Northwest Papuan languages
The Northwest Papuan languages are a proposed language family of Papuan languages.
| Northwest Papuan | |
|---|---|
| Northwest New Guinea | |
| (proposed) | |
| Geographic distribution | northern New Guinea |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | None |
Many of the constituent branches of Northwest Papuan were first proposed to be related by H.K.J. Cowan in the 1950s. Voorhoeve (1971) connected the Border and Tor families. Using only pronouns as a diagnostic, Malcolm Ross linked most of the western (Foja Range) branch of the family, which is now fairly secure. The current form of the proposal was worked out by Timothy Usher under the name "North(west) New Guinea"[1] (not to be confused with the proposed North New Guinea branch of the Austronesian language family). It is not yet certain, however, that the similarities in vocabulary between Foja Range and the other constituent families are due to inheritance rather than borrowing.
Languages
The western branch, Foja Range, is equivalent to Ross's Tor–Kwerba family with the addition of Nimboran.
Søren Wichmann (2013)[2] considers Nimboran, Kapauri (under Kwerbic above), Border, and possibly also Elseng (under Border above) to form a unified language family.
Lexical comparison
The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database[3] and Usher (2020),[4] unless noted otherwise.
| family | language | head | hair | ear | eye | nose | tooth | tongue | leg | blood | bone | skin | breast |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun | *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) | *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e | *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu | *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) | *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu | *amu |
| Tor-Kwerba | Proto-Orya-Tor River[4] | *nəbaɾ | *aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ] | *nVwɛ | *masɛ | *mapəɾ[Vm] | *ta[g]əna | *mo̝m | |||||
| Massep | Massep[5] | emǐbake | embar sanyabe | irmouibe | nobe | indice | wanabe | satoribe | tenebe | kumobe | koke | maike | absibe sababra |
| Mawes | Mawes | defar | tere | nonsom | wan | ija | werei | tuan | dukunen | ||||
| Nimboran | Proto-Grime River[4] | *jaŋkaMBʉ | *ndɜp | *kam[a/ɔ]; *kəni[n/ŋ] | *namuɔ | *səɺiŋ; *wasəɺa[ŋ] | *anəmbəɺ[i/ɛ]ŋ; *mambəɺ[ɜ/ɔ]p | *masi | *kin | *ndɜn | *asu[p/k] | *min | |
| Sentani | Sowari | tuniyiŋgan | pioupiə | kariŋgewa | itini | nəmbia | owar | ari | yow yim | ||||
| Sentani | Sentani | faləm | uma | i joko | face | itəha | oro | oki | po | wa | nimə | ||
| Kapauri | Proto-Kapauri-Sause[4] | *baːɽ | *t[o̝/u]waro̝ | *w₂ano̝ | *mɛn₂o̝ | *ko̝mo̝ | *aːᵘC | *mɵ̝N | |||||
| Kaure-Kosare | Proto-Nawa River[4] | *haⁱ | *hwɔkɽuC | *hwe̝N | *pakaⁱ | *ki | *muN | ||||||
