London Underground 1938 Stock

There were four types of car, one of which was produced in two forms:

• Driving Motor (DM) – 42 seats, plus 2 tip-up[2]
  • 'A' DM – north/west facing;[3] solid centre buffer
  • 'D' DM – south/east facing;[3] spring-loaded centre buffer
• Non-Driving Motor (NDM) – 40 seats,[2] no driving or door controls
• Special Non-Driving Motor (SNDM) – door controls only
• Trailer (T) – 40 seats,[2] no motors or controls

As built, the 1938 Stock was numbered as follows:

The 1938 Stock was built as part of the London Passenger Transport Board's New Works Programme 1935–1940. The trains were primarily intended for use on the Northern and Bakerloo lines, with an additional seven trains also being used on the Piccadilly line.

As part of the New Works Programme, the Northern and Central lines were to be extended over London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) tracks, and because of a joint working agreement between the LPTB and the LNER, it was necessary for a proportion of the Underground fleet to be owned by the LNER. Accordingly, 289 cars of 1938 Stock (DM numbers 10238–323 and 11238–323, NDM numbers 12117–57 and T numbers 012313–88) were designated as LNER owned, and fitted with plates marked "Property of LNER". Although 129 of these were to cover extensions to the Central line, none of them actually worked Central line services: they were mixed with the Northern and Bakerloo line fleets.[4][5]

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the Northern line was worked exclusively by 1938/1949 Stock trains. They were starting to show their age by the late 1960s; the first withdrawals from the Northern line took place in the early 1970s with the introduction of the 1972 Stock trains.

In the mid-1970s, the 1972 Stock (Mark II) cars began to be used on the Bakerloo line in addition to 1938 Stock. The 1972 Stock cars were intended for eventual use on the Jubilee line (which opened in 1979), thereafter the remaining section of the Bakerloo line continued to be served exclusively by 1938 Stock cars until the 1980s. The Bakerloo line trains received an "Extra Heavy Overhaul" (EHO) to keep them in service long after their intended withdrawal date. The Bakerloo line was thus the last line to be operated solely by 1938 Stock trains.

The Piccadilly line's few 1938 Stock trains operated alongside 1959 Stock for much of their lives. They were replaced by London Underground 1973 Stock, with the 1959 Stock being transferred to the Northern line, replacing other 1938 Stock trains.

During the 1970s, the short East London Line was worked by 1938 Stock trains, replacing trains of Q Stock. Single 1938 Stock trailer carriages were also inserted into 1960 Stock trains in the mid-1980s; these were used on the Woodford–Hainault and Epping–Ongar sections of the Central line. In addition, unit 10177 (latterly shipped to Alderney) worked the Epping-Ongar shuttle between November 1957 and June 1960.

With the 1959 Stock approaching life-expiry, five ex-Bakerloo line trains of 1938 Stock were given a further overhaul in the mid-1980s. These were then used on the Northern line for a further two years; the last day of passenger service was on 19 May 1988. They were then sold for further use on the Isle of Wight (see below).

As part of the New Works Programme of 1935–1940, there were plans to operate nine-car trains of 1938 stock on the Northern line. These cars were originally numbered differently from the other cars, the first digit '1' being replaced by a '9'.

The formation for a nine-car train would have been DM + NDM + SNDM + T + NDM + T + SNDM + NDM + DM.

With the scaling back of the planned extensions for the Northern and Bakerloo lines, and the need to order further stock to balance the fleet (the 1949 stock), cars were renumbered in the early 1950s. The DMs, trailers, as well as twenty-eight of the thirty NDMs had the '9' replaced by a '1', the DMs becoming 10324-10333, 11324-11333, the trailers 012389-012408, and the NDMs 12029-12054, 12056-12057. NDMs 92055 and 92058 were rebuilt into Uncoupling Non-Driving Motors (UNDMs) along with all twenty SNDMs. The twenty two cars rebuilt into UNDMs were renumbered 30000-30021.

So successful was the 1938 Stock that, when, in 1948, additional cars were needed, 91 almost identical cars were built, 70 non-driving-motor (NDM) cars and 21 trailer cars. These were known as 1949 stock and operated with the 1938 stock. They were numbered in the same scheme; the UNDMs were numbered 30022-30045, 31000-31045 and the trailers 012495-012515.

After World War II, the former 1935 stock streamlined DMs were rebuilt into trailers, and included with the 1938 stock, being renumbered 012477-012494. Before the war, three trailers were built for use with the streamlined DMs. These three cars differed from the 1938 trailers in that they were not equipped with compressors. However, the cars were not delivered until after the war and with the DMs rebuilt the three cars became part of the 1938 stock fleet, being numbered 012412-012414, and fitted with compressors.

