Video games and Linux

The operating system Linux can be used for playing video games. Because many games are not natively supported for the Linux kernel, various software has been made to run Windows games, such as Wine, Cedega, and Proton, and managers such as Lutris and PlayOnLinux. The Linux gaming community has a presence on the internet with users who attempt to run games that are normally not supported on Linux.

Video games
Platforms
Genres
Lists
Development

History
See also: Open source video game § History
NetHack, a primordial Unix game

Linux gaming started largely as an extension of the already present Unix gaming scene,[1] which dates back to that system's conception in 1969 with the game Space Travel[2][3] and the first edition in 1971,[4] with both systems sharing many similar titles.[5] These games were mostly either arcade and parlour type games or text adventures using libraries like curses.[6][7] A notable example of this are the "BSD Games", a collection of interactive fiction and other text-mode amusements.[8][9] The free software philosophy and open source methodology which drove the development of the operating system in general also spawned the creation of various early free games.[10][11]

Popular early titles included Netrek and the various XAsteroids, XBattle, XBill, XBoing, X-Bomber, XConq, XDigger, XEmeraldia, XEvil, XGalaga, XGammon, XLander, XLife, XMahjong, XMine, XSoldier, XPilot, XRobots, XRubiks, XShogi, XScavenger, XTris, XTron, XTic and XTux games using the X Window System.[12][13] Other games targeted or also supported the SVGAlib library allowing them to run without a windowing system,[14] such as LinCity, Maelstrom, and SABRE.[15] As the operating system itself grew and expanded, the amount of free and open-source games also increased in scale and complexity, with both clones of historically popular releases beginning with BZFlag, LinCity, and FreeCiv,[16] as well as original creations such as Rocks'n'Diamonds, Cube, The Battle for Wesnoth, and Tux Racer.[17]

1994–1997
Doom was one of the first major commercial games to be released for Linux.

The beginning of Linux as a gaming platform for commercial video games is widely credited to have begun in 1994 when Dave D. Taylor ported the game Doom to Linux, as well as many other systems, during his spare time.[18][19] Shareware copies of the game were included on various Linux discs,[20] including those packed in with reference books.[21][22][23] From there Taylor would also help found the development studio Crack dot Com, which released the video game Abuse,[24] with the game's Linux port even being distributed by Linux vendors Red Hat[25] and Caldera.[26] The studio's never finished Golgotha was also slated to be released by Red Hat in box.[27] Ancient Domains of Mystery was also released for Linux in 1994 by Thomas Biskup, building on the roguelike legacy of games such as Moria and its descendent Angband, but more specifically Hack and NetHack.

id Software, the original developers of Doom, also continued to release their products for Linux. Their game Quake was ported to Linux via X11 in 1996, once again by Dave D. Taylor working in his free time.[28][29] An SVGALib version was also later produced by Greg Alexander in 1997 using recently leaked source code, but was later mainlined by id.[30] Later id products continued to be ported by Zoid Kirsch[31] and Timothee Besset,[32] a practice that continued until the studio's acquisition by ZeniMax Media in 2009.[33] The ports of Quake and Quake II were released physically by Macmillan Computer Publishing USA,[34] while Quake III was released for Linux by Loki Software.[35] Red Hat had previously passed on publishing Quake for Linux, since it was not open-source at the time.[36]

In 1991 DUX Software contracted Don Hopkins to port SimCity to Unix,[37] which he later ported to Linux and eventually released as open source for the OLPC XO Laptop.[38] Other early commercial Linux games included Hopkins FBI, an adventure game released in 1998 by MP Entertainment,[39] and Inner Worlds in 1996, which was released for and developed on Linux.[40] In 1998, two programmers from Origin ported Ultima Online to Linux.[41] The UNIX Book of Games, a 1996 publication by Janice Winsor, described various games with an accompanying CD-ROM containing executables and source code for Linux and SCO Unix.[42]

A website called The Linux Game Tome, also known as HappyPenguin after its URL, was begun by Tessa Lau in 1995 to catalogue games created for or ported to Linux from the SunSITE game directories as well as other classic X11 games for a collection of just over 100 titles. It was taken over by Bob Zimbinski in 1998 eventually growing to over 2000 entries, sponsored by retailer Penguin Computing and later LGP until it went down in 2013, although mirrors still exist.[43][44]

1998–2002
The Simple DirectMedia Layer provided platform independent abstraction.

The site LinuxGames covered news and commentary from November 1998 until its host Atomicgamer went down in 2015.[45][46] It was established by Marvin Malkowski, head of the Telefragged gaming network, alongside Al Koskelin and Dustin Reyes;[47] Reyes passed away August 8, 2023.[48]

On November 9, 1998, a new software firm called Loki Software was founded by Scott Draeker, a former lawyer who became interested in porting games to Linux after being introduced to the system through his work as a software licensing attorney.[49] Loki, although a commercial failure, is credited with the birth of the modern Linux game industry. Loki developed several free software tools, such as the Loki installer (also known as Loki Setup),[50] and supported the development of the Simple DirectMedia Layer, as well as starting the OpenAL audio library project.[51][52] These are still often credited as being the cornerstones of Linux game development.[53] They were also responsible for bringing nineteen high-profile games to the platform before its closure in 2002.

