List of gravitational wave observations

This page contains a list of observed/candidate gravitational wave events.

The first measurement of a gravitational wave event

Origin and nomenclature

Direct observation of gravitational waves, which commenced with the detection of an event by LIGO in 2015,[1] plays a key role in gravitational wave astronomy. LIGO has been involved in all subsequent detections to date, with Virgo joining in August 2017.[2]

Joint observation runs of LIGO and VIRGO, designated "O1, O2, etc." span many months, with months of maintenance and upgrades in-between designed to increase the instruments sensitivity and range. Within these run periods, the instruments are capable of detecting gravitational waves.

The first run, O1, ran from September 12, 2015, to January 19, 2016, and succeeded in its first gravitational wave detection. O2 ran for a greater duration, from November 30, 2016, to August 25, 2017.[3] O3 began on April 1, 2019, which was briefly suspended on September 30, 2019, for maintenance and upgrades, thus O3a. O3b marks resuming of the run and began on November 1, 2019. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic[4] O3 was forced to end prematurely.[5] O4 is planned to begin on May 24, 2023; initially planned for March, the project needed more time to stabilize the instruments.

The O4 observing run has been extended from one year to 18 months, following plans to make further upgrades for the O5 run.[2][6] Updated observing plans are published on the official website, containing the latest information on these runs.[6]

Gravitational wave events are named starting with the prefix GW, while observations that trigger an event alert but have not (yet) been confirmed are named starting with the prefix S.[7] Six digits then indicate the date of the event, with the two first digits representing the year, the two middle digits the month and two final digits the day of observation. This is similar to the systematic naming for other kinds of astronomical event observations, such as those of gamma-ray bursts.

Probable detections that are not confidently identified as gravitational wave events are designated LVT ("LIGO-Virgo trigger"). Known gravitational wave events come from the merger of two black holes (BH), two neutron stars (NS), or a black hole and a neutron star (BHNS).[8][9] Some objects are in the mass gap between the largest predicted neutron star masses (Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit) and the smallest known black holes.

List of gravitational wave events

Events from LIGO & Virgo
O1 & O2/2015-2017 events
O3/2019 Alerts
Confirmed events by distance
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
<100 Mpc
100-200 Mpc
200-500 Mpc
500-1000 Mpc
1-2 Gpc
2-5 Gpc
5+ Gpc
  •   BNS mergers
  •   NS-BH mergers
  •   mass gap
  •   BBH mergers
Initial objects by mass
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1-2 M
2-3 M
3-5 M
5-10 M
10-20 M
20-30 M
30-40 M
40-50 M
50-60 M
60-70 M
70-80 M
80-90 M
90-100 M
  •   neutron star
  •   mass gap
  •   black hole
List of binary merger events[10][11]
GW event
and time (UTC)[n 1]
Date
published
Location
area[n 2]
(deg2)
Signal to
Noise Ratio
(SNR)
Luminosity
distance

(Mpc)[n 3]
Energy
radiated/c2
(M)
[n 4]
Chirp mass (M)
[n 5]
Effective spin[n 6] Primary Secondary Remnant Notes Ref.
Type Mass (M) Type Mass (M) Type Mass (M) Spin[n 7]
GW150914
09:50:45
2016-02-11
179; mostly to the south
24.4+0.8
−0.8
430+150
−170
3.1+0.4
−0.4
28.6+1.6
−1.5
−0.01+0.12
−0.13
BH
[n 8]
35.6+4.8
−3.0
BH
[n 9]
30.6+3.0
−4.4
BH
63.1+3.3
−3.0
0.69+0.05
−0.04
First GW detection;
first BH merger observed
[17][18][16]
GW151012
09:54:43
2016-06-15
1555
10.0+0.5
−0.5
1060+540
−480
1.5+0.5
−0.5
15.2+2.0
−1.1
0.04+0.28
−0.19
BH
23.3+14.0
−5.5
BH
13.6+4.1
−4.8
BH
35.7+9.9
−3.8
0.67+0.13
−0.11
Formerly candidate LVT151012;
accepted as astrophysical since February 2019
[19][11][10]
GW151226
03:38:53
2016-06-15
1033
13.1+0.0
−1.2
440+180
−190
1.0+0.1
−0.2
8.9+0.3
−0.3
0.18+0.20
−0.12
BH
13.7+8.8
−3.2
BH
7.7+2.2
−2.6
BH
20.5+6.4
−1.5
0.74+0.07
−0.05
[20][21]
GW170104
10:11:58
2017-06-01
924
13.0+0.0
−0.0
960+430
−410
2.2+0.5
−0.5
21.5+2.1
−1.7
−0.04+0.17
−0.20
BH
31.0+7.2
−5.6
BH
20.1+4.9
−4.5
BH
49.1+5.2
−3.5
0.66+0.08
−0.10
[12][22]
GW170608
02:01:16
2017-11-16
396; to the north
14.9+0.5
−0.8
320+120
−110
0.9+0.0
−0.1
7.9+0.2
−0.2
0.03+0.19
−0.07
BH
10.9+5.3
−1.7
BH
7.6+1.3
−2.1
BH
17.8+3.2
−0.7
0.69+0.04
−0.04
Smallest BH progenitor
masses to date
[23]
GW170729
18:56:29
2018-11-30
1033
10.2+0.6
−0.4
2750+1350
−1320
4.8+1.7
−1.7
35.7+6.5
−4.7
0.36+0.21
−0.25
BH
50.6+16.6
−10.2
BH
34.3+9.1
−10.1
BH
80.3+14.6
−10.2
0.81+0.07
−0.13
Largest progenitor masses until GW190521 [11]
GW170809
08:28:21
2018-11-30
340; towards Cetus
12.4+0.0
−0.2
990+320
−380
2.7+0.6
−0.6
25.0+2.1
−1.6
0.07+0.16
−0.16
BH
35.2+8.3
−6.0
BH
23.8+5.2
−5.1
BH
56.4+5.2
−3.7
0.70+0.08
−0.09
[11]
GW170814
10:30:43
2017-09-27
87; towards Eridanus
16.3+0.9
−0.4
580+160
−210
2.7+0.4
−0.3
24.2+1.4
−1.1
0.07+0.12
−0.11
BH
30.7+5.7
−3.0
BH
25.3+2.9
−4.1
BH
53.4+3.2
−2.4
0.72+0.07
−0.05
First announced detection by
three observatories; first polarization measurement
[24][25]
GW170817
12:41:04
2017-10-16
33.0+0.0
−2.1
40±10
 0.04
1.186+0.001
−0.001
0.00+0.02
−0.01
NS
1.46+0.12
−0.10
NS
1.27+0.09
−0.09
NS
[n 10]
 2.8[n 11]
 0.89
First NS merger observed in
GW; first detection of EM counterpart (GRB 170817A; AT 2017gfo); nearest event to date
[15][28][29]
GW170818
02:25:09
2018-11-30
39; towards Pegasus
11.3+0.0
−0.0
1020+430
−360
2.7+0.5
−0.5
26.7+2.1
−1.7
−0.09+0.18
−0.21
BH
35.5+7.5
−4.7
BH
26.8+4.3
−5.2
BH
59.8+4.8
−3.8
0.67+0.07
−0.08
[11]
GW170823
13:13:58
2018-11-30
1651
11.1+0.4
−0.3
1850±840
3.3+0.9
−0.8
29.3+4.2
−3.2
0.08+0.20
−0.22
BH
39.6+10.0
−6.6
BH
29.4+6.3
−7.1
BH
65.6+9.4
−6.6
0.71+0.08
−0.10
[11]
GW190408_181802
2019-04-08
2020-10-27
140
15.3+0.2
−0.3
1580+400
−590
18.3+1.4
−1.2
−0.03+0.13
−0.19
BH
24.5+5.1
−3.4
BH
18.3+3.2
−3.5
BH
41.0+3.8
−2.7
0.67+0.06
−0.07
Originally designated S190408an. [30]
GW190412
2019-04-12
05:30:44
2020-04-17
156; towards Virgo or Boötes
18.9+0.2
−0.3
730+140
−170
13.3+0.4
−0.3
0.25+0.08
−0.11
BH
29.7+5.0
−5.3
BH
8.4+1.8
−1.0
BH
37.0+4.1
−3.9
0.67+0.05
−0.07
First possible observation of a merger of two black holes of very different masses. Originally designated S190412m. [31][32]
GW190413_052954
2019-04-13
2020-10-27
1400
8.9+0.4
−0.7
4100+2410
−1890
24.0+5.4
−3.7
0.01+0.29
−0.33
BH
33.4+12.4
−7.4
BH
23.4+6.7
−6.3
BH
54.3+12.4
−8.4
0.69+0.12
−0.13
[30]
GW190413_134308
2019-04-13
2020-10-27
520
10.0+0.4
−0.5
5150+2440
−2340
31.9+7.3
−4.6
−0.01+0.24
−0.28
BH
45.4+13.6
−9.6
BH
30.9+10.2
−9.6
BH
72.8+15.2
−10.3
0.69+0.10
−0.12
[30]
GW190421_213856
2019-04-21
2020-10-27
1000
10.7+0.2
−0.4
3150+1370
−1420
30.7+5.5
−6.6
−0.05+0.23
−0.26
BH
40.6+10.4
−6.6
BH
31.4+7.5
−8.2
BH
68.6+11.7
−8.1
0.68+0.10
−0.11
Originally designated S190421ar. [30]
GW190424_180648
2019-04-24 18:06:48
2020-10-27
26000
10.4+0.2
−0.4
2550+1560
−1330
30.3+5.7
−4.2
0.15+0.22
−0.22
BH
39.5+10.9
−6.9
BH
31.0+7.4
−7.3
BH
67.1+12.5
−9.2
0.75+0.08
−0.09
[30]
GW190425
2019-04-25
08:18:05
2020-01-06
28; towards Hercules[33]
12.4+0.3
−0.4
159+69
−72
1.44+0.02
−0.02
0.012+0.01
−0.01
NS
1.60 - 1.87
NS
1.46 - 1.69
?
Originally designated S190425z (z:26th trigger|UTC day), this trigger was detected by a single LIGO instrument (of three LVC stations), and is considered by some scientists to have been confirmed as a binary neutron star merger.[34]

