Kadu languages

The Kadu languages, also known as Kadugli–Krongo or Tumtum, are a small language family of the Kordofanian geographic grouping, once included in Niger–Congo. However, since Thilo Schadeberg (1981), Kadu is widely seen as Nilo-Saharan. Evidence for a Niger-Congo affiliation is rejected, and a Nilo-Saharan relationship is controversial. A conservative classification would treat the Kadu languages as an independent family.[1]

Not to be confused with the Sak language, also known as Kadu.
Kadu
Tumtum
Kadugli–Krongo
Geographic
distribution		Nuba Mountains, Sudan
Linguistic classificationNilo-Saharan?
Subdivisions
  • Western
  • Central
  • Eastern
Glottologkadu1256

Classification

Blench (2006) notes that Kadu languages share similarities with multiple African language phyla, including Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan, suggesting a complex history of linguistic convergence and contact.[2] However, more recently, Blench states that Kadu is almost certainly Nilo-Saharan, with its closest relationship being with Eastern Sudanic.[3][4]

Like the Nilotic, Surmic, and Kuliak, Kadu languages have verb-initial word order. However, most other languages of the Nuba Mountains, Darfur, and the Sudan-Ethiopia border region have verb-final word order.[5]

Branches

There are three branches:

Classification

Hall & Hall (2004),[6] based on Schadeberg (1987),[7] classify the languages as follows.

Kadu

Keiga

Kamda, Tulishi

Damba, Kadugli

Miri

Katcha, Tuna

Kanga, Kufa, Kursi, Lima, Shororo

Krongo-Abdullah, Tumma

Krongo-Tabanya

Kurondi, Talasa, Tumtum

Dafalla (2000) compares 179 cognates in Kadugli, Kamda, Kanga, Katcha, Keiga, Kufa, Miri, Shororo-Kursi, and Tulishi. Dafalla's (2000) results are similarly to those of Schadeberg (1989).

Reconstructions

Some Kadu quasi-reconstructions by Blench (2006):[8]

GlossProto-Kadu
bone**-kub-
to cut, split**deŋ-
to dance, sing, play**bila
give**-ɲa
head**-tu
rat, mouse**-fɛ
five**turu

Comparative vocabulary

Sample basic vocabulary for Kadu languages:[9]

Languagename of languagename of peoplename of localityeyeeyesearearsnosetoothteethtonguetonguesmouthmouthsbloodbonebonestreetreeswatereat (imperative)namenames
Mudo t̪u-muɗoka-muɗoáyyeɲéne (e ~ ɪ)neesɔkisínɛɔ́ŋgɔ́rɔk/n-t̪íŋíniííniëëdɔniŋgɔ́ɔ́dɔníínɔniináádi(t̪iŋ-)/aríídagúbagubúúninde-aadík-aadíɓííd̪íuríɛrɛnɛ́ŋgɛ́rɛ
Yegang sani ma-yɛgaŋ; d̪-aygaka-yɛgaŋɗi ma-yɛgaŋ; k-ɛɛgaŋayyɛnigɛ́ɛ́nɛ́nɔɔsɔ ~ nɔssɔanɔ́ɔ́sɔ́ɓ-/arwɔk (nostril)t̪ɪŋɪnɪkɪɪnɪt̪aŋʊɗɔanɗɔ́ɔ́nɛ́niinʊnamnáád̪íarid̪ʊt̪úŋʊ́ɓakooɓát̪aŋaɗíkaaɗíɓiid̪ikurɪ́ɛrɛkɛrɛ́ɛ́nɛ́
Kufo t̪iŋ-guufɔkud̪u maa-guufɔkuufɔɛɛiyyɛnɛɛsɔ́íʃinɛmɔɔrɔ/níŋgɔrɔnd̪iŋiníŋiiniŋɔɗɔní-ŋáɗɔniinɔnittir̀ɗʊkuɓakuɓɔɔniffafáád̪ánɛɓeeʃiʊʊriɛɛrɛnigirɛɛnɛ
Miri ti-miri, t̪umma maa-mirikad̪u maa-miri, kad̪u maa-faɗɔɲɲa maa-miriɔɔyɛiiyɛnɛɛsɔisinɛ́úmb-/nugúŋg-ɔrɔk (nostril)t̪í-ŋíniŋíni(ŋ)ŋáɗɔnagáŋgáɗɔniinɔniginíínɔariid̪ut̪uŋuɓakuɓʊʊníffanááfaɓiid̪iágúrriɛɛrɛnigirɛɛnɛ
Talla t̪in-d̪allakaa-d̪allat̪allaayyɛiyyɛnaasɔisinɛ́ámb-/nigáŋg-árɔkt̪-iŋŋiniiŋŋiniáŋdáɗukni-ŋ́gɔɗɔniinɔniginíínɔariid̪ʊt̪iŋgubakubaffanááfaɓiid̪iooriɛɛrɛnigirɛɛnɛ
Tolibi t̪ʊn-d̪uunu, t̪umma maa-d̪uunu; t̪olibi[11]ku-d̪uunuku-d̪uunuɔɔeiyyenɛɛsɔiisɛ́nɛ́ḿbarɔ/nʊgʊ́mbárɔt̪íŋ-giniii-giniŋ́gɔɗɔnugúŋgɔ́ɗɔniinɔnáá-, nɛ́ɛ́-níínɔ(ǹd̪ɛ́!ríídó)/á!ríídókʊɓakʊɓooníaffánnááfaɓiid̪iaguriɛɛrɛnɪgɛrɛɛnɛ́
Sangali t̪umma ka-saŋaalika-saŋaalika-saŋaaliaayaiiyɛnaasɔeasanaɓ-/nag-ɔŋgɔ́rɔcíɲ(g)iniáginia-ŋgɔ́ɗɔnɔ-, (n)agʊ-niinʊniinʊnaginíínʊariid̪ʊt̪ʊ́gʊ́ɓííníkúɓíínífaafáád̪anaɓííjí (j ~ d̪)agúrí(ɛ)ááránɛgɛ́ráána
Krongo niinʊ mɔ-ɗikad̪u mɔ-ɗiɓalí-m-ɔyʊ(kalí-m-)iiyʊnɛaasʊnísinɛamʊ́ʊ́ni/nɪgámʊʊnit̪ɪn-jɪnɪɪ-jɪnɪcɔɔɗɔníjɔɔɗɔniinɔmunɔ́ɔ́d̪iʌ́ríd̪ɔkúɓʊ́ʊ́ínugúɓʊ́ʊ́níffanáfat̪aniɓiid̪iágʊ́rɪyaarinigíɲaari
Talasa t̪alasakaa-d̪alasaayyɛkilyá-m-íyyɛnɛɛsɔnɛ́sínɛa-mʊ́ʊ́nɛ/nɛ́ga-t̪i-giníníd̪í-ginít̪ɔŋɔɗɔ́nid̪ɔ́ŋɔɗɔ́niinanim̀naad̪iard̪akʊ́ɓʊ́ʊ́nínʊ́gʊ́ɓʊ́ʊ́níffanááfaɓiigiaguriɛɛrɛ