Loki's initial success also attracted other firms to invest in the Linux gaming market, such as Tribsoft, Hyperion Entertainment, Macmillan Digital Publishing USA, Titan Computer, Xatrix Entertainment, Philos Laboratories, and Vicarious Visions. During this time Michael Simms founded Tux Games, one of the first online Linux game retailers,[54] later followed by Fun 4 Tux,[55] Wupra,[56] ixsoft, and LinuxPusher.[57]

The period also saw a number of commercial compilations released, such as 100 Great Linux Games by Global Star Software,[58] Linux Games by Walnut Creek CDROM,[59][60] Best Linux Games by SOT Finnish Software Engineering,[61][62][63] LinuxCenter Games Collection,[64] Linux Games & Entertainment for X Windows by Hemming,[65] Linux Spiele & Games by more software,[66] Linux Spiele by Franzis Verlag,[67] and play it! Linux: Die Spielesammlung by S.A.D. Software.[68] Numerous Linux distributions and collections packed in Loki games and demos,[69] including Red Hat Linux,[70] Corel Linux and WordPerfect Office,[71][72] and the complete Eric's Ultimate Solitaire bundled with PowerPlant by TheKompany.[73]

The release of ScummVM in 2001,[74] Dosbox in 2002,[75] as well as video game console emulators like MAME from 1997 and released as open source in 2016, helped make Linux a viable platform for retro gaming (facilitated by the RetroArch frontend since 2010).[76][77] This is especially the case for dedicated emulation setups built on single-board computers like the Raspberry Pi released in 2012, which are most often Linux based including with Raspberry Pi OS.[78] Wine is also useful for running older Windows games,[79] including 16-bit and even some 32-bit applications that no longer work on modern 64-bit Windows.[80]

2003–2007
Former Loki Software employee Ryan C. Gordon

After Loki's closure, the Linux game market experienced some changes.[81] Although some new firms, such as Linux Game Publishing and RuneSoft, would largely continue the role of a standard porting house,[82] the focus began to change with Linux game proponents encouraging game developers to port their game products themselves or through individual contractors.[83] Influential to this was Ryan C. Gordon, a former Loki employee who would over the next decade port several game titles to multiple platforms, including Linux.[84]

Around this time many companies, starting with id Software, also began to release legacy source code leading to a proliferation of source ports of older games to Linux and other systems.[85] This also helped expand the already existing free and open-source gaming scene, especially with regards to the creation of free first person shooters.[86] In addition, numerous game engine recreations have been produced to varying levels of accuracy using reverse engineering or underlying engine code supporting the original game files including on Linux and other niche systems.[87][88]

The company TransGaming marketed as a monthly subscription its own proprietary fork of Wine called WineX in October 2001, later renamed Cedega in 2004 and discontinued in 2011, which aimed for greater compatibility with Microsoft Windows games. CodeWeavers also offered an enhanced version of Wine called CrossOver Games.[89][90] The reliance on such compatibility layers remains controversial with concerns that it hinders growth in native development,[91][92] although this approach was defended based on Loki's demise.[93][94] PlayOnLinux, established in 2007, provides a community alternative.[95] A special Gaming Edition of Mandrake Linux 8.1 was released that featured WineX packed in with The Sims.[96] The fact that the fork of Wine did not release source back to the main project was also a point of contention, despite promises to release code after achieving a set number of subscribers.[97]

2008–2011

Number of sales of the first Humble Indie Bundle across systems[98]

  Windows (61.9%)
  Mac (21.6%)
  Linux (16.5%)

Proportional values of payments[98]

  Windows (52.1%)
  Mac (23.0%)
  Linux (24.9%)

The Linux gaming market also started to experience some growth towards the end of the decade with the rise of independent video game development,[99] with many "indie" developers favouring support for multiple platforms.[100] The Humble Indie Bundle initiatives inaugurated in 2010 helped to formally demonstrate this trend,[101] with Linux users representing a sizable population of their purchase base, as well as consistently being the most financially generous in terms of actual money spent.[102][103] The Humble Indie Bundle V in 2012 faced controversy for featuring a Wine-based release of Limbo prepared by CodeWeavers,[104] while a native version was later released in 2014.[105] Humble eventually began offering Windows-only games in their bundles and on their store.[106][107]

In 2009, the small indie game company Entourev LLC published Voltley to Linux which is the first commercial exclusive game for this operating system.[108][109] In the same year, LGP released Shadowgrounds which was the first commercial game for Linux using the Nvidia PhysX middleware.[110] The GamingOnLinux website was launched on July 4, 2009, and eventually succeeded LinuxGames as the main source of news and commentary.[111]

The release of a Linux version of Desura in 2011, a digital distribution platform with a primary focus on small independent developers, was heralded by several commentators as an important step to greater acknowledgement of Linux as a gaming platform.[99][112][113] Shortly before this, Canonical launched the Ubuntu Software Center which also sold digital games.[114] The digital store Gameolith also launched in 2011 focused principally on Linux before expanding in 2012 and closing in 2014.[115][116]

2012–2016
Lutris, an open source launcher for various distribution platforms

In July 2012, game developer and content distributor Valve announced a port of their Source engine for Linux as well as stating their intention to release their Steam digital distribution service for Linux.[117][118][119] The potential availability of a Linux Steam client had already attracted other developers to consider porting their titles to Linux,[113][120][121][122] including previously Mac OS only porting houses such as Aspyr Media and Feral Interactive.[123]

In November 2012, Unity Technologies ported their Unity engine and game creation system to Linux starting with version 4. All of the games created with the Unity engine can now be ported to Linux easily.[124]

In September 2013 Valve announced that they were releasing a gaming oriented Linux based operating system called SteamOS with Valve saying they had "come to the conclusion that the environment best suited to delivering value to customers is an operating system built around Steam itself."[113][125] This was used for their Steam Machine platform released on November 10, 2015, and discontinued in 2018.[126]

In March 2014 GOG.com announced they would begin to support Linux titles on their DRM free store starting the same year, after previously stating they would not be able due to too many distributions.[127] GOG.com began their initial roll out on July 24, 2014, by offering 50 Linux supporting titles, including several new to the platform.[128]

Despite previous statements, GOG have confirmed they have no plans to port their Galaxy client to Linux.[129] The free software Lutris started in 2010,[130] GameHub from 2019,[131] MiniGalaxy from 2020,[132] and the Heroic Games Launcher from 2021,[133] offer support for GOG as well as the Epic Games Store, Ubisoft Connect and Origin.

