Life (British TV series)

"Challenges of Life" documents the capture of a young chinstrap penguin by a leopard seal (pictured).

The opening episode introduces the series by showing examples of extraordinary feeding, hunting, courting and parenting behaviour from across the animal kingdom and around the globe.

• In Florida Bay, bottlenose dolphins catch leaping fish as they attempt to escape a corral of encircling mud, whipped up with the lead dolphin's tail.
• Other unusual collaborative hunting techniques include three cheetahs combining to bring down an ostrich in Kenya, chameleons catching insects with its tongue in Madagascar, and Antarctic killer whales attacking a crabeater seal.
• In the Gulf of Mexico, flying fish take an aerial route to avoid predatory sailfish.
• In Brazil, tufted capuchins have learned to crack open palm nuts by smashing them with rocks.

Venus flytrap plants ensnare their unwitting insect victims to gain nutrients in North Carolina.

• The mating behavior of stalk-eyed flies is discussed.
• Two male hippos clash over the territorial mating rights to a remaining deep stretch of the Luangwa River in Zambia.
• In Oregon, male Clark's grebes put on a spectacular mating performance with their mates.
• A female giant Pacific octopus makes the ultimate sacrifice, starving to death as she guards her eggs.
• In some species, parents go to great lengths to protect their young. A mother strawberry poison-dart frog carries each of her six tadpoles high into the rainforest canopy to the safety of a bromeliad pool, then provides them with nutritious unfertilised eggs.
• On Deception Island, young chinstrap penguins are trapped on a beach by ice-strewn seas. Abandoned by their parents, they must reach open water to feed. A lone chick fights its way through the ice, only to be ambushed by a leopard seal. Life on Location: Ice Alliance shows how the filmmakers collaborated with a French yachtsman and the Royal Navy to film Antarctica's top predators.[23]

"Reptiles and Amphibians" documents how a group of Komodo dragons (pictured) kill and eventually eat a water buffalo using venom.

In the opening sequence, a solitary male Komodo dragon battles another male during the breeding season on Komodo. This, states Attenborough, is the last place on Earth still ruled by reptiles. Though they may seem primitive, reptiles and amphibians still thrive thanks to diverse survival strategies.

• In Venezuela, waterfall toad escapes a hungry snake by jumping off the branch its on and landing on another branch far way from the snake. Nearby, on the cliffs and plateaus, a pebble toad evades a tarantula by free-falling down a steep rock face. On the Pantanal, caiman wait for the rains to arrive so they can feast on fish. In Belize, The basilisk, nicknamed the Jesus Christ lizard, can literally run on water. In Brazil, the Brazilian pygmy gecko is so light it does not break the water surface.
• In Madagascar, a panther chameleon catches insects with its tongue to feed itself.
• Reptiles are cold-blooded, and some have developed unusual strategies to absorb heat. In the Namib Desert, the panther chameleon's cousin, the Namaqua chameleon, darkens the skin on the side of its body facing the sun.
• In Canada, a male red-sided garter snake masquerades as a female using fake pheromones, attracting rival males which help raise its body temperature and thus its chance of breeding.
• Malagasy collared lizards conceal their eggs by burying them, but egg-eating hognose snakes stake out their favourite laying sites.
• Other reptiles guard their eggs. Horned lizards in Arizona drive off egg-eating predators such as western patch-nosed snakes, but lizard-eating adversaries such as coachwhip snakes prompt a different reaction – the lizard plays dead.
• Niue Island sea kraits lay their eggs in a chamber only accessible via an underwater tunnel.
• During the dry season in Africa, a male giant bullfrog saves his young from dying out in their birth pool, by making a path that leads to the main pool.
• In Komodo, Komodo dragons prey on water buffalo in the dry season. They stalk a buffalo for three weeks as it slowly succumbs to a toxic bite, then strip the carcass in four hours. In Life on Location: Chasing the Dragon, the Komodo film crew tell of the harrowing experience of filming the dragon hunt.[26]

A breaching humpback whale, a species featured in "Mammals".

Intelligence, warm blood and strong family bonds have made mammals the most successful group of animals on the planet.