It was published in 2020 that a gamma-ray burst was detected (GRB 190425) ~0.5 seconds after the LIGO trigger, lasting 6 seconds and bearing similarities to GRB170817 (such as weakness [most power in sub-100 keV, or soft X-rays) bands], elevated energetic photon background levels [signal exceeding background by less than a factor of 2], and similar differences from other transients classified as short GRBs). Confidence was established for interpretation of a set of peaks through a control interval of only 2 days prior to the LIGO-Livingston trigger in INTEGRAL Electronic anticoincidence, could not be corroborated by other instruments and wasn't initially noted as a significant event. Non-detection in other instruments may be a consequence of an Earth-occulted source as the Fermi telescope attempted follow-up.[33]

[35][36]
GW190426_152155
2019-04-26
15:21:55
2020-10-27
1300
8.7+0.5
−0.6
370+180
−160
2.41+0.08
−0.08
−0.03+0.32
−0.30
?
5.7+3.9
−2.3
NS
1.5+0.8
−0.5
?
The primary object, being between 3.4 and 9.6 solar masses, is either a black hole or an object in the mass gap. Originally designated S230426c. [30]
GW190503_185404
2019-05-03
18:54:04
2020-10-27
94; towards Columba, Pictor, or Puppis
12.4+0.2
−0.3
1450+690
−630
30.2+4.2
−4.2
−0.03+0.20
−0.26
BH
43.3+9.1
−8.2
BH
28.4+7.7
−8.0
BH
68.6+8.8
−7.7
0.66+0.09
−0.12
Originally designated S230503bf. [30]
GW190512_180714
2019-05-12
18:07:14
2020-10-27
220; towards Scorpius or Ophiuchus
12.2+0.2
−0.4
1430+550
−550
14.6+1.3
−1.0
0.03+0.12
−0.13
BH
23.3+5.3
−3.8
BH
12.6+3.6
−2.5
BH
34.5+3.8
−3.5
0.65+0.07
−0.07
Originally designated S230512at. [30]
GW190513_205428
2019-05-13
20:54:28
2020-10-27
12.9+0.3
−0.4
2060+880
−800
21.6+3.8
−1.9
0.11+0.28
−0.17
BH
35.7+9.5
−9.2
BH
18.0+7.7
−4.2
BH
51.6+8.2
−5.8
0.68+0.14
−0.12
Originally designated S230513bm. [30]
GW190514_065416
2019-05-14
06:54:16
2020-10-27
3000
8.2+0.3
−0.6
4100+2700
−2200
28.5+7.9
−4.8
−0.19+0.29
−0.32
BH
39.0+14.7
−8.2
BH
28.4+9.3
−8.8
BH
65+18
−10
0.63+0.11
−0.15
[30]
GW190517_055101
2019-05-17
06:54:16
2020-10-27
470
10.7+0.4
−0.6
1860+1620
−840
26.6+4.0
−4.0
0.52+0.19
−0.19
BH
37.4+11.7
−7.6
BH
25.3+7.0
−7.3
BH
59.3+9.1
−8.9
0.87+0.05
−0.07
Originally designated S190517h. [30]
GW190519_153544
2019-05-19
15:35:44
2020-10-27
860
15.6+0.2
−0.3
2530+1830
−920
44.5+6.4
−7.1
0.31+0.20
−0.22
BH
66+11
−12
BH
41+11
−11
BH
101+12
−14
0.79+0.07
−0.13
Originally designated S190519bj. [30]
GW190521
2019-05-21
03:02:29
2020-09-02
14.2+0.3
−0.3
5300+2400
−2600
7.6+2.2
−1.9
64+13
−8
0.08+0.27
−0.36
BH
85+21
−14
BH
66+17
−18
BH
142+28
−16
0.72+0.09
−0.12
Originally designated S190521g. Largest progenitor masses to date. [37][38]
GW190521_074359
2019-05-21
07:43:59
2020-10-27
550
25.8+0.1
−0.2
1240+400
−570
32.1+3.2
−2.5
0.09+0.10
−0.13
BH
42.2+5.9
−4.8
BH
32.8+5.4
−6.4
BH
71.0+6.5
−4.4
0.72+0.05
−0.07
Originally designated S190521r. [30]
GW190527_092055
2019-05-27
09:20:55
2020-10-27
3700
8.1+0.3
−0.9
2500+2500
−1200
24.3+9.2
−4.1
0.11+0.28
−0.28
BH
36.5+16.4
−9.0
BH
22.6+10.5
−8.1
BH
56.4+20.2
−9.3
0.71+0.12
−0.16
[30]
GW190602_175927
2019-06-02
17:59:27
2020-10-27
690
12.8+0.2
−0.3
2700+1800
−1100
49.1+9.1
−8.5
0.07+0.25
−0.24
BH
69+16
−13
BH
48+14
−17
BH
111+18
−15
0.70+0.10
−0.14
Originally designated S190602aq. [30]
GW190620_030421
2019-06-20
03:04:21
2020-10-27
7200
12.1+0.3
−0.4
2800+1700
−1300
38.3+8.3
−6.5
0.33+0.22
−0.25
BH
57+16
−13
BH
36+12
−12
BH
87+17
−12
0.79+0.08
−0.15
[30]
GW190630_185205
2019-06-30
18:52:05
2020-10-27
1200
15.6+0.2
−0.3
890+560
−370
24.9+2.1
−2.1
0.10+0.12
−0.13
BH
35.1+6.9
−5.6
BH
23.7+5.2
−5.1
BH
56.4+4.4
−4.6
0.70+0.05
−0.07
Originally designated S190630ag. [30]
GW190701_203306
2019-07-01
20:33:06
2020-10-27
46; towards Eridanus or Cetus
11.3+0.2
−0.3
2060+760
−730
40.3+5.4
−4.9
−0.07+0.23
−0.29
BH
53.9+11.8
−8.0
BH
40.8+8.7
−12.0
BH
90.2+11.3
−8.9
0.66+0.09
−0.13
Originally designated S190701ah. [30]
GW190706_222641
2019-07-06
22:26:41
2020-10-27
650
12.6+0.2
−0.4
4400+2600
−1900
42.7+10.0
−7.0
0.28+0.26
−0.29
BH
67+15
−16
BH
38+15
−13
BH
99+18
−14
0.78+0.09
−0.18
Originally designated S190706ai. [30]
GW190707_093326
2019-07-07
09:33:26
2020-10-27
1300
13.3+0.2
−0.4
770+380
−270
8.5+0.7
−0.6
−0.05+0.10
−0.08
BH
11.6+3.3
−1.7
BH
8.4+1.4
−1.7
BH
19.2+1.9
−1.3
0.66+0.03
−0.04
Originally designated S190707q. [30]
GW190708_232457
2019-07-08
23:24:57
2020-10-27
14000
13.1+0.2
−0.3
880+330
−390
13.2+0.9
−0.6
0.02+0.08
−0.10
BH
17.6+4.7
−2.3
BH
13.2+2.0
−2.7
BH
29.5+2.5
−1.8
0.69+0.04
−0.04
[30]
GW190719_215514
2019-07-09
21:55:14
2020-10-27
2900
8.3+0.3
−0.8
3900+2600
−2000
23.5+6.5
−4.0
0.32+0.29
−0.31
BH
37+18
−10
BH
20.8+9.0
−7.2
BH
55+17
−10
0.78+0.11
−0.17
[30]
GW190720_000836
2019-07-20
00:08:36
2020-10-27
460; mostly towards Cygnus
11.0+0.3
−0.7
790+690
−320
8.9+0.5
−0.8
0.18+0.14
−0.12
BH
13.4+6.7
−3.0
BH
7.8+2.3
−2.2
BH
20.4+4.5
−2.2
0.72+0.06
−0.05
Originally designated S190720a. [30]
GW190727_060333
2019-07-27
06:03:33
2020-10-27
830
11.9+0.3
−0.5
790+690
−320
28.6+5.3
−3.7
0.11+0.26
−0.25
BH
38.0+9.5
−6.2
BH
29.4+7.1
−8.4
BH
63.8+10.9
−7.5
0.73+0.10
−0.10
Originally designated S190727h. [30]
GW190728_064510
2019-07-28
06:45:10
2020-10-27
400
13.0+0.2
−0.4
870+260
−370
8.6+0.5
−0.3
0.12+0.20
−0.07
BH
12.3+7.2
−2.2
BH
8.1+1.7
−2.6
BH
19.6+4.7
−1.3
0.71+0.04
−0.04
Originally designated S190728q. [30]
GW190731_140936
2019-07-31
14:09:36
2020-10-27
3400
8.7+0.2
−0.5
3300+2400
−1700
29.5+7.1
−5.2
0.06+0.24