In March and April 2014 two major developers Epic Games and Crytek announced Linux support for their next generation engines Unreal Engine 4 and CryEngine respectively.[134][135]

Towards the end of 2014 the game host itch.io announced that Linux would be supported with their developing open source game client.[136] This was fully launched simultaneously on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux on December 15, 2015.[137] The service had supported Linux since it was first unveiled on March 3, 2013, with creator Leaf Corcoran personally a Linux user.[138] The similar Game Jolt service also supports Linux and has an open source client released on January 13, 2016.[139][140] GamersGate also sells games for Linux.[141][142]

2017-present
Steam Deck, a handheld game console running Linux-based operating system

On August 22, 2018, Valve released their fork of Wine called Proton, aimed at gaming.[143] It features some improvements over the vanilla Wine such as Vulkan-based DirectX 11 implementation, Steam integration, better full screen and game controller support and improved performance for multi-threaded games.[144] It has since grown to include support for DirectX 9[145] and DirectX 12[146] over Vulkan. The itch.io app added its own Wine integration in June 2020,[147] while Lutris and PlayOnLinux are long-standing independent solutions for compatibility wrappers.[148][149]

As with Wine and Cedega in the past, concerns have been raised over whether Proton hinders native development more than it encourages use of the platform.[150][151] Prodeus dropped native support in favour of Proton shortly before final release[152] and Arcen Games cancelled planned native support for Heart of the Machine.[153] Valve has expressed no preference over Proton or native ports among developers.[154]

On February 25, 2022, Valve released Steam Deck, a handheld game console running SteamOS 3.0.[155][156] The deployment of Proton and other design decisions were based on the limited response to their previous Steam Machines.[157]

As of early 2023, the retro game store Zoom Platform was enhancing Linux support on their available titles.[158]

Market share
See also: Linux adoption § Desktop Linux adoption

The Steam Hardware Survey reports that as of July 2021, 1% of users are using some form of Linux as their platform's primary operating system.[159] The Unity game engine used to[160] make their statistics available and in March 2016 reported that Linux users accounted for 0.4% of players.[161] In 2010, in the first Humble Bundle sales, Linux accounted for 18% of purchases.[162]

Supported hardware
The Pandora was a Linux integrated game console from 2010.

Linux as a gaming platform can also refer to operating systems based on the Linux kernel and specifically designed for the sole purpose of gaming. Examples are SteamOS, which is an operating system for Steam Machines, Steam Deck and general computers, video game consoles built from components found in the classical home computer, (embedded) operating systems like Tizen and Pandora, and handheld game consoles like GP2X, and Neo Geo X. The Nvidia Shield runs Android as an operating system, which is based on a modified Linux kernel.

The open source design of the Linux software platform allows the operating system to be compatible with various computer instruction sets and many peripherals, such as game controllers and head-mounted displays. As an example, HTC Vive, which is a virtual reality head-mounted display, supports the Linux gaming platform.

Performance

In 2013, tests by Phoronix showed real-world performance of games on Linux with proprietary Nvidia and AMD drivers were mostly comparable to results on Windows 8.1.[163] Phoronix found similar results in 2015,[164] though Ars Technica described a 20% performance drop with Linux drivers.[165]

Software architecture

An operating system based on the Linux kernel and customized specifically for gaming, could adopt the vanilla Linux kernel with only little changes, or—like the Android operating system—be based on a relative extensively modified Linux kernel. It could adopt GNU C Library or Bionic or something like it. The entire middleware or parts of it, could very well be closed-source and proprietary software; the same is true for the video games. There are free and open-source video games available for the Linux operating system, as well as proprietary ones.

Linux kernel

The subsystems already mainlined and available in the Linux kernel are most probably performant enough so to not impede the gaming experience in any way, however additional software is available, such as e.g. the Brain Fuck Scheduler (a process scheduler) or the Budget Fair Queueing (BFQ) scheduler (an I/O scheduler).[166]

Similar to the way the Linux kernel can be, for example, adapted to run better on supercomputers, there are adaptations targeted at improving the performance of games. A project concerning itself with this issue is called Liquorix.[167][168]

Game creation systems

Several game creation systems can be ran on Linux, such as Game Editor, GDevelop, Construct and Stencyl, as well as beta versions of GameMaker.[169] The Godot, Defold, and Solar2D game engines also supports creating games on Linux,[170] as do the commercial UnrealEd[171] and Unity Editor,[172][173] The visual programming environments Snap!, Scratch and Tynker are Linux compatible. Enterbrain's RPG Maker MV was released for Linux.[174] In addition, open-source, cross-platform clones of the RPG Maker series exist such as Open RPG Maker, MKXP and EasyRPG,[175] as well as the similar OHRRPGCE and Solarus.[176] The Adventure Game Studio editor is not yet ported to Linux, although games made in it are compatible, and the Wintermute and SLUDGE[177] adventure game engines are available. ZGameEditor,[178] Novashell,[179] GB Studio,[180] and the ZZT inspired MegaZeux[181] are also options. Versions of Mugen were made available for Linux,[182] and open-source re-implementations such as IKEMEN Go are compatible.[183] The JavaScript based Ct.js[184] and Pixelbox.js[185] are also options.

Level editors

Various level editors exists for Linux, such as Qoole, Gtkradiant, TrenchBroom[186] and J.A.C.K.[187] for the id Tech engines and related, Eureka,[188] SLADE[189] and ReDoomEd[190] for the Doom engine, and the general purpose tile map editors LLDtk,[191] Ogmo,[192] and Tiled.[193]

Debuggers
See also: GtkRadiant and AMD CodeXL

Several game development tools have been available for Linux, including GNU Debugger, LLDB, Valgrind, glslang and others. VOGL, a debugger for OpenGL was released on 12 March 2014.