• In the Antarctic, a Weddell seal leads her pup on its first swim beneath the ice.
• In East Africa, a rufous sengi uses a mental map of the pathways it has cleared to outwit a chasing lizard.
• A young aye-aye takes four years to learn how to find and extract beetle grubs, food no other mammal can reach.
• Reindeer move through the Arctic tundra, making the longest overland migration of any animal. Other mammals have evolved different ways of travelling long distances: ten million fruit bats (straw-coloured fruit bats) congregate at Zambia's Kasanka swamps to gorge on fruiting trees.
• Mammals employ different strategies to find food. At night on the African savannah, hyenas force lions off a kill through sheer weight of numbers, whilst in the Arctic, dozens of polar bears take advantage of a bowhead whale carcass.
• Raising young is another important factor in mammals' success. Coatis and meerkats form social groups to share the burden of childcare.
• A first-time African elephant mother needs the experience of the herd's matriarch to get her young calf out of trouble. The largest animals in the ocean are also mammals.
• The seas around Tonga are both a nursery and mating ground for humpback whales. A female leads her potential suitors on a chase, the males battling for dominance behind her. Life on Location: The Heat Run follows the never-before filmed humpback heat run.[28]

"Fish" documents the breeding cycle of a clownfish, pictured hiding amongst the tentacles of an anemone.

Fish, the most diverse group of vertebrate animals, thrive in the world's rivers, lakes and oceans.

• Slow-motion footage reveals the behaviour of some of the fastest fish in the sea, sailfish and flying fish. The latter gather in large numbers to lay their eggs on a floating palm frond, which sinks under the weight.
• The eggs of weedy sea dragons, found in the shallow waters off southern Australia, are carried by the male.
• In the Southwest Pacific, a Convict fish makes its group of thousands of young juveniles to do all the work for him.
• In the fertile seas of the western Pacific, competition is fierce. A sarcastic fringehead defends its home, an old shell, from a passing octopus and a rival.
• In Japan, mudskippers have carved a niche on the rich mudflats.
• Freshwater fish are also featured. Tiny gobies are filmed climbing Hawaiian waterfalls to colonise the placid pools upstream, while in East Africa, barbels pick clean the skin of the resident hippos and feed on their rich dung in return.
• Wrasses perform the cleaning duties on coral reefs, but jacks also remove parasites by scratching against the rough skin of silvertip sharks.
• Clownfish, whose life cycle is filmed in intimate detail using macro cameras, are protected by the fronds of an anemone, but other species seek safety in numbers. A shoal of ever-moving anchovies proves too difficult a target for sea lions. Sometimes, predators have the edge: ragged tooth sharks are shown attacking sardines trapped in shallow waters off South Africa.
• In Belize, Snapper fish disperse their eggs out in the open, but some of the eggs fall victim to the surrounding hungry whale sharks.
• Life on Location: Fish Out of Water looks at the efforts of underwater cameramen to capture the sailfish and flying fish sequences.[30]

"Birds" shows how lammergeiers in the Simien Mountains collect bones from animal carcasses and smash them by dropping them on to rock slabs.

Birds, whose feathers have made them extremely adaptable and enabled them to fly, are the subject of the fifth episode.

• The courtship flight of the marvellous spatuletail hummingbird is shot at high speed to slow down its rapid wing beats. The male must rest every few seconds due to the energy needed to display his elongated tail feathers.
• Lammergeiers, by contrast, soar on mountain thermals with a minimum of effort.
• A red-billed tropicbird bringing a meal back to its chick uses aerial agility to evade the marauding magnificent frigatebirds.
• During their trip from Argentina to Canada, red knots make a pit stop in Delaware Bay to feast on horseshoe crab eggs, however, this also gives peregrine falcons a chance to get an easy meal of red knots.
• Some birds nest in extreme locations to avoid threats from predators. Kenya's caustic soda lakes are a perilous environment for a lesser flamingo chick, while chinstrap penguins breed on a volcanic island off the Antarctic Peninsula.
• In South Africa's Dassen Island and Malgas Island, declining fish stocks force Cape gannets to abandon their chicks to search for food, presenting great white pelicans with the chance to snatch an easy meal to feed their own young.
• Feathers can also be used for display. Male sage grouse square up to one another at their leks, courting Clark's and western grebes perform an elaborate ritual to reaffirm their bond and thousands of lesser flamingos move in a synchronised display in Lake Bogoria.
• Male birds-of-paradise show off their brilliant plumes in wild courtship displays (some of this footage is from Planet Earth). In West Papua, the small, drab Vogelkop bowerbird uses a different strategy. The male decorates his bower with colourful jewels from the forest, and uses vocal mimicry to attract the attention of a female. Mating is filmed for the first time, the end result of a long and difficult quest featured in Life on Location: Hide and Seek.[32]

Two billion monarch butterflies (pictured) hibernate in a small area of alpine forest in Mexico.