−0.24
BH
41.5+12.2
−9.0
BH
28.8+9.7
−9.5
BH
67+15
−11
0.70+0.10
−0.13
[30]
GW190803_022701
2019-08-03
02:27:01
2020-10-27
1500
8.6+0.3
−0.5
3300+2000
−1600
27.3+5.7
−4.1
−0.03+0.24
−0.27
BH
37.3+10.6
−7.0
BH
27.3+7.8
−8.2
BH
61.7+11.8
−8.5
0.68+0.10
−0.11
[30]
GW190814 2019-08-14 21:11:18 2020-06-23
18.5; towards Cetus or Sculptor
24.9+0.1
−0.2
241+41
−45
6.09+0.06
−0.06
−0.002+0.06
−0.061
BH
23.2+1.1
−1.0
?
2.59+0.08
−0.09
BH
25.6+1.1
−0.9
0.28+0.02
−0.02
No optical counterpart was discovered despite an extensive search of the probability region. The mass of the lighter component is estimated to be 2.6 times the mass of the Sun, placing it in the mass gap between neutron stars and black holes.[39] [40][41][42][43][44]
[45][46][47][48]
GW190828_063405
2019-08-28
06:34:05
2020-10-27
520
16.2+0.2
−0.3
2130+660
−930
25.0+3.4
−2.1
0.19+0.15
−0.16
BH
32.1+5.8
−4.0
BH
26.2+4.6
−4.8
BH
54.9+7.2
−4.3
0.75+0.06
−0.07
Originally designated S190828j. [30]
GW190828_065509
2019-08-28
06:55:09
2020-10-27
660
10.0+0.3
−0.5
1600+620
−600
13.3+1.2
−1.0
0.08+0.16
−0.16
BH
24.1+7.0
−7.2
BH
10.2+3.6
−2.1
BH
33.1+5.5
−4.5
0.65+0.08
−0.08
Originally designated S190828l. [30]
GW190909_114149
2019-09-09
11:41:49
2020-10-27
4700
8.1+0.4
−0.6
3800+3300
−2200
30.9+17.2
−7.5
−0.06+0.37
−0.37
BH
46+53
−13
BH
28+13
−13
BH
72+55
−17
0.66+0.15
−0.20
[30]
GW190910_112807
2019-09-10
11:28:07
2020-10-27
11000
14.1+0.2
−0.3
1460+1030
−580
34.3+4.1
−4.1
0.02+0.18
−0.18
BH
43.9+7.6
−6.1
BH
35.6+6.3
−7.2
BH
75.8+8.5
−8.6
0.70+0.08
−0.07
[30]
GW190915_235702
2019-09-15
23:57:02
2020-10-27
13.6+0.2
−0.3
1620+710
−610
25.3+3.2
−2.7
0.02+0.20
−0.25
BH
35.3+9.5
−6.4
BH
24.4+5.6
−6.1
BH
57.2+7.1
−6.0
0.70+0.09
−0.11
Originally designated S230915ak. [30]
GW190924_021846
2019-09-24
02:18:46
2020-10-27
360; towards Hydra or Cancer
11.5+0.3
−0.4
570+220
−220
5.8+0.2
−0.2
0.03+0.30
−0.09
BH
8.9+7.0
−2.0
?
5.0+1.4
−1.9
BH
13.3+5.2
−1.0
0.67+0.05
−0.05
The secondary component, being between 3.1 and 6.4 solar masses, is either a black hole or an object in the mass gap. Originally designated S230924h. [30]
GW190929_012149
2019-09-29
01:21:49
2020-10-27
2200
10.1+0.6
−0.8
2100+3700
−1100
35.8+14.9
−8.2
0.01+0.34
−0.33
BH
81+33
−33
BH
24+19
−11
BH
102+34
−25
0.66+0.20
−0.31
[30]
GW190930_133541
2019-09-30
13:35:41
2020-10-27
1700
9.5+0.3
−0.5
760+360
−320
8.5+0.5
−0.5
0.14+0.31
−0.15
BH
12.3+12.4
−2.3
?
7.8+1.7
−3.3
BH
19.4+9.2
−1.5
0.72+0.07
−0.06
The secondary component, being between 4.5 and 9.5 solar masses, is either a black hole or an object in the mass gap. Originally designated S190930s. [30]
GW191103
2019-11-03 01:25:49
2021-11-17
2500
8.9+0.3
−0.5
990+500
−470
8.34+0.66
−0.57
0.21+0.16
−0.10
BH
11.8+6.2
−2.2
BH
7.9+1.7
−2.4
BH
19.0+3.8
−1.7
0.75+0.06
−0.05
[49]
GW191105
2019-11-05 14:35:21
2021-11-17
640
9.7+0.3
−0.5
1150+430
−480
7.82+0.61
−0.45
−0.02+0.13
−0.09
BH
10.7+3.7
−1.6
BH
7.7+1.4
−1.9
BH
17.6+2.1
−1.2
0.67+0.04
−0.05
Originally designated S191105e. [49]
GW191109
2019-11-09 01:07:17
2021-11-17
1600
17.3+0.5
−0.5
1290+1130
−650
47.5+9.6
−7.5
−0.29+0.42
−0.31
BH
65+11
−11
BH
47+15
−13
BH
107+18
−15
0.61+0.18
−0.19
Originally designated S191109d. [49]
GW191113
2019-11-13 07:17:53
2021-11-17
3600
7.9+0.5
−1.1
1290+1130
−650
10.7+1.1
−1.0
0.00+0.37
−0.29
BH
29+12
−14
BH
5.9+4.4
−1.3
BH
34+11
−10
0.45+0.33
−0.11
[49]
GW191126
2019-11-26 11:52:59
2021-11-17
1400
8.3+0.2
−0.5
1620+740
−740
8.65+0.95
−0.71
0.21+0.15
−0.11
BH
12.1+5.5
−2.2
BH
8.3+1.9
−2.4
BH
19.6+3.5
−2.0
0.75+0.06
−0.05
[49]
GW191127
2019-11-27 05:02:27
2021-11-17
980
9.2+0.7
−0.6
3400+3100
−1900
29.9+11.7
−9.1
0.18+0.34
−0.36
BH
53+47
−20
BH
24+17
−14
BH
76+31
−29
0.75+0.13
−0.29
[49]
GW191129
2019-11-29 13:40:29
2021-11-17
850
13.1+0.2
−0.3
790+260
−330
7.31+0.43
−0.28
0.06+0.18
−0.06
BH
10.7+4.1
−2.1
BH
6.7+1.5
−1.7
BH
16.8+2.5
−1.2
0.69+0.03
−0.05
Originally designated S191129u. [49]
GW191204_110529
2019-12-04 11:05:29
2021-11-17
3700
8.8+0.4
−0.6
1800+1700
−1100
19.8+3.6
−3.3
0.05+0.26
−0.27
BH
27.3+11.0
−6.0
BH
19.3+5.6
−6.0
BH
45.0+8.6
−7.6
0.71+0.12
−0.11
[49]
GW191204_171526
2019-12-04 17:15:26
2021-11-17
350; towards Pictor, Caelum, or Eridanus
17.5+0.2
−0.2
650+190
−250
8.55+0.38
−0.27
0.16+0.08
−0.05
BH
11.9+3.3
−1.8
BH
8.2+1.4
−1.6
BH
19.21+1.79
−0.95
0.73+0.03
−0.03
Originally designated S191204r. [49]
GW191215
2019-12-15 22:30:52
2021-11-17
530
11.2+0.3
−0.4
1930+890
−860
18.4+2.2
−1.7
−0.04+0.17
−0.21
BH
24.9+7.1
−4.1
BH
18.1+3.8
−4.1
BH
41.4+5.1
−4.1
0.68+0.07
−0.07
Originally designated S191215w. [49]
GW191216
2019-12-16 21:33:38
2021-11-17
490
18.6+0.2
−0.2
340+120
−130
8.33+0.22
−0.19
0.11+0.13
−0.06
BH
12.1+4.6
−2.3
BH
7.7+1.6
−1.9
BH
18.87+2.80
−0.94
0.70+0.03
−0.04
Originally designated S191216ap. [49]
GW191219
2019-12-19 16:31:20
2021-11-17
1500
9.1+0.5
−0.8
550+250
−160
4.32+0.12
−0.17
0.00+0.07
−0.09
BH
31.1+2.2
−2.8
NS
1.17+0.07
−0.06
BH
32.2+2.2
−2.7
0.14+0.06
−0.06
The event is unconfirmed due to difficulty accurately modelling the extreme mass ratio. [49]
GW191222
2019-12-22 03:35:37
2021-11-17
2000
12.5+0.2
−0.3
3000+1700
−1700
33.8+7.1
−5.0
−0.04+0.20
−0.25
BH
45.1+10.9
−8.0
BH
34.7+9.3
−10.5
BH
75.5+15.3
−9.9
0.67+0.08
−0.11
Originally designated S191222n. [49]
GW191230
2019-12-30 18:04:58
2021-11-17
1100
10.4+0.3
−0.4
4300+2100
−1900
36.5+8.2
−5.6
−0.05+0.26
−0.31
BH
49.4+14.0
−9.6
BH
37+11
−12
BH
82+17
−11
0.68+0.11
−0.13
[49]
GW200105
2020-01-05 16:24:26
2021-06-29
7200
13.7+0.2
−0.4