Available interfaces and SDKs

There are multiple interfaces and Software Development Kits available for Linux, and almost all of them are cross-platform. Most are free and open-source software subject to the terms of the zlib License, making it possible to static link against them from fully closed-source proprietary software. One difficulty due to this abundance of interfaces, is the difficulty for programmers to choose the best suitable audio API for their purpose. The main developer of the PulseAudio project, Lennart Poettering, commented on this issue.[194] Physics engines, audio libraries, that are available as modules for game engines, have been available for Linux for a long time.

The book Programming Linux Games covers a couple of the available APIs suited for video game development for Linux, while The Linux Programming Interface covers the Linux kernel interfaces in much greater detail.

LibraryLicenseinLanguage bindingsBack-endsDescription
IconNameOfficial3rd-partyLinuxWindowsOS XOther
AllegroAllegrozlib License C YesYesYesAndroid, iOS
ClanLibzlib License C++ Python, Lua, Ruby YesYes——
GLFWzlib License C — Ada, C#, Common Lisp, D, Go, Haskell, Java, Python, Rebol, Red, Ruby, Rust YesYesYes a small C library to create and manage windows with OpenGL contexts, enumerate monitors and video modes, and handle input
GrappleLGPL-2.1+ C YesYesYes free software package for adding multiplayer support
Nvidia GameWorksProprietary Unknown WIPYes—— As the result of their cooperation with Valve, Nvidia announced a Linux port of GameWorks.[195] As of June 2014, PhysX, and OptiX have been available for Linux for some time.
OpenPlayAPSL C YesYesYes— networking library authored by Apple Inc.
PygamePygameLGPL-2.1 Python YesYesYes build over SDL
RakNet3-clause BSD C++ C++, C# — Yes Yes Yes PlayStation 3, iOS, ... game network engine for multi-player
SDLSDLzlib License C C C#, Pascal, Python, Gambas EGL, Xlib, GLX? GDI, Direct3D Quartz, Core OpenGL? PSP-stuff a low-level cross-platform abstraction layer
SFMLSFMLzlib License C++ C, D, Python, Ruby, OCaml, .Net, Go YesYesYes
wxWidgetswxWidgetsLGPL-like C++ YesYesYes

Available middleware

Beside majority of the software which acts as an interface to various subsystems of the operating system, there is also software which can be simply described as middleware. A multitude of companies exist worldwide, whose main or only product is software that is meant to be licensed and integrated into a game engine. Their primary target is the video game industry, but the film industry also utilizes such software for special effects. Some very few well known examples are

A significant share of the available middleware already runs natively on Linux, only a very few run exclusively on Linux.

Available IDEs and source code editors

Numerous source code editors and IDEs are available for Linux, among which are Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text, Code::Blocks, Qt Creator, Emacs, or Vim.

Multi-monitor

A multi-monitor setup is supported on Linux at least by AMD Eyefinity & AMD Catalyst, Xinerama and RandR on both X11 and Wayland. Serious Sam 3: BFE is one example of a game that runs natively on Linux and supports very high resolutions and is validated by AMD to support their Eyefinity.[196] Civilization V is another example, it even runs on a "Kaveri" desktop APU in 3x1 portrait mode.[197]

Voice over IP

The specifications of the Mumble protocol are freely available and there are BSD-licensed implementations for both servers and clients. The positional audio API of Mumble is supported by e.g. Cube 2: Sauerbraten.

Wine
PlayOnLinux helps make Wine gaming accessible.
Main article: Wine (software)

Wine is a compatibility layer that provides binary compatibility and makes it possible to run software, that was written and compiled for Microsoft Windows, on Linux. The Wine project hosts a user-submitted application database (known as Wine AppDB) that lists programs and games along with ratings and reviews which detail how well they run with Wine. Wine AppDB also has a commenting system, which often includes instructions on how to modify a system to run a certain game which cannot run on a normal or default configuration. Many games are rated as running flawlessly, and there are also many other games that can be run with varying degrees of success. The use of Wine for gaming has proved controversial in the Linux community as some feel it is preventing, or at least hindering, the further growth of native gaming on the platform.[198][199]

Emulators
ScummVM has enabled numerous games to be run on Linux both commercially and by hobbyists.

There are numerous emulators for Linux. There are also APIs, virtual machines, and machine emulators that provide binary compatibility:

Linux homebrew on consoles
Main article: Homebrew (video games)

Linux has been ported to several game consoles, including the Xbox, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4,[200] GameCube,[201] and Wii which allows game developers without an expensive game development kit to access console hardware. Several gaming peripherals also work with Linux.[202][203]

Linux adoption

Adoption by game engines
The game engine is important for players and developers alike. The development-kit is built around it, game editors use it to build levels. Tools such as Blender or 3ds Max are employed to create the geometry of object and/or animations of those. Game data has reached enormous amounts. While game engines are sometimes released under some free software license, instead or additionally to licensing them, the game data is usually not.
See also: List of game engines and List of game engine recreations

The game engine is the software solely responsible for the game mechanics, or rules defining game play. There are different game engines for first-person shooters, strategy video games, etc. Besides the game mechanics, software is also needed to handle graphics, audio, physics, input handling, and networking.

Game engines that are used by many video games and run on top of Linux include:

Adoption by video games
Main article: List of Linux games

There are many free and open-source video games as well as commercially distributed proprietary video games that run natively on Linux. Some independent companies have also begun porting prominent video games from Microsoft Windows to Linux.