| Kosare | Proto-Kosare[4] | *pɔtɔ | *m[o̞]ɽo̞ | *pɛɽɛ | *ti[p/b]e̞ | *kako̞ | |||||||
| Kosare | Kosare | potɔ´ | potɔi | 'kɔro | ĩsɛrit | moro 'kakò | pɛki | pɛrɛ´ | ña | 'kákò | kó kakò | ||
| Kaure | Kaure | kasera; pleŋ; pɔklai | hai; hat | goklu; huaglüt | gewe; hwai; hwew | gopo; hapu | sbeje; səbokai | sremu; sɾumu | due; duɛ | hi; katesa; katsa | era; laq; loa | aguli; arohei; axlit | mu; muq |
| Elseng | Elseng | walambiap | nimbias | mo; uskŋs | naf | sənpokep | an | mɔs; mɔsən | pokəs | wətwən | ok | son; sɔn | pan |
| Molof | Molof | emi | ela | ou | lom | toŋga | te | ai | fu | mat | antai | kant | mu |
| Usku | Usku | flekle | flekle-kunda | beikli | nifi | neŋkle | bra | nafu | kla; mise | kla; mi | ninje; ninye | kiombra | |
| Namla-Tofanma | Tofanma | kemble | kemble -na; kemble-na | kemb lelu | jei; yei | məniti | geme | goŋgogok | wanta | leki | nta | jefake; yefake | mo |
| West Pauwasi | Tebi | məndini | məndini-teke; məndini- teke | faʔa | ei; i | məndi | kle | klemalbo | puŋwa | teri; təri | gwane; gwano | ser | mamu |
| West Pauwasi | Towei | mindimna | mindi-teke | ei | kəreser | popnoa | edefi | pana | ser | ||||
| East Pauwasi | Proto-East Pauwasi[4] | *mɛ | *mbVwaⁱ | *wVpi | *ji | *mɛⁱ | *jɔ | *mɜtaɺVp | *mbu | *mɜp | *ŋgVɺ | *apV, *jipi | *mɵ̝m |
| Yetfa | Yetfa | fran; ᵽr᷈an | fra may; ᵽʌřamai | i; ʔiʔ | ndor | ɔřa; rwa | moR᷈ | ndwal | fan | tol; toR᷈ | |||
| Lepki-Murkim | Lepki[6] | bwi | yɛmon | kal | braw | yiri | kɔw | nom | |||||
| Lepki-Murkim | Murkim[6] | bwi | amol | kal | prouk | mal | kok | mam | |||||
| Kembra | Kembra[6] | yi | pa | nili | ka | ||||||||
| Kimki | Kimki[6] | bwa | ẽ | luː | albak | afupla | kwal | mua | |||||
| Senagi | Dera (Amgotro dialect) | boda | nanada | kumbo- keda | kumba- kwada | gutubu | jabo-gemda | tabu | kodoa | gemda | kueda | toto | |
| Border | Awyi | naŋger; naŋgər | jento; ta | keato | najo; nayo | nubru | ka | marie | malke | keane | sakər | fəker | mə̃ |
| Border | Waris | ku | tea; tɛa | aŋku | nop | lomus | lelo | minde | moŋgola | towol | kəi; kəl | towol | tɛt |
| Kwomtari | Pyu | uǏiʔ; wiri | Ǐɩsiʔ; lisi | kweɛ | bəmeʔ; pɛmɛʔɛ | tɛpʌǏi | rəne | asaguʔ | ɛmiʔ; kami | bəli; bɩǏiʔ | kagole; kʌkʌǏɛʔ | ib̶iʔ | |
| Sko | Skou | röbe; rö́e | ta | lö | luto; lutɔ̀ | ha | kö | tãe | hi | ee | nö re; nö rɔ̀ | nɔ |
| family | language | louse | dog | pig | bird | egg | tree | sun | moon | water | fire | stone | path |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *niman | *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem | *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka | *ida; *inda ~ *iñja | *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana | *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] | *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] | *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p | *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna | |||