280±110
3.41+0.08
−0.07
−0.01+0.11
−0.15
BH
8.9+1.2
−1.5
NS
1.9+0.3
−0.2
BH
10.4+2.7
−2.0
0.43+0.04
−0.03
First event confirmed to be a black hole and neutron star merger. Originally designated S200105ae. [50][51]
GW200112
2020-01-12 15:58:38
2021-11-17
4300
19.8+0.1
−0.2
1250+430
−460
27.4+2.6
−2.1
0.06+0.15
−0.15
BH
35.6+6.7
−4.5
BH
28.3+4.4
−5.9
BH
60.8+5.3
−4.3
0.71+0.06
−0.06
Originally designated S200112r. [49]
GW200114
2020-01-14 02:08:08
2022-08-18
403; towards Gemini, Orion, or Eridanus
1250+1500
−400
68+6
−4
−0.75+0.50
−0.15
BH
78+10
−10
BH
70+10
−10
BH
140+15
−15
Originally designated S200114f. The event was initially published as an unmodeled gravitational wave burst, and different studies have offered conflicting interpretations. One study suggested it was a nearby high-mass black hole merger with component masses of 118+10
−12
and 89+18
−8
Msun which was poorly modeled because of its high mass.[52] Another study interpreted it as a somewhat smaller black hole merger taking place at the same time as a detector glitch.[53] Both studies conclude the signal is most likely a real event, and the latter model is included in the table.
[52][53]
GW200115
2020-01-15 04:23:09
2021-06-29
600
11.3+0.3
−0.5
300+150
−100
2.42+0.05
−0.07
−0.19+0.23
−0.35
BH
5.7+1.8
−2.1
NS
1.5+0.7
−0.3
BH
7.8+1.4
−1.6
0.38+0.04
−0.03
Second event confirmed to be a black hole and neutron star merger. Originally designated S200115j. [50][54]
GW200128
2020-01-28 02:20:11
2021-11-17
2600
10.6+0.3
−0.4
3400+2100
−1800
32.0+7.5
−5.5
0.12+0.24
−0.25
BH
42.2+11.6
−8.1
BH
32.6+9.5
−9.2
BH
71+16
−11
0.74+0.10
−0.10
Originally designated S200128d. [49]
GW200129
2020-01-29 06:54:58
2021-11-17
130; towards Equuleus, Delphinus, or Vulpecula
26.8+0.2
−0.2
900+290
−380
27.2+2.1
−2.3
0.11+0.11
−0.16
BH
34.5+9.9
−3.2
BH
28.9+3.4
−9.3
BH
60.3+4.0
−3.3
0.73+0.06
−0.05
Originally designated S200129m. [49]
GW200202
2020-02-02 15:43:12
2021-11-17
170
10.8+0.2
−0.4
410+150
−160
7.49+0.24
−0.20
0.04+0.13
−0.06
BH
10.1+3.5
−1.4
BH
7.3+1.1
−1.7
BH
16.76+1.87
−0.66
0.69+0.03
−0.04
[49]
GW200208_130117
2020-02-08 13:01:17
2021-11-17
30; towards Pyxis or Antlia
10.8+0.3
−0.4
2230+1000
−850
27.7+3.6
−3.1
−0.07+0.22
−0.27
BH
37.8+9.2
−8.2
BH
27.5+6.1
−7.4
BH
62.5+7.3
−6.4
0.66+0.09
−0.13
Originally designated S200208q. [49]
GW200208_222617
2020-02-08 22:26:17
2021-11-17
2000
7.4+1.4
−1.2
4100+4400
−1900
19.6+10.7
−5.1
0.45+0.43
−0.44
BH
51+104
−30
BH
12.3+9.0
−5.7
BH
61+100
−25
0.83+0.14
−0.27
[49]
GW200209
2020-02-09 08:54:52
2021-11-17
730
9.6+0.4
−0.5
3400+1900
−1800
26.7+6.0
−4.2
−0.12+0.24
−0.30
BH
35.6+10.5
−6.8
BH
27.1+7.8
−7.8
BH
59.9+13.1
−8.9
0.66+0.10
−0.12
[49]
GW200210
2020-02-10 09:22:54
2021-11-17
1800
8.4+0.5
−0.7
940+430
−340
6.56+0.38
−0.40
0.02+0.22
−0.21
BH
24.1+7.5
−4.6
?
2.83+0.47
−0.42
BH
26.7+7.2
−4.3
0.34+0.13
−0.08
The secondary component, being between 2.41 and 3.30 solar masses, is an object in the mass gap. [49]
GW200216
2020-02-16 22:08:04
2021-11-17
2900
8.1+0.4
−0.5
3800+3000
−2000
32.9+9.3
−8.5
0.10+0.34
−0.36
BH
51+22
−13
BH
30+14
−16
BH
78+19
−13
0.70+0.14
−0.24
[49]
GW200219
2020-02-19 09:44:15
2021-11-17
700
10.7+0.3
−0.5
3400+1700
−1500
27.6+5.6
−3.8
−0.08+0.23
−0.29
BH
37.5+10.1
−6.9
BH
27.9+7.4
−8.4
BH
62.2+11.7
−7.8
0.66+0.10
−0.13
Originally designated S200219ac. [49]
GW200220_061928
2020-02-20 06:19:28
2021-11-17
3000
7.2+0.4
−0.7
6000+4800
−3100
62+23
−15
0.06+0.40
−0.38
BH
87+40
−23
BH
61+26
−25
BH
141+51
−31
0.71+0.15
−0.17
[49]
GW200220_124850
2020-02-20 12:48:50
2021-11-17
3200
8.5+0.3
−0.5
4000+2800
−2200
28.2+7.3
−5.1
−0.07+0.27
−0.33
BH
38.9+14.1
−8.6
BH
27.9+9.2
−9.0
BH
64+16
−11
0.67+0.11
−0.14
[49]
GW200224
2020-02-24 22:22:34
2021-11-17
50; towards Virgo or Crater
20.0+0.2
−0.2
1710+490
−640
31.1+3.2
−2.6
0.10+0.15
−0.15
BH
40.0+6.9
−4.5
BH
32.5+5.0
−7.2
BH
68.6+6.6
−4.7
0.73+0.07
−0.07
Originally designated S200224ca. [49]
GW200225
2020-02-25 06:04:21
2021-11-17
370; towards Ursa Minor or Cepheus
12.5+0.3
−0.4
1150+510
−530
14.2+1.5
−1.4
−0.12+0.17
−0.28
BH
19.3+5.0
−3.0
BH
14.0+2.8
−3.5
BH
32.1+3.5
−2.8
0.66+0.07
−0.13
Originally designated S200225q. [49]
GW200302
2020-03-02 01:58:11
2021-11-17
6000
10.8+0.3
−0.4
1480+1020
−700
23.4+4.7
−3.0
0.01+0.25
−0.26
BH
37.8+8.7
−8.5
BH
20.0+8.1
−5.7
BH
55.5+8.9
−8.6
0.66+0.13
−0.15
Originally designated S200302c. [49]
GW200306
2020-03-06 09:37:14
2021-11-17
4600
7.8+0.4
−0.6
2100+1700
−1100
17.5+3.5
−3.0
0.32+0.28
−0.46
BH
28.3+17.1
−7.7
BH
14.8+6.5
−6.4
BH
41.7+12.3
−6.9
0.78+0.11
−0.26
[49]
GW200308
2020-03-08 17:36:09
2021-11-17
2000
7.1+0.5
−0.5
5400+2700
−2600
19.0+4.8
−2.8
0.65+0.21
−0.17
BH
36.4+11.2
−9.6
BH
13.8+7.2
−3.3
BH
47.4+11.1
−7.7
0.91+0.03
−0.08
[49]
GW200311
2020-03-11 11:58:53
2021-11-17
35; towards Cetus
17.8+0.2
−0.2
1170+280
−400
26.6+2.4
−2.0
−0.02+0.16
−0.20
BH
34.2+6.4
−3.8
BH
27.7+4.1
−5.9
BH
59.0+4.8
−3.9
0.69+0.07
−0.08
Originally designated S200311bg. [49]
GW200316
2020-03-16 21:57:56
2021-11-17
190
10.3+0.4
−0.7
1120+470
−440
8.75+0.62
−0.55
0.13+0.27
−0.10
BH
13.1+10.2
−2.9
BH
7.8+1.9
−2.9
BH
20.2+7.4
−1.9
0.70+0.04
−0.04
Originally designated S200316bj. [49]
GW200322
2020-03-22 09:11:33
2021-11-17
6500
6.0+1.7
−1.2
3600+7000
−2000
15.5+15.7
−3.7
0.24+0.45
−0.51
BH
34+48
−18
BH
14.0+16.8
−8.7
BH
53+38
−26
0.78+0.16
−0.17
[49]
Gravitational Wave Transient Catalog 1. Credit:LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration/Georgia Tech/S. Ghonge & K. Jani