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[10]

Language12345678910
Katcha (1)ŋkɔ́tɔ́ɛɛɾaíd̪ɔːnaiɡiisoit id̪úmúit id̪úmú úfúń ŋkɔ́tɔ́it id̪úmú úfúń ɛɛɾait id̪úmú úfúń íd̪ɔːnait id̪úmú úfúń iɡiisoad̪aɓaaɡa
Kadugli (Talla dialect) (2)ŋ́ɡɔ̀ʈɔ̀k / 'ŋ́ɡàʈɔ̀kɛ́ːràɔ̀'dɔ́ːnàí'ɡízòù'dúmːùǹ̩dɪ̀nà'nɔ́ːɡɔ̀ʈìˈmízòùdúmːúˈdɪ̀stàìˈzántàɔ̀ˈlɔ́ːnà
Keigat̪ɔ́larʲáŋt̪ɔ̀nakisːot̪ʊ́mʊt̪ʊmaɲúŋɡʊaŋɗʊ́rkàabːat̪aɲuŋɡaʲamdí
Krongot-yuŋwat-yáaryàt-yóotòonòt-yóocìisòàrwá-tì-nìisò (litː 'hit/beat-SGT-hand')àttì kí-tì nyúŋwáàttì kí-tì nyáaryààttì kí-tì nyóotòonòàttì kí-tì nyóocìisòàttì kí-tì n-árwá-tì-nìiso
Tulishi (Kamda dialect)kɔ̀ʈːɔ̀kkɑ̀ːrɑ́ʔtɔ́ːnɑ̀ʔtíːsòʔtʊ̀mːʊ̀ʔrɔ̀sːɑ̀ʔkɔ́rɖɑ́ʈːɑ̀ʔɑ̀ʈːɑ́ʔkɔ́rómɑ́dɔ̀ɓːɑ́tɔ̀ɓːɑ́ʔ

See also

Further reading
  • Blench, Roger. 2006. The Kadu Languages and Their Affiliation: between Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic. Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History, and Culture. Al-Amin Abu-Manga, L. Gilley & A. Storch eds. 101–127. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
  • Blench, Roger (2019). "Shabo and Kadu: Two Orphan Branches of Nilo-Saharan". 14th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Department of African Studies, University of Vienna.
  • Stevenson, Roland; Roger Blench (ed). Comparative Kadu Datasheets.
  • Reh, Mechthild. 1983. Die Krongo-Sprache (nììnò mó-dì): Beschreibung, Texte, Wörterverzeichnis. (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
  • Schadeberg, Thilo. 1994. Comparative Kadu Wordlists. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 40:11–48. University of Cologne.

Notes and references
  1. Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:843ff.
  2. Blench, Roger. 2006. The Kadu languages and their affiliation: between Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic. Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History and Culture. Al-Amin Abu-Manga, L. Gilley & A. Storch eds. 101–127. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
  3. Blench, Roger. 2109. Chabu and Kadu: two orphan branches of Nilo-Saharan. Proceedings of the 14th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Department of African Studies, University of Vienna.
  4. Blench, Roger. 2019. Shabo and Kadu: Two Orphan Branches of Nilo-Saharan. 14th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Department of African Studies, University of Vienna.
  5. Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
  6. Hall, Marian and Hall, Edward. 2004. Kadugli-Krongo. Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 9. 57–68. Entebbe: Summer Institute of Linguistics Sudan.
  7. Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1987. Kordofanian. In The Niger-Congo languages, ed. by John Bendor-Samuel, pp. 66–80. Lanham: University Press of America.
  8. Blench, Roger. 2006. The Kadu Languages and Their Affiliation: between Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic. Insights into Nilo-Saharan Language, History, and Culture. Al-Amin Abu-Manga, L. Gilley & A. Storch eds. 101–127. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
  9. Schadeberg, Thilo. 1994. Comparative Kadu Wordlists. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 40:11–48. University of Cologne.
  10. Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Nilo-Saharan Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
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