| Tor-Kwerba | Proto-Orya-Tor River | *nɛna | *gʷəɾa | *gʷas | *dzu | *s[u]w[e̝] | *te̝ | *p[ɛⁱ]n | *pɔ | *nVɾ | |||
| Massep | Massep | sinome | onobe | iyi yabenayi | inyane | sinye | warane | sobe | mandoma | ɛware | yase | sirimakatiri | sane |
| Mawes | Mawes | wede | was | ikinin | siwin | deŋkin | esar | bo | kani | feyt | |||
| Nimboran | Proto-Grime River | *səna[ŋ] | *unduɔ | *inəmbuɔ | *jʉ | *səwip[i] | *ndi | *wɔj | *mbanu | *mbu | *kip; *kɜj | *ndəmuɔ | *tap |
| Sentani | Sowari | ami | aweŋgen | nifie | ey | kuku | ya-yeŋgan | omar | yarim | payn | kara | ||
| Sentani | Sentani | mi | yoku | obo | aye | do | no | hu | bu | i | duka | ||
| Kapauri | Proto-Kapauri-Sause | *hɛno̝ | *unu | *ɽe̝Cne̝N | *huwini | *nisiki (?) | *bɛ[N/nV] | *bo̝C | *nawaɽo̝ | ||||
| Kaure-Kosare | Proto-Nawa River | *miN | *se̝ | *pî | *ho̝C | *tɛⁱC | *h[æ/a]niC | *paka | *mi[jɛ] | *sa(-[n/ɽ]ɛN) | ɭitɪ | ||
| Kosare | Proto-Kosare | *se̞ | *ho̞ | *sɛɽi | *e̞ne̞ | *mijɛ | |||||||
| Kosare | Kosare | mi | sé | pi | o | ho's̪ɛri | tĩⁿdi | ɛnɛ´ⸯ | paka | biɛ | sá | 'naka | kɛmɔrɔ´ |
| Kaure | Kaure | mi; mĩ | se | pi | hou; hu; ku | hore; te; wale | te; tei; teija | hafei; haɾi; harei | gaka; poka | bi; biq; gomesi | sa; saʔ; sareŋ | təsi; tɛsi; tisi | selu |
| Elseng | Elseng | ku | wəs | wo | bisjas; bisyas | suŋun | sək | ninaf | mɔm | wətel; wətəl | bot; bɔt | səpat | mul |
| Molof | Molof | lem | au | le | woar | nei | ar | jat; yat | tombe | le | mef | ||
| Usku | Usku | nimi | lokwe | kle | weli | nei | meŋgerne | ei | jo; yo | pane | tra | ||
| Namla-Tofanma | Tofanma | bli | jetai; yetai | taili | kili | jaku; yaku | menti-gaku | basu | we | klo | meka | ||
| West Pauwasi | Tebi | mi | lumu; olmu | alani; membi | wejalgi; weyalgi | maʔa | wuluma | ai | we | kwola | fiaʔa | ||
| West Pauwasi | Towei | yemu | jek | wemu | yimap | eye | we | mafi | |||||
| East Pauwasi | Proto-East Pauwasi | *jəmVɺ | *pVɺ | *and | *jVn | *naɺV, *waɺ | *jəmaɺ | *juŋg | *Vnd | *jaᵘ | *mbVɺi | *mVwaⁱ | |
| Yetfa | Yetfa | ni:m; yim | say | mbaR᷈; mualə | rawi | řonǏa | yau; yo; yɔ | məlel | kel; kɛr᷈ | yaʋ; yau | təkoup; tɩkɔᵽ | miaA | |
| Lepki-Murkim | Lepki | afai | haiden | ya | mom | roɣivei | kel | yaɣala | sauf | ||||
| Lepki-Murkim | Murkim | afi | nel | yamul | kayakalo | kaya(bi) | kel | yo | oːn | ||||
| Kembra | Kembra | tra | traləl | ya | ota | er | ya | isi | |||||
| Kimki | Kimki | ã | im | maul | bwakaya | lokaya | dɪ | kamop | kwil | ||||
| Senagi | Dera (Amgotro dialect) | manə | jabodo | wadə | du | dogomda | namo; nomo | kəbu | amana | kue | kai | nəmai | bakoda |
| Border | Awyi | tu | eəl; wŋl | wot | noj; noy | suŋul | ti | mentao | kuŋgəru | wobia; wobio | tao | ser | məŋgir |
| Border | Waris | ku | unde | mi | tuawa | suul | ti | okumba | wɛs | po | sue | hon | muna |