Candidate events and marginal detections

There is possible detection of nanohertz waves by observation of the timing of pulsars, but they have not been confirmed at the 5 sigma level of confidence, as yet.[55]

Marginal detections from O1 and O2

In addition to well-constrained detections listed above, a number of low-significance detections of possible signals were made by LIGO and Virgo. Their characteristics are listed below, only including detections with a <50% chance of being noise:

Marginal event detections
Candidate
event
Detection
time (UTC)
Date
published
Luminosity
distance

(Mpc)[n 12]
Detector
[n 13]
False alarm
rate (year)
Effective spin Primary Secondary Probability of terrestrial noise Notes Ref
Type Mass (M) Type Mass (M)
1512052015-12-05 19:55:252019-10-113000+2400
−1600
H,L0.610.14+0.40
−0.38
BH
67+28
−17
BH
42+16
−19
0.47[56]
1701212017-01-21 21:25:362019-04-15H,L−0.3±0.3
BH
29+4
−3
BH
<0.01[57]
1703042017-03-04 16:37:532019-10-112300+1600
−1200
H,L2.50.11+0.29
−0.27
BH
44.9+17.6
−9.4
BH
31.8+9.5
−11.6
0.30[56]
1704022017-04-02 21:51:502019-10-21H,L0.32[58]
1707272017-07-27 01:04:302019-10-112200+1500
−1100
H,L180−0.05+0.25
−0.30
BH
41.6+12.8
−7.9
BH
30.4+7.9
−8.2
0.006[56]
170817A2017-08-17 03:02:462019-10-21H,L,V11.50.5±0.2
BH
56+16
−10
BH
40+10
−11
0.14[58]

Observation candidates from O3/2019

From observation run O3/2019 on, observations are published as Open Public Alerts to facilitate multi-messenger observations of events.[59][60][61] Candidate event records can be directly accessed at the Gravitational-Wave Candidate Event Database (GraceDB).[62] On 1 April 2019, the start of the third observation run was announced with a circular published in the public alerts tracker.[63] The first O3/2019 binary black hole detection alert was broadcast on 8 April 2019. A significant percentage of O3 candidate events detected by LIGO are accompanied by corresponding triggers at Virgo.

False alarm rates are mixed, with more than half of events assigned false alarm rates greater than 1 per 20 years, contingent on presence of glitches around signal, foreground electromagnetic instability, seismic activity, and operational status of any one of the three LIGO-Virgo instruments. For instance, events S190421ar and S190425z weren't detected by Virgo and LIGO's Hanford site, respectively.

The LIGO/Virgo collaboration took a short break from observing during the month of October 2019 to improve performance and prepare for future plans, with no signals detected in that month as a result.[64]

The Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector (KAGRA) in Japan became operational on 25 February 2020,[65] likely improving the detection and localization of future gravitational wave signals.[66] However, KAGRA does not report their signals in real-time on GraceDB as LIGO and Virgo do, so the results of their observation run will likely not be published until the end of O3.

The LIGO-Virgo collaboration ended the O3 run early on March 27, 2020, due to health concerns from the COVID-19 pandemic.[5][67]

Candidate detections from O3 by month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
19/04
19/05
19/06
19/07
19/08
19/09
19/10
19/11
19/12
20/01
20/02
20/03
  •   BNS mergers
  •   NS-BH mergers
  •   mass gap
  •   BBH mergers
  •   terrestrial noise
  •   false positives
  •   unidentified
O3 detections by distance
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
<100 Mpc
100-200 Mpc
200-500 Mpc
500-1000 Mpc
1-2 Gpc
2-5 Gpc
5+ Gpc
  •   BNS mergers
  •   NS-BH mergers
  •   mass gap
  •   BBH mergers
List of unconfirmed O3 event alerts[10][11]
GW event Detection
time (UTC)
Location
area[n 14]
(deg2)
Luminosity
distance

(Mpc)[n 15]
Detector
[n 16]
False alarm
Rate (Hz)
False alarm
chance in O3[n 17]
Classification Notes Ref
NS / NS
[n 18]
NS / BH
[n 19]
BH / BH
[n 20]
Mass gap
[n 21]
Terrestrial
[n 22]
S190901ap 2019-09-01
23:31:01
14753
241±79
L,V 7.0 10−9 0.181 0.861 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.139 [68]
S190910d 2019-09-10
01:26:19
2482
632±186
H,L 3.7 10−9 0.100 0.0 0.976 0.0 0.0 0.024 [69]
S190910h 2019-09-10
08:29:58
24264
230±88
L 3.6 10−8 0.642 0.612 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.388 Detected by only the Livingston detector, resulting in a bad sky localization. [70]
S190923y 2019-09-23 12:55:59
2107
438±133
H,L 4.8 10−8 0.746 0.0 0.677 0.0 0.0 0.322 [71]
S190930t 2019-09-30 14:34:07
24220
108±38
L 1.5 10−8 0.348 0.0 0.743 0.0 0.0 0.257 Detected by only the Livingston detector, resulting in a bad sky localization; last detection of the O3a run. [72]
S191205ah 2019-12-05 21:52:08
6378
385±164
H,L,V 1.2 10−8 0.290 0.0 0.932 0.0 0.0 0.068 [73]
S191213g 2019-12-13 04:34:08
4480
201±81
H,L,V 3.5 10−8 0.631 0.768 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.232 [74]
S200213t 2020-02-13 04:10:40
2326
201±80
H,L,V 1.8 10−8 0.401 0.629 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.371 [75]

Observation candidates from O4/2023

On 15 June 2022, LIGO announced to start the O4 observing run in March 2023.[76] As the date got closer, engineering challenges delayed the observing run to May 2023.[77] An engineering run to assess the sensitivity of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA began in April, with the Hanford detector's first operations beginning on April 29,[78] and the Livingston and Virgo detectors' first operations beginning on May 5.[79]

Near the end of the engineering run on 15 May 2023, LIGO announced that O4 would be beginning on 24 May 2023, running for 20 months with up to 2 months of maintenance. The LIGO detectors failed to achieve the hoped for 160-190 Mpc sensitivity for neutron star mergers, but did achieve an improved 130-150 Mpc sensitivity over O3's 100-140 Mpc, later improving to nearly 160 Mpc for both detectors by late 2023. Virgo was found to have a damaged mirror, delaying its observing run until Fall 2023 at the earliest, and KAGRA achieved its planned 1 Mpc neutron star merger sensitivity, with further plans to upgrade beyond 10 Mpc by the end of the observing run.

On 18 May 2023, near the end of the engineering run and shortly before O4 proper, the first candidate gravitational wave event was detected. VIRGO achieved a 31 Mpc neutron star merger sensitivity (similar to its performance during O2 in 2017) by September, but additional issues delayed its observation run until December 2023.