Free and open-source games
Main articles: Open-source video game, List of open-source video games, and List of commercial video games with available source code
Original games
Vega Strike, a space flight simulation

A few original open source video games have attained notability:

Clones and remakes
Frozen Bubble, a popular adaptation of the game Puzzle Bobble

There are a larger number of open source clones and remakes of classic games:

Available on Steam
Steam is the leading distributor of games for Linux.

Valve officially released Steam for Linux on February 14, 2013. As of June 2020 the number of Linux-compatible games on Steam exceeds 6,500.[209] With the launch of SteamOS, a distribution of Linux made by Valve intended to be used for HTPC gaming, that number is quickly growing. Listed below are some notable games available on Steam for Linux:

Half-Life 2, a launch title for Steam, was ported to Linux for the service's expansion in 2013.
The Stanley Parable was ported to Linux following Valve's release of the Source Engine for Linux.

Independent game developers
Main article: Independent video game development
Terry Cavanagh's VVVVVV was ported to Linux for the Humble Indie Bundle #3 in 2011.

Independent developer 2D Boy released World of Goo for Linux. Role-playing video game titles like Eschalon: Book I, Eschalon: Book II and Penny Arcade Adventures: On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness were developed cross-platform from the start of development, including a Linux version. Sillysoft released Linux versions of their game Lux and its various versions, as did My Game Company and its Dirk Dashing series.[210] Donohoe Digital released War! Age of Imperialism and DD Poker for Linux.[211] Devolver Digital has released a number of indie games for Linux, including Hotline Miami, Hatoful Boyfriend, Minit, Ruiner, Reigns, OlliOlli, Carrion and Broforce. Vlambeer has released Luftrausers and Nuclear Throne. Supergiant Games has released Bastion, Transistor, and Pyre.

Hemisphere Games has released a Linux version of Osmos. Koonsolo has released a Linux version of Mystic Mine. Amanita Design released Linux versions of Machinarium and Samorost 2. Irrgheist released a Linux version of their futuristic racing game H-Craft Championship before later releasing the source code. Gamerizon released a Linux version of QuantZ. InterAction Studios ported several titles mostly in the Chicken Invaders series. GridWars was released for Linux by Canadian developer Marco Inciti.

Young Horses released Octodad: Dadliest Catch, Studio Pixel released Cave Story, Number None released Braid, Subset Studios released FTL: Faster Than Light, The Indie Stone released Project Zomboid, Vblank Entertainment released Retro City Rampage, Bit Kid released Chasm, Rocketcat Games released Death Road to Canada, Ape Marina released Tales, HuniePot released HuniePop, Toby Fox has released Undertale, ConcernedApe has released Stardew Valley, Skookum Arts released The Pedestrian, and Data Realms released Cortex Command. Yacht Club Games has released Shovel Knight and Mina the Hollower. Drinkbox Studios released Tales from Space: Mutant Blobs Attack and Guacamelee!. Edmund McMillen has released Super Meat Boy, The Binding of Isaac, and The End is Nigh.

Kristanix Games released Linux versions of Crossword Twist, Fantastic Farm, Guess The Phrase!, Jewel Twist, Kakuro Epic, Mahjong Epic, Maxi Dice, Solitaire Epic, Sudoku Epic, and Theseus and the Minotaur. Anawiki Games released Linux versions of Path of Magic, Runes of Avalon, Runes of Avalon 2, Soccer Cup Solitaire, The Perfect Tree and Dress-Up Pups. Gaslamp Games released a Linux version of Dungeons of Dredmor. Broken Rules released a Linux version of And Yet It Moves. Klei Entertainment have released Shank, Mark of the Ninja, Don't Starve and more. Tomorrow Corporation has released Little Inferno, Human Resource Machine and 7 Billion Humans. Alientrap released Nexuiz, Capsized, Apotheon, and Cryptark. Freebird Games has released To the Moon, A Bird Story, Finding Paradise and Impostor Factory. 17-Bit released Skulls of the Shogun and Galak-Z: The Dimensional.

Frictional Games released Linux versions of both Penumbra: Black Plague and Penumbra: Overture, as well as the expansion pack Penumbra: Requiem. They also released Amnesia: The Dark Descent for Linux simultaneously with the Windows and Mac OS X versions, a practice they continued through to Amnesia: Rebirth (2020). S2 Games released Linux clients for their titles Savage: The Battle for Newerth, Savage 2: A Tortured Soul and Heroes of Newerth. Wolfire Games released a Linux version of their game Lugaru and supported its sequel Overgrowth on Linux; David Rosen's earlier Black Shades was also ported to Linux via released source code. Arctic Paint released a Linux version of Number Drill. Charlie's Games has released a Linux version of Bullet Candy Perfect, Irukandji, Space Phallus and Scoregasm. Spiderweb Software has released Blades of Exile and Avadon: The Black Fortress for Linux.

Darwinia was released for Linux by Introversion Software in 2005.

Illwinter Game Design released Conquest of Elysium II, Dominions: Priests, Prophets and Pretenders, Dominions II: The Ascension Wars, and Dominions 3: The Awakening for Linux. Introversion Software released Darwinia, Uplink, and DEFCON. Cartesian Theatre is a Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, based software house specializing in free, commercial, games for Linux, most notably Avaneya. Kot-in-Action Creative Artel released their Steel Storm games for Linux. Hazardous Software have released their game Achron for Linux. Harebrained Schemes has released Shadowrun Returns, Shadowrun: Dragonfall, Shadowrun: Hong Kong, and BattleTech.

UNIGINE Company developed Oil Rush using its Unigine engine technology that works on Linux. Unigine Corp was also developing a "shooter-type game" that would have been released for Linux, but development was later frozen while OilRush developed.[212] The MMORPG game Syndicates of Arkon was also supposed to come to Linux.[213] The game Dilogus: The Winds of War was also being developed with Unigine and was planned to have a Linux client.[214] Cradle was released for Linux in 2015, as was Sumoman in 2017.