The sixth episode enters the world of insects. By assuming a variety of body shapes and incorporating armour and wings, they have evolved diverse survival strategies and become the most abundant creatures on Earth.

• In Chilean Patagonia, male Darwin's beetles lock horns and hurl their rivals from the treetops in search of a mate.
• A damselfly's chance to mate and lay eggs can be cut abruptly short by a leaping frog.
• Monarch butterflies use their wings to power them on an epic migration to their hibernating grounds in the forests of Mexico's Sierra Madre.
• In Mono Lake, alkali flies are constantly preyed upon by Wilson's phalaropes and seagulls.
• Many insects carry chemical weapons as a form of defence. High-speed cameras show oogpister beetles squirting formic acid into the face of an inquisitive mongoose, devil rider sick insects firing biter-tasting oils called turpines from the back of their heads and necks, European wood ants firing stinging acid from their abdomens, and bombardier beetles firing boiling caustic liquid from their abdomens.
• Some insects gain an advantage through co-operation. When an American black bear destroys a bee's nest, the colony survives by carrying their honey to a new site.
• Japanese red bug nymphs will move to a different nest if their mother fails to provide sufficient food.
• In the Australian Outback, male Dawson's bees fight to the death over females emerging from their nest burrows. As a result, all males die, but the strongest mate most often.
• Argentina's grasscutter ants form huge colonies five million strong. They feed on a fungus which they cultivate underground, in nest structures which have natural ventilation.
• Life on Location: Flying with Butterflies documents the Mexico crew's attempts to rig up aerial camera shots of the awakening monarch butterflies.[34]

A killer whale's unique hunting strategy is revealed in "Hunters and Hunted".

Mammals have adopted diverse strategies to hunt their prey and evade predators.

• As well as revisiting the cheetah hunt first shown in Challenges of Life, the episode shows how a sure-footed ibex kid escapes a hunting fox by bounding across a precipitous mountainside above the Dead Sea.
• Slow motion footage reveals the fishing behaviour of greater bulldog bats in Belize.
• The play-fighting of juvenile stoats helps train them to run down prey such as rabbits, which are many times their own size.
• After the dolphin hunt from Challenges of Life is revisited, in the Alaskan midsummer, Brown bears await the return of spawning salmon so they can feast with enough fat to survive the winter.
• The alpha female of an Ethiopian wolf pack stays at the den to wean her cubs while other adults hunt rats on the highland plateau.
• The extraordinary nasal appendage of a star-nosed mole enables it to hunt successfully underground and, by using bubbles to detect its prey, underwater.
• In Bandhavgarh National Park, a tiger's stealthy approach to a group of feeding chital deer is thwarted when a langur, watching from above, raises the alarm.
• The final sequence shows a female killer whale taking elephant seal pups from their nursery pool in the Falkland Islands. This is a risky strategy as she could easily become beached in the shallow water. She is the only killer whale known to hunt this way, but her calf shadows her moves, ensuring her knowledge will be passed on. Also close by were the film crew, who reveal how the sequence was shot in Life on Location: Rock Pooling.[36]

The Australian giant cuttlefish is one of the marine invertebrates featured in "Creatures of the Deep".

Marine invertebrates, the descendants of one billion years of evolutionary history, are the most abundant creatures in the ocean.

• In hydrothermal vents, live creatures such as Pompeii worms, crabs, and tube worms.
• In the Gulf of California, packs of Humboldt squid make night-time raids from the deep to co-operatively hunt sardines.
• Beneath the permanent Antarctic sea ice of McMurdo Sound, sea urchins, red sea stars and nemertean worms are filmed scavenging on a Weddell seal pup carcass.
• A fried egg jellyfish hunts amongst a swarm of Aurelia in the open ocean, spearing its prey with harpoon-like tentacles.
• In the shallows off South Australia, hundreds of thousands of spider crabs gather annually to moult.
• Many invertebrates have simple nervous systems, but giant cuttlefish have large brains and complex mating habits. Large males use flashing stroboscopic colours and strength to win a mate, whereas smaller rivals rely on deceit: both tactics are successful.
• A giant Pacific octopus sacrifices her life to tend her single clutch of eggs for six months when she gets old. As a Pycnopodia starfish feeds on her remains, it comes under attack from a king crab.
• Coral reefs, such as the Great Barrier Reef, which rival rainforests in their diversity, are the largest living structures on Earth and are created by coral polyps that compete for space. Christmas tree worms, barnacles, Porcelain crabs, boxer crabs, orangutan crabs, sea cucumbers, nudibranchs, sea slugs, emperor shrimp, and cleaner shrimp are shown to illustrate the many specialised ways of making a living on a reef. Marine invertebrates have a lasting legacy on land too – their shells formed the chalk and limestone deposits of Eurasia and the Americas. Life on Location: Sink or Swim documents the recording of Antarctic sea life and the birth of a reef.[38]