In 1938, fifty-eight 'Standard Stock' trailers, originally built in 1927, were converted to operate with the 1938 Stock. These cars were renumbered 70513–70570. The first car withdrawn was 70550, as a result of damage sustained in an accident at Watford Junction in 1962, and the last car, 70534, was withdrawn in 1973.

Island Line Class 483 No. 008 arrives at Shanklin

The interior of a Class 483

In 1988, ten sets of 1938 stock were bought by Network SouthEast for use on the Island Line service on the Isle of Wight, and were allocated two-car TOPS Class 483. These units were heavily rebuilt and introduced between 1989 and 1992 to replace the even older Class 485 and 486 trains that had been running on the line since 1967, also constructed from ex-Tube stock. Four sets have been scrapped and the other six have been withdrawn, with the final service running on the 3 January 2021.[8] As of January 2021, on withdrawal, the Class 483s were the oldest stock in mainline usage in the United Kingdom, aged 82 years.

The units were leased from HSBC Rail until South West Trains bought them outright in May 2007.[9]

After running many years in Network SouthEast (NSE) colours, the trains were repainted into a Dinosaur themed livery to celebrate the Isle of Wight's rich palaeontological history. However, due to customer dissatisfaction, all trains returned to an approximation of their original LT train red livery; albeit with yellow fronts, as per mainline regulations in 2008. In early-2018, the units had the Island Line sign and the South Western Railway logo.

In 2019, South Western Railway announced that as part of a £26m programme of improvements to the Island Line, the Class 483s were finally due to be replaced, following a spate of severe service interruptions from technical faults arising in the 81-year-old stock. The Vivarail D-Train, converted from London Underground D78 Stock, was selected as the successor to the Class 483s; five two-car EMU units are to be used on the network and classified as British Rail Class 484.[10] The last converted 1938 stock ran in early 2021. Of the six units extant on the Isle of Wight at the time of retirement, four have been secured for preservation. 483006 and 483008 were obtained by the London Transport Traction Group for preservation on the Epping Ongar Railway.[11] Two of the four preserved units are remaining on the Isle of Wight; 483007 was transferred to the adjacent Isle of Wight Steam Railway,[12] initially as a static exhibit but with a medium-term goal of running the train, either via propulsion from one of the railway's diesel shunters or through the installation of a battery power supply system,[13] while 483004, which had previously been used as a source of spare parts after withdrawal, was purchased by and delivered to Holliers Farm in Hale Common, near the village of Arreton.[14][15][16]

A crash involving 1938 stock occurred at Moorgate on 28 February 1975. A train hit the dead end wall of the station, killing 43 people including the driver in unclear circumstances.[17] After the accident, a safety system named after the crash (Moorgate Protection) was introduced in 1978.[18]

A 1938 tube stock train preserved at the London Transport Museum Depot in 2005.

In addition, some other units survive in preservation, including cars from the first-built unit, which are preserved at the London Transport Museum Depot in Acton. The preserved sets have been restored into their original red liveries, one with an orange roof (Bakerloo line) and one with a grey roof (other lines). The LTM operates trips of its preserved four-car set for railtours around the LU system. The 1938 stock is also used for occasional filming work. Dates and times can be found at their website and people can sign up to receive the Museum's e-newsletter. A cab has been preserved at London Transport Museum. A complete train was purchased by the Epping Ongar Railway from the Isle of Wight Island Line in 2020, for restoration and eventual conversion to battery power. Another unit, 483-007, known as "Jess Harper," was acquired by the Isle of Wight Steam Railway for static display.[19]

• The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008). The fantasy film features 1938 tube stock at the beginning and end of the film.

On 9 January 2013, 1938 tube stock appeared on a £1.28 British postage stamp as part of a set commemorating the 150th anniversary of the first London underground train journey. The stamp's captions read "Classic rolling stock" and "1938", with the caption's background in Bakerloo line colour.[20]

• Connor, Piers (1989). The 1938 Tube Stock. London: Capital Transport. p. 120. ISBN 1-85414-115-5.

• Media related to London Underground 1938 Stock at Wikimedia Commons
• London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
  • End view of 1938 stock car, 1938
  • 1938 stock train at Acton Town, 1938
  • Interior view of 1938 stock car, 1962
  • Detail of shovel-shaped interior lights, 1938
• District Dave's London Underground Site -1938 Tube Stock photos
• Tubeprune - Rolling Stock Summary