Visual novels based on Ren'Py have forged a niche on Linux.

A number of visual novel developers support Linux. Winter Wolves released titles such as Spirited Heart, Heileen, The Flower Shop, Bionic Heart, Card Sweethearts, Vera Blanc, Planet Stronghold, and Loren The Amazon Princess for Linux.[215][216] Hanako Games released Science Girls, Summer Session, Date Warp, Cute Knight Kingdom, and were considering porting Fatal Hearts to Linux.[217][218] sakevisual brought Jisei, Kansei, Yousei, RE: Alistair and Ripples to Linux.[219] Four Leaf Studios also released Katawa Shoujo for Linux[220] and Christine Love released Digital: A Love Story, both of which, along with Summer Session mentioned previously, are powered by the free software Ren'Py game engine.

The Java-based sandbox game Minecraft by then indie developer Mojang is available on Linux, as are any other video games compiled for the Java virtual machine. Linux support was maintained even following Mojang's purchase by Microsoft in November 2014.

Dwarf Fortress, a sandbox management simulator / roguelike, has been made available for Linux by Tarn Adams.

The voxel-based space sandbox game, ScrumbleShip by indie developer Dirkson was under development for Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows.

The realistic replay baseball simulation Out of the Park Baseball by OOTP Developments was made available for Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows, for single player and multiplayer online leagues.

Grappling Hook, a first-shooter like puzzle game using the jMonkeyEngine, was released by Christian Teister. David Pittman released his game Eldritch for Linux. Big Robot released Sir, You Are Being Hunted and The Signal From Tölva. Superhot Team released Superhot. New Blood Interactive has released Dusk and Ultrakill for Linux. Sorath released Devil Daggers, Free Lives released the prototype of Anger Foot, and Samurai Punk released Screencheat. Pine Studio released SEUM: Speedrunners from Hell and Quicktequila released Lovely Planet. Milkstone Studios has released the first-person shooter roguelike Ziggurat for Linux, while Crema released Immortal Redneck,[221] Terrible Posture Games released Tower of Guns, Terri Vellmann released Heavy Bullets, Pixel Titans released Strafe, and Code Avarice released Paranautical Activity. Magellanic Games has released Office Point Rescue[222] and Affliction Rescue[223] based on the Godot engine.

Pillow Castle Games released Superliminal, Gone North Games released A Story About My Uncle, and Manekoware with Fire Hose Games released Catlateral Damage. Incandescent Imaging released Caffeine, Bloober Team released Layers of Fear, Red Barrels released Outlast, Saibot Studios released Doorways,[224] Camel 101 and Bigmoon Entertainment released Syndrome, Adam Pype released No Players Online, Arbitrary Metric released Paratopic, Mystman12 released Baldi's Basics in Education and Learning, and Kindly Beast released Bendy and the Ink Machine.

The German indie-studio Pixel Maniacs released both of their games, ChromaGun and Can't Drive This for Linux.

In the walking simulator space, Dan Ruscoe's Dark Hill Museum of Death is available for Linux, as well as the better known Gone Home, The Stanley Parable, Jazzpunk, Firewatch and Proteus. Blendo Games has released their games, including Gravity Bone, Thirty Flights of Loving and Quadrilateral Cowboy built on the open source id Tech code, for Linux.

Game porters
Main article: Video game porting
Ryan C. Gordon ported Aquaria to Linux in 2009.

Independent companies have also taken on the task of porting prominent Windows games to Linux. Loki Software was the first such company, and between 1998 and 2002 ported Civilization: Call to Power, Descent³, Eric's Ultimate Solitaire, Heavy Gear II, Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.², Heretic II, Heroes of Might and Magic III, Kohan: Immortal Sovereigns, Myth II: Soulblighter, Postal, Railroad Tycoon II, Quake III Arena, Rune, Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri, Sim City 3000, Soldier of Fortune, Tribes 2, and MindRover to Linux.

Tribsoft created a Linux version of Jagged Alliance 2 by Sir-Tech Canada before shutting down in 2002. Linux Game Publishing was founded in 2001 in response to the impending demise of Loki, and has brought Creatures: Internet Edition, Candy Cruncher, Majesty: Gold Edition, NingPo MahJong, Hyperspace Delivery Boy!, Software Tycoon, Postal²: Share The Pain, Soul Ride, X2: The Threat, Gorky 17, Cold War, Knights and Merchants: The Shattered Kingdom, Ballistics, X3: Reunion, Jets'n'Guns, Sacred: Gold, Shadowgrounds, and Shadowgrounds Survivor to Linux. Some of these games were ported for them by Gordon.

LGP ported Ballistics to Linux in 2007.

LGP-associated but freelance consultant Frank C. Earl is porting the game Caster to Linux and has released the first episode and also developed the Linux version of Cortex Command being included in the second Humble Indie Bundle. He is also working towards other porting projects such as the entire Myth series. He is largely taking recommendations and he comments as part of the Phoronix community. icculus.org has ported beta releases for Medal of Honor: Allied Assault and Devastation, versions of America's Army, and the titles Prey, Aquaria, Braid, Hammerfight and Cogs.

Trine was ported to Linux by Alternative Games in 2011.

The German publisher RuneSoft was founded in 2000. They ported the games Northland, Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood, Airline Tycoon Deluxe, Ankh, Ankh: Heart of Osiris, Barkanoid 2, and Jack Keane to Linux, as well as porting Knights and Merchants: The Shattered Kingdom and Software Tycoon, for Linux Game Publishing. Hyperion Entertainment ported games to several systems, they have ported Shogo: Mobile Armor Division and SiN to Linux, as well as porting Gorky 17 for Linux Game Publishing. Wyrmkeep Entertainment has brought the games The Labyrinth of Time and Inherit the Earth: Quest for the Orb to Linux. Alternative Games brought Trine and Shadowgrounds, and Shadowgrounds Survivor for Linux Game Publishing.