The dragon's blood tree survives in semi-desert conditions by collecting moisture from mist and fog.

Plants endure a daily struggle for water, nutrients and light.

• On the forest floor where light is scarce, time-lapse shots show ivies, creepers, and passion flower vines climbing into the canopy using sticky pads, hooks or coiled tendrils.
• Epiphytes grow directly on the topmost branches of trees. Their bare roots absorb water and trap falling leaves, which provide nutrients as they decompose.
• Animals can also be a source of food: the sundew traps mosquitoes with sticky fluid, and venus flytraps close their clamshell leaves on unwitting insects.
• Sandhill milkweed defends itself against feeding monarch caterpillars by secreting sticky latex from its leaves. The milkweed endures the onslaught because, like most plants, it produces flowers, and the newly hatched butterflies pollinate them.
• In Dominica, the purple-throated carib hummingbird has beaks long enough to reach the energy-rich nectar of the Heliconia.
• After flowering, brunsvigia plants in South Africa are snapped off by strong winds, sending their seed heads cartwheeling across the ground.
• In Borneo, Alsomitra is a plant that produces winged seeds.
• Saguaro cacti produce succulent fruit to attract desert animals which ingest and disperse their seeds.
• Some plants have adapted to survive environmental extremes. Dragon's blood trees and desert roses thrive on arid Socotra, and coastal mangrove trees survive by filtering salt from seawater.
• Bristlecone pines live above 3,000 m in North America's mountains. They have a six-week growing season and can live for 5,000 years, making them the oldest living things on Earth.
• Grasses are the most successful of all plants. Of their 10,000 varieties, two cover more land than any other plant: rice and wheat. Life on Location: Time Warp goes behind the scenes of a time-lapse sequence in an English woodland. Because actually growing plants outdoors would prove a challenge to film (with constantly changing conditions) this scene used plants grown in a studio on a bluescreen duplicating a real outdoor backdrop. The entire process took two years to make.[40]

Japanese macaques are the most northerly primates, enduring winter temperatures of −20 °C (−4 °F) in the Japanese Alps.

Intelligence, curiosity and complex societies have enabled primates to exploit many different habitats.

• In Ethiopia, male hamadryas baboons restore discipline after a skirmish with a rival troop.
• In Japanese macaque society, only those members from the correct bloodlines are permitted to use thermal springs in winter; others are left out in the cold.
• Examples of primate communication include a silverback gorilla advertising his territory though vocalisations and chest-beating, and the piercing calls of spectral tarsiers which help keep their group together.
• In Thailand's rainforests, lar gibbons use song to reinforce sexual and family bonds.
• Baby Phayre's leaf monkeys are born bright orange, so the grey adults can keep an eye on them.
• By contrast, ring-tailed lemurs in Madagascar broadcast sexual signals using scent glands.
• A young orangutan's upbringing equips it with all the skills it needs to survive in the forest, including finding food, moving through the canopy and building a shelter.
• On South Africa's Cape Peninsula, chacma baboons forage kelp beds exposed by the lowest tides for nutritious shark eggs and mussels.
• White-faced capuchins collect clams in Costa Rica's coastal mangroves, but lack the powerful jaws to pierce the shells. Their solution is to beat the shellfish against trees or rocks, which eventually exhausts the muscle that holds the shell closed. Life on Location: 99 Percent follows camerawoman Justine Evans to Guinea to film tool use in chimpanzees. Dextrous hand movements enable them to dip for ants and termites using plant stems. They have also learned to crack nuts using precise and efficient blows with a stone. One male chimp is filmed sharing his stone with a female.[42]