Ivittuut

Part of a series on the
Norse exploration of North America
Places Vinland Markland Helluland L'Anse aux Meadows Eastern Settlement Western Settlement Middle Settlement Gunnbjörn's skerries Great Ireland Tanfield Valley Straumfjörð
Alleged artifacts Maine penny Skálholt Map Kensington Runestone Vinland Map
Explorers Erik the Red Leif Erikson Thorvald Eiriksson Freydís Eiríksdóttir Gunnbjörn Ulfsson Snæbjörn Galti Bjarni Herjólfsson Thorfinn Karlsefni Helgi and Finnbogi
Literature Saga of Erik the Red Grœnlendinga saga Flateyjarbók Hauksbók Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum Book of Icelanders Skræling Greenlandic Norse
Researchers Galvano Fiamma Adam of Bremen Carl Christian Rafn Helge Ingstad Anne Stine Ingstad Birgitta Wallace Patricia Sutherland Robert McGhee Gwyn Jones William W. Fitzhugh

Map of the "Middle Settlement" of the Norse in medieval Greenland. Red dots indicate known Norse farm ruins.

The area was settled by about twenty farms of Norsemen, a district called the "Middle Settlement" by modern archaeologists from its placement between the larger Western and Eastern Settlements. It is the smallest and least well known of the three, and no written records of its residents survive, for which reasons it is believed to have been established last (and abandoned first) of the three. Investigations show a presence after 985 and with occupation continuing up to at least the 14th century.[2]

The town's cryolite deposit was discovered in 1799,[3] and the veins of silver-bearing lead surrounding it were mined by the British engineer J.W. Tayler before the silver content was found to be too low to make the operation viable.[4] Danish engineers began mining the cryolite itself in 1859, and in 1864 the Danish Kriolit Mine og Handels Selskabet was granted a monopoly on its extraction.[4] These early mines simply processed the cryolite for its direct aluminum content and for sale to the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company, which used it to create caustic soda.

The 1884 establishment of the Hall-Heroult process, which depends on the rare cryolite but dramatically improved the extraction of aluminum from bauxite ore, increased the deposit's importance. The Ivittuut mining operations were a major factor in the American occupation of Greenland during World War II. After World War II, the cryolite was mined by the Danish firm Kryolitselskabet Øresund, which helped fund the establishment of Grønlandsfly, today's Air Greenland.

Cryolite was eventually synthesized, reducing the importance of the mine. The mine ran empty, but production was proceeded using earlier 'waste rock'. The mine was finally shut down in 1987.[5] The community was abandoned soon after.

In 1924, it was a stopping place for the first aerial circumnavigation, during which new engines were installed in two American biplane aircraft.[6]^: 283

Ivittuut holds the record for Greenland's highest recorded temperature of 30.1 °C (86.2 °F), recorded on 23 June 1915.[7][8][9] The lowest recorded temperature was −28.9 °C (−20.0 °F) in February.

Ivittuut has a tundra climate (ET) bordering on a subarctic climate (Dfc), with July having an average of 49.6 °F (9.8 °C). Summertime temperatures are cool with chilly nights, and wintertime temperatures are very cold with frigid nights.

Ivittuut and Kangilinnguit are connected by a road (which is roughly 5 km (3 mi) long).

• History of Greenland