37. Yi Yeon, Prince Geumsan (금산군 이연) (1430–1472), fourth son of his half-brother Yi Jong-saeng, Prince Jinnam (진남군 이종생), became Jongui's adopted son.
  38. Daughter of Inspector General Yun Bang-eon (대사헌 윤방언).
  39. Married Lady Song of the Yeosan Song clan (여산 송씨), Princess Consort Yeoseong (여성군부인); they had issue (3 sons and 1 daughter).
  40. His second son Yi Eom, Prince Dongrim of the Third Junior Rank (동림부정 이엄), was adopted by his half-brother Yi Ui-saeng, Prince Geumpyeong (금평군 이의생).
  41. Married Lady Park of the Goryeong Park clan (고령 박씨), Princess Consort Yeongcheon (영천군부인); they had issue (1 son and 3 daughters).
  42. By an unknown concubine, he had 1 son and 1 daughter.
  43. Married Lady Gim of the Wonju Gim clan (원주 김씨), Princess Consort Hakseong (학성군부인); they had issue (4 sons and 5 daughters).
  44. His third son Yi Geum-son, Prince Gokseong (곡성군 이금손), was adopted by his half-brother Yi Ho-saeng, Prince Imseong (임성군 이호생).
  45. Married Lady Choe of the Hwasun Choe clan (화순 최씨), Princess Consort Sanyang (산양군부인); they had issue (4 sons and 1 daughter).
  46. Married Yi Gwan-sik (이관식); son of Yi Seong-gan (이성간); they had issue (5 sons and 3 daughters).
  47. Married Lady Nam of the Uiryeong Nam clan (의령 남씨), Princess Consort Uichun (의춘군부인); they had issue (4 sons and 1 daughter).
  48. His fourth son Yi Yeon, Prince Geumsan (금산군 이연) (1430–1472), was adopted by his half-brother Yi Gwi-saeng, Prince Jongui (종의군 이귀생).
  49. A courtesan from Hwangju who comforted Jeongjong after his abdication, and was involved in the eventual deposition of Crown Prince Yi Je.
  50. Married Byeon Sang-bok (변상복) (? – 1455); son of Byeon I (? – 1439) and grandson of Byeon An-ryeol (변안렬) (1334 – 16 January 1390), founder of the Wonju Byeon clan; they had issue (3 sons and 2 daughters).
  51. Married Gim Han (김한), Duke Hopyeong (호평공) (1409–1485); son of Gim Jeong-gyeong, Prince Yeonseong and Duke Wijeong (연성군 위정공 김정경) (1345–1419); they had issue (3 sons and 3 daughters).
  52. Married Yi Hui-jong (이희종); they had issue (3 sons and 1 daughter).
  53. Married Yi Hang-shin (이항신), Prince Wollim and Duke Sojeong (월림군 소정공); they had issue (1 son).
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