Candidate detections from O4 by month
5
10
15
20
25
30
23/05
23/06
23/07
23/08
23/09
23/10
23/11
23/12
  •   BNS mergers
  •   NS-BH mergers
  •   mass gap
  •   BBH mergers
  •   unidentified
O4 detections by distance
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
<100 Mpc
100-200 Mpc
200-500 Mpc
500-1000 Mpc
1-2 Gpc
2-5 Gpc
5+ Gpc
  •   BNS mergers
  •   NS-BH mergers
  •   mass gap
  •   BBH mergers
List of O4 event alerts
GW event  Detection
time (UTC)
Location
area
[n 23]
(deg2)
Luminosity
distance

(Mpc)
[n 24]
Detector
[n 25]
False Alarm
Rate (Hz)
False Alarm
chance in O4
[n 26]
Classification Notes Ref
NS / NS
[n 27]
NS / BH
[n 28]
BH / BH
[n 29]
Mass gap
[n 30]
Terrestrial
[n 31]
S230518h 2023-05-18
12:59:07
460; near the galactic plane
204±57
H,L 3.2 10−10 0.015 0.0 0.864 0.037 0.0 0.099 Detected during the engineering phase, before the official start of O4. [80]
S230520ae 2023-05-20
22:48:41
1702
2014±663
H,L 3.1 10−9 0.133 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 1.4e-7 [81]
S230522a 2023-05-22
09:38:04
24219
3102±1032
L 1.0 10−8 0.383 0.0 0.0 0.99973 0.00071 0.00027 [82]
S230522n 2023-05-22
15:30:32
29021
2221±870
L 6.5 10−9 0.261 0.0 0.0 0.993 0.0041 0.0069 [83]
S230524b 2023-05-24
06:13:20
24224
2437±891
L 8.3 10−7 ~1.0[n 32] 0.0 0.0 0.725 0.0041 0.275 [84]
S230525a 2023-05-25
02:38:17
24219
1166±390
L 7.5 10−7 ~1.0[n 33] 0.0 0.0 0.724 0.0082 0.276 Detected by only the Livingston detector, resulting in a bad sky localization. [85]
S230527bv 2023-05-27
17:25:29
3318; mostly towards Canis Major, Monoceros, Canis Minor, or Hydra
3876±2027
H,L 2.1 10−7 0.9999[n 34] 0.0 0.0 0.882 0.0 0.118 [86]
S230528a 2023-05-28
02:27:14
1787
261±108
H,L 3.0 10−7 ~1.0[n 35] 0.0053 0.011 0.0 0.626 0.357 The other component is a neutron star. [87]
S230528ay 2023-05-28
11:10:53
97; towards Sculptor or Aquarius
?
H,L 7.0 10−7 ~1.0[n 36] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting a millisecond at a frequency of hundreds of Hertz. [88]
S230528bt 2023-05-28
14:51:29
6597
7412±2488
H,L 2.9 10−7 ~1.0[n 37] 0.0 0.0 0.880 0.043 0.120 [89]
S230529ay 2023-05-29
18:15:00
25022
201±63
L 2.0 10−10 0.0092 0.0043 0.0089 0.0 0.916 0.070 The other component is a neutron star. Detected by only the Livingston detector, resulting in a bad sky localization. [90]
S230531f 2023-05-31
00:21:25
5522
?
H,L 8.5 10−7 ~1.0[n 38] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 8 milliseconds at a frequency of ~650 Hertz. [91]
S230601bf 2023-06-01
22:41:34
2531
3565±1260
H,L 1.7 10−15 7.8 10−8 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0022 6.4e-9 [92]
S230604z 2023-06-04
09:20:31
2481
392±201
H,L 2.7 10−7 ~1.0[n 39] 0.0 0.042 0.706 0.017 0.252 [93]
S230605o 2023-06-05
06:53:43
1077
1067±333
H,L 4.5 10−9 0.190 0.0 0.0 0.988 0.0 0.012 [94]
S230606d 2023-06-06
00:43:05
1221
2545±874
H,L 1.1 10−8 0.412 0.0 0.0 0.99928 0.0 0.00072 [95]
S230606z 2023-06-06
06:53:20
5989
4497±2023
H,L 4.2 10−7 ~1.0[n 40] 0.0 0.0 0.835 0.0 0.165 [96]
S230608as 2023-06-08
20:50:47
1694
3447±1079
H,L 1.4 10−10 0.0064 0.0 0.0 0.99981 0.0 0.00019 [97]
S230609a 2023-06-09
01:08:24
3507
4537±1433
H,L 8.0 10−8 0.976 0.0 0.0 0.956 0.043 0.044 [98]
S230609u 2023-06-09
06:49:58
1287
3390±1125
H,L 1.0 10−8 0.374 0.0 0.0 0.961 0.0 0.038 [99]
S230615av 2023-06-15
16:08:26
7017
12726±4301
H,L 1.4 10−7 0.9988[n 41] 0.0 0.0 0.912 0.026 0.088 [100]
S230615ax 2023-06-15
16:30:04
1569
?
H,L 5.1 10−7 ~1.0[n 42] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 6 milliseconds at a frequency of ~250 Hertz. [101]
S230615az 2023-06-15
17:50:08
4416
260±133
H,L 1.5 10−7 0.9991[n 43] 0.847 0.0 0.0 0.0069 0.153 [102]
S230621bq 2023-06-21
23:47:43
790
?
H,L 9.3 10−7 ~1.0[n 44] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 2 milliseconds at a frequency of hundreds of Hertz. [101]
S230623at 2023-06-23
17:18:09
736; towards Hydra
124±34
H,L 2.0 10−7 0.9999[n 45] 0.0 0.00080 0.634 0.072 0.293 [103]
S230623be 2023-06-23
21:04:07
2308
?
H,L 8.9 10−7 ~1.0[n 46] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 22 milliseconds at a frequency of ~60 Hertz. [101]
S230624av 2023-06-24
11:31:03
1718
2556±787
H,L 1.3 10−8 0.455 0.0 0.0 0.953 0.0 0.047 [104]
S230626ad 2023-06-26
06:07:13
7579
?
H,L 9.4 10−7 ~1.0[n 47] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 163 milliseconds at a frequency of 40 Hertz. [101]
S230627c 2023-06-27
01:53:37
90; towards Leo, Leo Minor, Ursa Major, or Draco
278±68
H,L 3.2 10−10 0.015 0.0 0.365 0.354 0.251 0.030 [105]
S230628aj 2023-06-28
16:42:24
1861
421±125
H,L 2.1 10−7 0.9999[n 48] 0.0 0.00085 0.679 0.014 0.306 [106]
S230628ax 2023-06-28
23:12:00
705
2047±585
H,L 3.2 10−10 0.015 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 2.4e-5 [107]
S230630am 2023-06-30
12:58:06
3642
8710±2735
H,L 2.4 10−8 0.676 0.0 0.0 0.941 0.042 0.017 [108]
S230630bq 2023-06-30
23:45:32
1975
1150±360
H,L 7.7 10−9 0.303 0.0 0.00076 0.890 0.079 0.031 [109]
S230702an 2023-07-02
18:54:53
2267
2428±849
H,L 1.5 10−12 7.2 10−5 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 2.8e-5 [110]
S230704f 2023-07-04
02:12:11
1948
2965±978
H,L 2.8 10−9 0.123 0.0 0.0 0.997 0.0 0.0026 [111]
S230704bd 2023-07-04
21:26:16
6293
15450±5072
H,L 5.9 10−7 ~1.0[n 49] 0.0 0.0 0.735 0.020 0.245 [112]
S230706ah 2023-07-06
10:43:33
1553
2143±684
H,L 4.3 10−8 0.863 0.0 0.0 0.939 0.035 0.027 [113]
S230707ai 2023-07-07
12:40:47
2714
3766±1135
H,L 1.4 10−8 0.474 0.0 0.0 0.951 0.0 0.049 [114]
S230708t 2023-07-08
05:37:05
1227
3010±988
H,L 4.3 10−8 0.867 0.0 0.0 0.973 0.0041 0.027 [115]
S230708z 2023-07-08
07:18:59
3373
4647±1696
H,L 7.0 10−8 0.962 0.0 0.0 0.954 0.0041 0.046 [116]
S230708cf 2023-07-08
23:09:35
2525
2056±608
H,L 1.6 10−8 0.515 0.0 0.0 0.989 0.0 0.011 [117]
S230709i 2023-07-09
02:25:02
2408
?
H,L 5.2 10−7 ~1.0[n 50] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 5 milliseconds at a frequency of hundreds of Hertz. [118]
S230709bi 2023-07-09
12:27:27
2644
4364±1585
H,L 3.1 10−9 0.133 0.0 0.0 0.997 0.0 0.0028 [119]
S230711b 2023-07-11
02:07:05
4775
6214±2136
H,L 4.8 10−7 ~1.0[n 51] 0.0 0.0 0.758 0.034 0.208 [120]
S230712d 2023-07-12
01:33:43
454
?
H,L 9.8 10−7 ~1.0[n 52] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 6 milliseconds at a frequency of ~550 Hertz. [121]
S230712ak 2023-07-12
08:55:17
4255
?
H,L 4.2 10−7 ~1.0[n 53] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 20 milliseconds at a frequency of tens of Hertz. [122]
S230713ar 2023-07-13
10:22:24
1494
?
H,L 6.3 10−7 ~1.0[n 54] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 2 milliseconds at a frequency of hundreds of Hertz. [123]
S230716j 2023-07-16
01:13:00
3935
?
H,L 6.3 10−7 ~1.0[n 55] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 5 milliseconds at a frequency of ~800 Hertz. [124]
S230716o 2023-07-16
03:01:19
2351
508±203
H,L 5.0 10−7 ~1.0[n 56] 0.0 0.0064 0.568 0.176 0.250 [125]
S230723ac 2023-07-23
10:18:23
1117
1551±436
H,L 5.3 10−8 0.917 0.0 0.0 0.867 0.0 0.133 [126]
S230725am 2023-07-25
13:16:48
3415
613±203
H,L 5.0 10−7 ~1.0[n 57] 0.0 0.00057 0.454 0.047 0.498 [127]
S230726a 2023-07-26
00:29:40
27774
2132±714