| Kwomtari | Pyu | ni; niʔ | naguʔ; nakwu | we; wɛʔ | maǏuǏiʔ; maru | Ǐio taʔ; taʔ | ga; ka | agwiʔ | ʔiʔ; yi | kamie; kʌmæ | siri; sɩliʔ | ʔonæ; ʔonɛ | |
| Sko | Skou | fi | nake; nakɛ́ | pale; pálɛ | tåå; tãŋã | tã ko; tã kò | ri | rãã; rãã́ | ke | pa | ra | hũ; wũ |
| family | language | man | woman | name | eat | one | two |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *abV; *ambi | *panV; *pan(V) | *ibi; *imbi; *wani | *na; *na- | *ta(l,t)(a,e) | |
| Tor-Kwerba | Proto-Orya-Tor River | *kʷe̝ | *bo̝s[ɛ/a] | *apa | *nawɛt | ||
| Massep | Massep | kine | okabe | mnika | nabini | ||
| Mawes | Mawes | ke | dimane | nano | mendakai | yakenew | |
| Nimboran | Proto-Grime River | *səɺu | *kambuŋ; *ki | *sʉ | *ndam | *kapəɺaj[a] | *namuan |
| Sentani | Sowari | watuga | aror | emaŋo | upu | pugwai | |
| Sentani | Sentani | do | do | anəi-ko | əmbai | be | |
| Kapauri | Proto-Kapauri-Sause | *na[N/nV] | *nɛbɽe̝[na] | ||||
| Kaure-Kosare | Proto-Nawa River | *naⁱ | *naⁱ | *sɔɽɔtɔC | |||
| Kosare | Proto-Kosare | *m[ɔ]ɽɔ | *ne̞ | *ko̞ɽapɛ | |||
| Kosare | Kosare | ḑɩmɔ'kasia | morɔ | kɛnɛ´ | kora'ɸɛ | tau | |
| Kaure | Kaure | debla; dido | dae | bəre; blɛ; nokomne | ganasi; kadi; kandɛ | gogotia; kauxjaʔ; kaxotia | tɾapli; təravərei; trapi |
| Elseng | Elseng | sisɛu; sisew | saɔ | to | |||
| Molof | Molof | lomo | anale | ti | ne | kwasekak | ateti |
| Usku | Usku | mekenja; mekenya | jomia | kepo | kisifaini | narna | |
| Namla-Tofanma | Tofanma | lame | ale | emi | sembe | kenano | neni |
| West Pauwasi | Tebi | toŋkwar | keke | kini | ne | kərowali | kre |
| West Pauwasi | Towei | tokwar | ken | nembra | giona | krana | |
| East Pauwasi | Proto-East Pauwasi | *jɵ̝pɛ | *VɺVm[i] | *ɛⁱ | *pɜɺ | *aŋgVtamb | *anVŋg |
| Yetfa | Yetfa | nam | namiyaA | ŋa; ntɛřᵽI | kəsa; kɛsa | ndyesel; tesyɛnsaR᷈ | |
| Lepki-Murkim | Lepki | rawil | konan | gye | ɲis | kutuɣap | kaisi |
| Lepki-Murkim | Murkim | frawil | wonak | ka ~ kako | ɲẽlo | hel | kais |
| Kembra | Kembra | ratera | kia | ɲəm | kutina | kais | |
| Kimki | Kimki | ap | kiam | aip ~ mi | auko | amatri | alas |
| Senagi | Dera (Amgotro dialect) | jani- ndia | kuadedebo | tato- | mano; ŋguadu | imbu | |
| Border | Awyi | kir | kuru | anɛ; na | maŋgua | naŋger | |
| Border | Waris | tənda | ŋguabe | nabae | ne | muŋasəl | sambla |
| Kwomtari | Pyu | tali; taliʔ | Ǐomæʔ | waŋgɛʔ | tefiye; tɛᵽiɛʔ | kasi | |
| Sko | Skou | ba; keba; kébanè; teba | pemɛ̀ | kã; pã; tã | ali; alì | hĩto; hĩ́to |
References
- Northwest New Guinea
- Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
- Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
- Hurd, Fred. 1979. Massep. Unpublished word list, m.s. SIL International.
- Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
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