Aspyr Media released their first Linux port in June 2014,[225] they claim they are porting to Linux due to Valve bringing out SteamOS.[226] Aspyr Media later ported Borderlands 2 to Linux[227] in September 2014.

Having ported games to the Macintosh since 1996, video game publisher Feral Interactive released XCOM: Enemy Unknown, its first game for Linux, in June 2014. Feral Interactive stated they port games to Linux thanks to SteamOS.[228]

Other developers
GarageGames released several games for Linux in the 2000s before open sourcing their Torque engine in 2012.
Abuse was one of the first commercial games for Linux.

Some id Software employees ported the Doom series, the Quake series, Return to Castle Wolfenstein, Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory and Enemy Territory: Quake Wars. Some games published by GarageGames which have Linux versions include Bridge Builder, Marble Blast Gold, Gish, Tribal Trouble, and Dark Horizons: Lore Invasion.

MP Entertainment released Hopkins FBI and Crack dot com released Abuse for Linux, becoming one of the first developers to release a native port. Inner Worlds, another early commercial Linux title, was released for and developed on Linux. Philos Laboratories released a Linux version of Theocracy on the retail disk. Absolutist has supported Linux for a number of years.[229] GLAMUS GmbH released a Linux version of their game Mobility. Vicarious Visions ported the space-flight game Terminus to Linux.

Mountain King Studios released a port of Raptor: Call of the Shadows. BlackHoleSun Software released Krilo, Bunnies and Aftermath, and worked on Atlantis: The Underwater City - Interactive Storybook.[230] RedLynx released the freeware Phobia III - Edge Of Humanity for Linux.[231]

Four out of five Unreal Tournament games were released for Linux.

Lava Lord Games released their game Astro Battle for Linux. Xatrix Entertainment released a Linux version of Kingpin: Life of Crime. BioWare released Neverwinter Nights for Linux. Croteam released the Serious Sam series, with the first game ported by Gordon and with the second self-ported. Gordon also ported Epic Games' shooter games Unreal Tournament 2003 and Unreal Tournament 2004.

Revolution System Games released their game Decadence: Home Sweet Home through Steam only for Linux for a period of time after Mac or windows release.[232]

On 12 October 2013 Lars Gustavsson, creative director at DICE, said to polygon.com[233]

We strongly want to get into Linux for a reason," Gustavsson said. "It took Halo for the first Xbox to kick off and go crazy — usually, it takes one killer app or game and then people are more than willing [to adopt it] — it is not hard to get your hands on Linux, for example, it only takes one game that motivates you to go there.

Commercial games for non-x86 instruction sets
Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri was released for numerous architectures.

Some companies ported games to Linux running on instruction sets other than x86, such as Alpha, PowerPC, Sparc, MIPS or ARM.

Loki Entertainment Software ported Civilization: Call to Power, Eric's Ultimate Solitaire, Heroes of Might and Magic III, Myth II: Soulblighter, Railroad Tycoon II Gold Edition and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri with Alien Crossfire expansion pack to Linux PowerPC.[234] They also ported Civilization: Call to Power, Eric's Ultimate Solitaire, Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri with Alien Crossfire expansion pack to Linux Alpha and Civilization: Call to Power, Eric's Ultimate Solitaire to Linux SPARC.

Linux Game Publishing published Candy Cruncher, Majesty Gold, NingPo MahJong and Soul Ride to Linux PowerPC. They also ported Candy Cruncher, Soul Ride to Linux SPARC and Soul Ride to Linux Alpha.[235][236]

Illwinter Game Design ported Dominions: Priests, Prophets and Pretenders, Dominions II: The Ascension Wars and Dominions 3 to Linux PowerPC, as well as Conquest of Elysium 3, Dominions 4: Thrones of Ascension to Raspberry Pi.[237]

Hyperion Entertainment ported Sin to Linux PowerPC published by Titan Computer and Gorky 17 to Linux PowerPC which later was published by LGP.

Runesoft hired Gunnar von Boehn which ported Robin Hood – The Legend of Sherwood to Linux PowerPC. Later Runesoft ported Airline Tycoon Deluxe to Raspberry Pi was running Debian GNU/Linux.

Source ports
Main article: Source port
Micropolis, an open source port of SimCity

Several developers have released the source code to many of their legacy titles, allowing them to be run as native applications on many alternative platforms, including Linux. Examples of games which were ported to Linux this way include Duke Nukem 3D, Shadow Warrior, Rise of the Triad, Blake Stone, Ken's Labyrinth, Catacomb 3D, Seven Kingdoms, Warzone 2100, Homeworld, Call to Power II, Wolfenstein 3D, Heretic, Hexen, Hexen II, Aliens versus Predator, Descent, Descent II and Freespace 2.[85] Several game titles that were previously released for Linux were also able to be expanded or updated because of the availability of game code, including Doom, Abuse, Quake, Quake II, Quake III Arena and Jagged Alliance 2. Some derivatives based on released source code have also been released for Linux, such as Aleph One and Micropolis for Marathon 2: Durandal and SimCity respectively.