L 3.8 10−14 1.8 10−6 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 1.4e-7 Detected by only the Livingston detector, resulting in a bad sky localization. [128]
S230728ap 2023-07-28
08:36:28
3495
2731±1445
H,L 1.0 10−7 0.9917[n 58] 0.0 0.0 0.940 0.0 0.060 [129]
S230729z 2023-07-29
08:23:17
1945
1495±444
H,L 3.4 10−9 0.158 0.0 0.0 0.942 0.055 0.0030 [130]
S230731an 2023-07-31
21:53:07
599
1001±242
H,L 3.2 10−10 0.015 0.0 0.174 0.771 0.053 0.0022 [131]
S230802aq 2023-08-02
11:33:59
25885
576±246
H 2.2 10−8 0.646 0.0 0.020 0.289 0.657 0.035 The other component is a black hole. Detected by only the Hanford detector, resulting in a bad sky localization. [132]
S230805x 2023-08-05
03:42:49
2235
3852±1193
H,L 9.2 10−9 0.349 0.0 0.0 0.99975 0.0 0.00025 [133]
S230805bm 2023-08-05
11:59:27
11617
?
H,L 2.7 10−7 ~1.0[n 59] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 15 milliseconds at a frequency of 1370 Hertz. [134]
S230806ak 2023-08-06
20:40:41
3715
5423±1862
H,L 3.0 10−9 0.129 0.0 0.0 0.997 0.0 0.0026 [135]
S230807f 2023-08-07
20:50:45
5436
5272±1900
H,L 7.1 10−8 0.964 0.0 0.0 0.913 0.041 0.047 [136]
S230811n 2023-08-11
03:21:16
810
1905±672
H,L 3.2 10−10 0.015 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 2.2e-5 [137]
S230814r 2023-08-14
06:19:20
3389
3788±1416
H,L 4.8 10−8 0.894 0.0 0.0 0.932 0.0 0.068 [138]
S230814ah 2023-08-14
23:09:01
25259
330±105
L 1.7 10−21 8.6 10−14 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 2.0e-14 Detected by only the Livingston detector, resulting in a bad sky localization. [139]
S230819ax 2023-08-19
17:19:10
4044
4216±1645
H,L 8.8 10−9 0.338 0.0 0.0 0.993 0.0 0.0072 [140]
S230820bq 2023-08-20
21:25:15
1373
3600±1437
H,L 4.2 10−8 0.861 0.0 0.0 0.958 0.0 0.042 [141]
S230822ac 2023-08-22
04:39:49
5534
9962±3231
H,L 3.6 10−7 ~1.0[n 60] 0.0 0.0 0.778 0.035 0.187 [142]
S230822bm 2023-08-22
23:03:37
3974
5154±1771
H,L 2.6 10−8 0.700 0.0 0.0 0.939 0.042 0.019 [143]
S230824r 2023-08-24
03:30:47
3279
4701±1563
H,L 1.6 10−11 0.00076 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 2.9e-5 [144]
S230824bp 2023-08-24
13:53:31
5095
?
H,L 5.0 10−7 ~1.0[n 61] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 22 milliseconds at a frequency of tens of Hertz. [145]
S230825k 2023-08-25
04:13:34
3012
5283±2117
H,L 2.4 10−9 0.105 0.0 0.0 0.939 0.059 0.0022 [146]
S230825aq 2023-08-25
11:31:24
3789
?
H,L 3.5 10−7 ~1.0[n 62] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 6 milliseconds at a frequency of ~100 Hertz. [147]
S230828aq 2023-08-28
16:07:06
6428
?
H,L 5.2 10−7 ~1.0[n 63] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 13 milliseconds at a frequency of 800 Hertz. [148]
S230830q 2023-08-30
06:47:44
1677
3843±1289
H,L 1.3 10−7 0.9980[n 64] 0.0 0.0 0.923 0.0041 0.077 [149]
S230831e 2023-08-31
01:54:14
3803
4900±2126
H,L 2.0 10−8 0.603 0.0 0.0 0.985 0.0073 0.015 [150]
S230902af 2023-09-02
15:03:25
7622
10221±3354
H,L 4.0 10−7 ~1.0[n 65] 0.0 0.0 0.764 0.034 0.202 [151]
S230904n 2023-09-04
05:10:13
2015
1095±327
H,L 2.2 10−9 0.100 0.0 0.0007 0.927 0.064 0.009 [152]
S230904bg 2023-09-04
19:45:32
3059
4581±1531
H,L 8.0 10−7 ~1.0[n 66] 0.0 0.0 0.688 0.0073 0.312 [153]
S230908aa 2023-09-08
09:24:37
699
?
H,L 8.9 10−7 ~1.0[n 67] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 62 milliseconds at a frequency of 1420 Hertz. [154]
S230911ae 2023-09-11
19:53:24
27759
1623±584
H 1.9 10−12 8.8 10−5 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 3.6e-6 Detected by only the Hanford detector, resulting in a bad sky localization. [155]
S230911ar 2023-09-11
23:51:36
3178
?
H,L 3.8 10−7 ~1.0[n 68] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 5 milliseconds at a frequency of ~700 Hertz. [156]
S230914ak 2023-09-14
11:14:01
1532
2676±827
H,L 9.0 10−10 0.041 0.0 0.0 0.992 0.0 0.0083 [157]
S230916bm 2023-09-16
19:03:58
3188
?
H,L 8.8 10−7 ~1.0[n 69] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 20 milliseconds at a frequency of ~50 Hertz. [158]
S230917af 2023-09-17
10:04:17
238
?
H,L 4.6 10−7 ~1.0[n 70] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 14 milliseconds at a frequency of 1050 Hertz. [159]
S230919bj 2023-09-19
21:57:12
708
1491±402
H,L 3.2 10−10 0.015 0.0 0.0 0.99965 0.0 0.00035 [160]
S230920al 2023-09-20
07:11:24
2180
3139±1003
H,L 3.2 10−10 0.015 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 1.1e-5 [161]
S230922g 2023-09-22
02:03:44
324; towards Pisces Austrinus or Aquarius
1491±443
H,L 1.9 10−24 0.0 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 0.0 [162]
S230922q 2023-09-22
04:06:58
4658
6653±2348
H,L 3.6 10−10 0.017 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 2.2e-5 [163]
S230924an 2023-09-24
12:44:53
835
2358±596
H,L 3.2 10−10 0.015 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 1.9e-5 [164]
S230925cj 2023-09-25
23:58:25
4087
?
H,L 2.1 10−7 0.9999[n 71] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 30 milliseconds at a frequency of ~20 Hertz. [165]
S230927g 2023-09-27
02:49:41
493
?
H,L 7.2 10−7 ~1.0[n 72] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 1 millisecond at a frequency of hundreds of Hertz. [166]
S230927l 2023-09-27
04:37:29
1177
2966±1041
H,L 1.1 10−8 0.394 0.0 0.0 0.976 0.0 0.024 [167]
S230927be 2023-09-27
15:38:32
298
1059±289
H,L 3.2 10−10 0.015 0.0 0.0 0.99966 0.0 0.00034 [168]
S230928cb 2023-09-28
21:58:27
3093
5604±1692
H,L 9.5 10−10 0.043 0.0 0.0 ~1.0 0.0 2.8e-5 [169]
S230930al 2023-09-30
11:07:30
2799
5123±1615
H,L 7.4 10−9 0.291 0.0 0.0 0.994 0.0041 0.0061 [170]
S231001aq 2023-10-01
14:02:20
3323
2567±958
H,L 5.0 10−9 0.207 0.0 0.0 0.996 0.0044 0.0040 [171]
S231004bq 2023-10-04
23:23:46
4742
7960±2738
H,L 7.6 10−7 ~1.0[n 73] 0.0 0.0 0.677 0.030 0.292 [172]
S231005j 2023-10-05
02:10:30
5480
6417±2246
H,L 3.2 10−8 0.777 0.0 0.0 0.978 0.0 0.022 [173]
S231005ah 2023-10-05
09:15:49
2497
3707±1335
H,L 2.0 10−9 0.091 0.0 0.0 0.998 0.0041 0.0015 [174]
S231007w 2023-10-07
13:47:20
2648
3721±1231
H,L 6.1 10−7 ~1.0[n 74] 0.0 0.0 0.746 0.0041 0.254 [175]
S231007am 2023-10-07
17:13:31
5225
?
H,L 2.2 10−7 ~1.0[n 75] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 4 milliseconds at a frequency of ~500 Hertz. [176]
S231008ap 2023-10-08
14:25:21
3102
3531±1320
H,L 1.5 10−9 0.069 0.0 0.0 0.9986 0.0 0.0014 [177]
S231014r 2023-10-14
04:05:48
1807
2857±903
H,L 1.0 10−8 0.382 0.0 0.0 0.992 0.0 0.0080 [178]
S231017e 2023-10-17
00:59:24
10355
?
H,L 6.2 10−7 ~1.0[n 76] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 26 milliseconds at a frequency of ~30 Hertz. [179]
S231018br 2023-10-18
16:43:52
462
?
H,L 8.1 10−7 ~1.0[n 77] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ? Unidentified gravitational wave "burst" lasting 31 milliseconds at a frequency of 328 Hertz. [180]
S231020ba 2023-10-20
14:29:47
1339
1168±361
H,L 1.3 10−9 0.057 0.0 0.076 0.851 0.066 0.0070 [181]
S231020bw 2023-10-20
18:05:09
888
2868±924
H,L 3.5 10−10 0.016 0.0 0.0 0.99965 0.0 0.00035 [182]
S231025a 2023-10-25
03:11:24
2254
233±135
H,L 9.3 10−7 ~1.0[n 78] 0.587 0.0016 0.0 0.0 0.412 [183]
S231025ap 2023-10-25
14:23:06
4584
4394±1526
H,L 3.7 10−7 ~1.0[n 79] 0.0 0.0 0.794 0.035 0.170 [184]

