N

N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is en (pronounced /ˈɛn/), plural ens.[1]

This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see N (disambiguation).
N
N n
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabetic and Logographic
Language of originLatin language
Phonetic usage[n]
[ŋ]
[ɲ]
[ɳ]
[nˠ]
[ⁿ]
[◌̃]
/ɛn/
Unicode codepointU+004E, U+006E
Alphabetical position14
History
Development
Time period~-700 to present
Descendants • ₦
 • Ƞ
 • Ŋ
 • ɧ
 • ʩ
SistersН
Ң
Ӊ
Ӈ
Ԋ
נ
ן
ن
ܢ
ނ
Ն ն
Մ մ
ࠍ
ነ
ᚾ
Ꮋ
Ꮑ
Ꮓ
Other
Other letters commonly used withn(x), nh, ng, ny
Writing directionLeft-to-Right
N
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz

History
Egyptian hieroglyph
 Phoenician
Nun		 Etruscan
N		 Greek
Nu		 Latin
N
D
 Latin N

One of the most common hieroglyphs, snake, was used in Egyptian writing to stand for a sound like the English ⟨J⟩, because the Egyptian word for "snake" was djet. It is speculated by many that Semitic speakers working in Egypt adapted hieroglyphics to create the first alphabet, and that they used the same snake symbol to represent N, because their word for "snake" may have begun with that sound. However, the name for the letter in the Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic alphabets is nun, which means "fish" in some of these languages. The sound value of the letter was /n/—as in Greek, Etruscan, Latin and modern languages.

Use in writing systems

⟨n⟩ represents a dental or alveolar nasal in virtually all languages that use the Latin alphabet, and in the International Phonetic Alphabet. A common digraph with ⟨n⟩ is ⟨ng⟩, which represents a velar nasal in a variety of languages, usually positioned word-finally in English.[2][3] Often, before a velar plosive (as in ink or jungle), ⟨n⟩ alone represents a velar nasal. In Italian and French, ⟨gn⟩ represents a palatal nasal /ɲ/. The Portuguese and Vietnamese spelling for this sound is ⟨nh⟩, while Spanish, Breton, and a few other languages use the letter ⟨ñ⟩.

In English, ⟨n⟩ is generally silent when it is preceded by an ⟨m⟩ at the end of words, as in hymn; however, it is pronounced in this combination when occurring word medially, as in hymnal.

On the other hand, other consonants are often silent when they precede an ⟨n⟩ at the beginning of an English word. Examples include gnome, knife, mnemonic, and pneumonia.

⟨n⟩ is the sixth-most common letter and the second-most commonly used consonant in the English language (after ⟨t⟩).[4]

Other uses

In mathematics, the italic form n is a particularly common symbol for a variable quantity which represents a natural number. The set of natural numbers is referred to as

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
  • 𐤍 : Semitic letter Nun, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Ν ν : Greek letter Nu, from which the following symbols originally derive
      • Ⲛ ⲛ : Coptic letter Ne
      • Н н : Cyrillic letter En
      • 𐌍 : Old Italic N, which is the ancestor of modern Latin N
      • 𐌽 : Gothic letter nauþs

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

Computing codes
Character information
PreviewNn
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N LATIN SMALL LETTER N
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode78U+004E110U+006E
UTF-8784E1106E
Numeric character referenceNNnn
EBCDIC family213D514995
ASCII 1784E1106E
1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

See also

References
  1. "N" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "en," op. cit.
  2. Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-09-20). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
  3. Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).
  4. "English Letter Frequency".
  5. Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF).
  6. Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
  7. Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
  8. Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
  9. Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). "L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" (PDF).
  10. Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
  11. Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
  12. Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (2009-01-27). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
  13. Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (2021-07-16). "L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam" (PDF).
  • Media related to N at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of n at Wiktionary
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