Certain game titles were even able to be ported due to availability of shared engine code even though the game's code itself remains proprietary or otherwise unavailable, such as the video game Strife, Blood, PowerSlave, Redneck Rampage,[238] or the multiplayer component of Star Trek: Voyager – Elite Force.[239] Some games have even been ported entirely or partially by reverse engineering and game engine recreation such as WarCraft II through Wargus or Commander Keen through Commander Genius.[88] Another trick is to attempt hacking the game to work as a mod on another native title, such as with the original Unreal.[240] Additionally, some games can be run through the use of Linux specific runtime environments, such as the case of certain games made with Adventure Game Studio such as the Chzo Mythos[241] or certain titles made with the RPG Maker tool. Games derived from released code, with both free and proprietary media, that are released for Linux include Urban Terror, OpenArena, Freedoom, World of Padman, Nexuiz/Xonotic, War§ow, The Dark Mod, and Excalibur: Morgana's Revenge.[242]

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
WorldForge is a free software MMORPG that runs on Linux.
See also: List of MMORPGs

This is a selected list of MMORPGs that are native on Linux:

Types of Linux gaming

Linux gaming can be divided into a number of sub-categories.[243][244][245]

Libre gaming

Libre gaming is a form of Linux gaming that emphasizes libre software, which often includes levels and assets as well as code.[246][247]

Native gaming

Native gaming is a form of Linux gaming that emphasizes using only native games or ports and not using emulators or compatibility layers.[198][92][248][249]

DRM-free gaming

DRM-free gaming is a form of Linux gaming that emphasizes boycotting DRM technologies. This can include buying games from GOG.com, certain Humble Bundles or itch.io and avoiding Steam and similar services.[250][251]

Terminal gaming

Terminal gaming is the playing of text-based games from within a console,[252] often programmed within Bash or using libraries such as ncurses.[253][254]

Retro gaming

Retrogaming is the playing of older games[255] using emulators such as MAME or Dosbox,[256] compatibility layers such as Wine and Proton,[257] engine reimplementations and source ports,[258] or even older Linux distributions (including live CDs and live USB, or virtual machines),[259] original binaries,[260] and period hardware.[261]

Live gaming

A number of games can be played from live distributions such as Knoppix, allowing easy access for users unwilling to fully commit to Linux.[262] Certain live distros have specially targeted gamers, such as SuperGamer and Linux-Gamers.[263][264]

Browser gaming

Browser gaming is the act of playing online games through a web browser,[265] which has the advantage of largely being platform independent.[266][267] The same largely applies to social network games hosted on social media sites.[268] Older games were largely based on Adobe Flash,[269] while modern ones are mostly HTML5.[270]

Cloud gaming

Cloud gaming is the streaming of games from a central server onto a desktop client.[271] This is another way to play games on Linux that are not natively supported,[272][273] although some cloud services, such as the erstwhile Google Stadia,[274][275] are hosted on Linux[276][277] and Android servers.[278] GamingAnywhere is an open source implementation.[279]

On Windows

Although less exploited than the reverse,[280] as few programs are Linux exclusive,[281] support does exist for running Linux binaries from Windows.[282][283] The Windows Subsystem for Linux allows the running of both command line[284][285] and graphical Linux applications[286][287] from Windows 10 and Windows 11.[288] An earlier implementation is Cygwin,[289] started by Cygnus Solutions and later maintained by Red Hat,[290] although it has limited hardware access[291] and required adaptation.[292] The use of Wine can even allow for the running of Windows games on Linux from Windows. The LibTAS library for tool assisted speedruns currently recommends WSL to run on Windows.[293] Naughty Dog meanwhile have used Cygwin to run old command-line tools for use in their game development,[294] which is a broader use for the platform.[295] As with running Windows applications on Linux, there is controversy over whether running Linux applications on Windows will dilute interest in Linux as distinct platform,[296] though it has speciality uses.[297]

Android gaming

Originally derived from Linux, the Android mobile operating system has a distinct and popular gaming ecosystem.[298] It has also been used as the base for several game consoles, such as the Nvidia Shield Portable and the Ouya.[299] Popular games include Pokemon Go, Genshin Impact, League of Legends: Wild Rift, Dead Cells and Call of Duty: Mobile.[300] Certain games, such as Minecraft, Stardew Valley, and Papers Please, are available for both Android and desktop Linux.[301]

BSD gaming

Owing to a common Unix-like heritage and free software ethos, many games for Linux are also ported to BSD variants[302] or can be run using compatibility layers such as Linuxulator.[303] BSDi had partnered with Loki Software to ensure its Linux ports ran on FreeBSD.[304] The Homura launcher exists to facilitate running Windows games through Wine,[305] which can still be used standalone.[306] A 2011 benchmark by Phoronix even found certain speed advantages over running games on Linux itself, comparing PC-BSD 8.2 to Ubuntu 11.04.[307] Most BSD systems come with the same pack in desktop games as Linux.[308] The permissive licensing of BSD has also lead to its inclusion in the system software of several game consoles, such as the Sony PlayStation line[309][310] and the Nintendo Switch.[311]

Unix gaming
See also: Mac gaming

A further niche exists for running games, either through ports or lxrun,[312] on Solaris[313] and derivatives such as OpenIndiana,[314] Darwin distributions such as PureDarwin,[315] HarmonyOS[316] and OpenHarmony,[317] Coherent,[318] SerenityOS,[319][320] Redox OS,[321] ToaruOS,[322] Xv6,[323] Fiwix,[324] or on Minix[325] and Hurd based systems.[326] There has been some cross-pollination with purely proprietary Unix derivatives,[327] such as AIX,[328] QNX,[329] Domain/OS,[330] HP-UX,[331] IRIX (see here),[332][333] Xenix,[334] SCO Unix,[335] Unixware,[336] Tru64 UNIX,[337][338] LynxOS (which features inbuilt Linux compatibility[339]), Ultrix,[340] OpenVMS,[341][342] z/OS UNIX System Services,[343][344] and even A/UX.[345] The games Doom and Quake were developed by id Software on NeXTStep,[346] a forerunner of modern macOS,[347] before being ported to DOS and back to numerous other Unix variants.[348] This involved reaching out to numerous Unix vendors to supply machines to use in the build and testing process.[349]

See also

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