See also

  • GRB 150101B, a weak gamma-ray burst trigger observed prior to aLIGO O1 (beginning September 12, 2015), with claimed similarities to model-supported possible neutron star merger GW170817/GRB 170817A/AT2017gfo.

Notes

  1. The detection date of a GW event is indicated by its designation; i.e., event GW150914 was detected on 2015-09-14.
  2. The relatively large and distant area of the sky within which it is claimed to be possible to localize the source.
  3. 1 Mpc is approximately 3.26 Mly.
  4. c2M is about 1.8×103 foe; 1.8×1047 J; 1.8×1054 erg; 4.3×1046 cal; 1.7×1044 BTU; 5.0×1040 kWh, or 4.3×1037 tonnes of TNT.
  5. The chirp mass is the binary parameter most relevant to the evolution of the inspiral gravitational waveform, and thus is the mass that can be measured most accurately. It is related to, but less than, the geometric mean of the binary masses, according to , thus ranging from ~87% of when the masses are the same to ~78% when they differ by an order of magnitude.
  6. The dimensionless effective inspiral spin parameter is: [12] where is the mass of a black hole, is its spin, and is the angle between the orbital angular momentum and a merging black hole's spin (ranging from when aligned to when antialigned). It is the mass-weighted linear combination of the components of the black holes' spins aligned with the orbital axis[12][11] and has values ranging from −1 to 1 (the extremes correspond to situations with both black hole spins exactly antialigned and aligned, respectively, with orbital angular momentum).[13] This is the spin parameter most relevant to the evolution of the inspiral gravitational waveform, and it can be measured more accurately than those of the premerger BHs.[14]
  7. Values of the dimensionless spin parameter cJ/GM2 for a black hole range from zero to a maximum of one. The macroscopic properties of an isolated astrophysical (uncharged) black hole are fully determined by its mass and spin. Values for other objects can potentially exceed one. The largest value known for a neutron star is ≤ 0.4, and commonly used equations of state would limit that value to < 0.7.[15]
  8. Spin estimate is 0.26+0.52
    −0.24
    .[16]
  9. Spin estimate is 0.32+0.54
    −0.29
    .[16]
  10. Based on a descending spin-down chirp observed in GW post-merger, a magnetar was produced that survived at least 5 seconds.[26]
  11. Besides the loss of mass due to GW emission that occurred during the merger, the event is thought to have ejected 0.05±0.02 M of material.[27]
  12. 1 Mpc is approximately 3.26 Mly.
  13. Which instruments observed the event. (H = LIGO Hanford, L=LIGO Livingston, V=Virgo)
  14. The area of the sky within which it was possible to localize the source.
  15. 1 Mpc is approximately 3.26 Mly.
  16. Which instruments observed the event. (H = LIGO Hanford, L=LIGO Livingston, V=Virgo)
  17. The chance a random signal of this significance would occur at any point in O3's 11-month run. Calculated by 1 - (1-false alarm rate in Hz)28,512,000. This is not the chance of the given signal being 'real' or not: Background contamination (such as earthquakes) can cause statistically significant signals as well, and although four detections have a >50% chance to have occurred randomly in O3, there is only a 19.4% chance that none of these signals would be real.
  18. Probability that both components have mass < 3 M
  19. Probability that one component has mass < 3 M and the other has mass > 5 M
  20. Probability that both components have mass > 5 M
  21. Probability that at least one component has a mass in the range 3-5 M, between those of known neutron stars and black holes, a range sometimes identified as the "lower" mass gap
  22. Probability that the source is terrestrial or non-cosmological (e.g. foreground noises and signals [e.g. "noise"] or a technical/systematic error ["glitch"])
  23. The area of the sky within which it was possible to localize the source.
  24. 1 Mpc is approximately 3.26 Mly.
  25. Which instruments observed the event. (H = LIGO Hanford, L=LIGO Livingston, V=Virgo)
  26. The chance a random signal of this significance would occur at any point in O4's 20-month run. Calculated by 1 - (1-false alarm rate in Hz)46,656,000. This is not the chance of the given signal being 'real' or not: Background contamination (such as earthquakes) can cause statistically significant signals as well.
  27. Probability that both components have mass < 3 M
  28. Probability that one component has mass < 3 M and the other has mass > 5 M
  29. Probability that both components have mass > 5 M
  30. Probability that at least one component has a mass in the range 3-5 M, between those of known neutron stars and black holes, a range sometimes identified as the "lower" mass gap
  31. Probability that the source is terrestrial or non-cosmological (e.g. foreground noises and signals [e.g. "noise"] or a technical/systematic error ["glitch"])
  32. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 39 times; 0.5 times by this point in the run.
  33. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 35 times; 0.5 times by this point in the run.
  34. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 10 times; 0.2 times by this point in the run.
  35. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 14 times; 0.3 times by this point in the run.
  36. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 33 times; 0.7 times by this point in the run.
  37. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 13 times; 0.3 times by this point in the run.
  38. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 40 times; 1 time by this point in the run.
  39. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 13 times; 0.4 times by this point in the run.
  40. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 19 times; 0.7 times by this point in the run.
  41. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 7 times; 0.4 times by this point in the run.
  42. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 24 times; 1 time by this point in the run.
  43. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 7 times; 0.4 times by this point in the run.
  44. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 43 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  45. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 9 times; 0.6 times by this point in the run.
  46. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 42 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  47. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 44 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  48. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 10 times; 0.8 times by this point in the run.
  49. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 28 times; 2 times by this point in the run.
  50. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 24 times; 2 times by this point in the run.
  51. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 22 times; 2 times by this point in the run.
  52. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 46 times; 5 times by this point in the run.
  53. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 21 times; 2 times by this point in the run.
  54. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 30 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  55. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 31 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  56. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 23 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  57. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 23 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  58. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 5 times; 0.6 times by this point in the run.
  59. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 13 times; 2 times by this point in the run.
  60. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 17 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  61. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 23 times; 4 times by this point in the run.
  62. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 16 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  63. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 24 times; 5 times by this point in the run.
  64. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 6 times; 1 time by this point in the run.
  65. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 19 times; 4 times by this point in the run.
  66. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 37 times; 8 times by this point in the run.
  67. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 42 times; 9 times by this point in the run.
  68. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 18 times; 4 times by this point in the run.
  69. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 41 times; 9 times by this point in the run.
  70. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 21 times; 5 times by this point in the run.
  71. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 10 times; 2 times by this point in the run.
  72. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 34 times; 8 times by this point in the run.
  73. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 36 times; 9 times by this point in the run.
  74. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 28 times; 7 times by this point in the run.
  75. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 10 times; 3 times by this point in the run.
  76. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 29 times; 8 times by this point in the run.
  77. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 38 times; 11 times by this point in the run.
  78. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 44 times; 13 times by this point in the run.
  79. During O4, random noise is expected to be as significant as this event 17 times; 5 times by this point in the run.

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