Luqman

Luqman (Arabic: لقمان, romanized: Luqmān; also known as Luqman the Wise or Luqman al-Hakim) was a wise man after whom Surah Luqman, the 31st sura (chapter) of the Quran, was named. Luqman is often identified with the fabulist and storyteller Aesop, whose lore is found in several ancient cultures.[1][2][3] According to Ibn Kathir, he is believed to have been from Nubia, Sudan or Ethiopia.[4][5] There are many stories about Luqman in Persian, Arabic and Turkish literature, with the primary historical sources attributed to him being Tafsir ibn Kathir and Stories of the Prophets by Ibn Kathir. While the Quran does not state whether Luqman was a prophet or not, some believe him to be a prophet and thus, add the honorific ʿalayhi as-salām after his name.

This article is about the man after whom a Surah of the Quran was named. For the Surah, see Luqman (sura). For the Malaysian footballer, see Luqman Hakim Shamsudin.
Surah Luqman in Arabic

Source of Luqman's wisdom

According to the 12th ayah (verse) of Surah Luqman in the Qur'an, Luqman was bestowed with wisdom by God, al-Hakim (the Most Wise).

We gave wisdom to Luqmān, and said, “Be grateful to God”, and whoever is grateful is, in fact, grateful for his own benefit, and whoever is ungrateful, then God is free of all needs, worthy of all praise.

— Surah Luqman Quran 31:12

According to a Hadith in the Muwatta of Imam Malik, Luqman was asked, "What has brought you to what we see?", referring to his high rank. Luqman said, "Truthful speech, fulfilling the trust, and leaving what does not concern me."[6] This narration has also been mentioned with different wording in another source from ibn Jarir who heard it from ibn Hamid who heard it from al-Hakam who heard it from Umar ibn Qais.[5]

In another Hadith, it is mentioned that for some people, a high rank in Jannah has been determined. However, when that person has not acquired the good deeds to reach that high rank, God causes him to receive some trials or tests, which, if accepted and borne patiently, will grant him a high status.[7]

Slavery of Luqman Al- Hakim

Luqman was captured by slavers and sold as a slave. He was deprived of his freedom and could neither move nor speak freely. However, he suffered his bondage patiently, faithfully, and hopefully, waiting for God's action. This was the first of the trials that he had to bear.

The man who bought Luqman was good-hearted and intelligent, treating Luqman with kindness. He was able to detect that Luqman was not ordinary and thus, tried to test his intelligence and discovered its reality.

One day, the man ordered Luqman to slaughter a sheep and Luqman slaughtered the sheep. Then, he ordered Luqman to bring its best parts to him and Luqman took its heart and tongue to his master.[4][5] On receiving them, his master smiled, fascinated by Luqman's choice of the 'best' part of the sheep. He understood that Luqman was trying to convey some deep meaning, even though he could not determine exactly what. From that moment onwards, his owner began to take more interest in Luqman and became kinder to him than before.

A few days later, Luqman was again instructed to slaughter a sheep - which he did - but this time he was asked to take the worst parts of the animal to his master. Once again, Luqman brought the heart and the tongue - to his master's amazement. When the master mentioned this to Luqman, the wise Luqman answered, "The tongue and the heart are the sweetest parts if they are good, and nothing can be worse than these if they are wicked!"[4][5] after that, Luqman's owner held him in great respect. Many people consulted Luqman for advice, and the fame of his wisdom spread all over the country. Such was the knowledge of Luqman Al-Hakim.

Identity of Luqman

Luqman is often identified with the fabulist and storyteller Aesop, whose lore is found in several ancient cultures.[8][9][10] At some time during the Middle Ages, much was transferred to Luqman that was told in Europe of Aesop.[11] This identification with Aesop is confirmed by the fact that many of the fables ascribed to Aesop in the west are referred to Luqman in the east.[12]

An Arabian mythical figure named 'Luqman' also existed long before the figure of the wise 'Luqman' appeared in the Quran, resulting in considerable debate of both theological and historical nature as to the relationship of the two characters. Some, such as 17th-century French scholar Pierre-Daniel Huet, maintain that the two are the same person, but others argue that they simply share the same name. In Arabic proverb collections, the two characters are fused, drawing from both the Quran and pre-Islamic stories, endowing Luqman with superhuman strength and lifespan. The pre-Islamic Luqman was of the Ad people, who lived in Al-Ahqaf in the Arabian peninsula, near modern-day Yemen. Luqman (the Quranic entity) is from Nubia, recent Sudan. The Luqman mentioned in the Quran is a Nubian not a Mediterranean. [13]

References
  1. Cragg, Kenneth (January 1991). The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221829.
  2. Madina, Nuri (20 July 2016). Yes, I Am Your Brother: Understanding the Indigenous African American Muslim. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781524613457.
  3. Renard, John (19 January 2015). The Handy Islam Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578595433.
  4. Ibn Kathir, Hafiz, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Dar-us-Salam Publications, 2000 (original ~1370)
  5. as-Sayed al-Halawani, Ali. Stories of the Prophets by Ibn Kathir (PDF). Dar Al-Manarah. pp. 90–98. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  6. "Book of Speech - كتاب الكلام - Muwatta Malik". Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). Retrieved 18 October 2021. Malik related to me that he heard that someone said to Luqman, "What has brought you to what we see?" meaning his high rank. Luqman said, "Truthful speech, fulfilling the trust, and leaving what does not concern me."
  7. "ALLAH TA'ALA TESTING HIS SERVANT TO RAISE HIS RANK IN JANNAH". Hadith Answers. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2021. Sayyiduna Abu Hurayrah (radiyallahu 'anhu) reports that Nabi (Sallallahu' alayhi wa Sallam) said: 'When a person does not have enough good deeds to reach a certain level in Jannah, but God Almighty wants him to attain that level, then God Almighty tests him and puts him through difficult trials so that God may make him reach that level (in Jannah)' (Sahih Ibn Hibban; Al Ihsan, Hadith: 2908) Similar narrations have also been recorded in Mustadrak Hakim, Musnad Ahmad, Musnad Abu Ya'la and Al Mu'jamul Kabir of Tabarani. (Refer: Mustadrak Hakim, vol. 1 pg. 344 and Majma'uz Zawaid, vol. 2 pg. 292)
  8. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pMuxLlWih04C&pg=PA70&dq=luqman+generally+identified+with+aesop&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimuo-25ISBAxVFQUEAHbjNDMoQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false
  9. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W3rjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT202&dq=luqman+aesop&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD7fTS1YSBAxWSNcAKHekoDGcQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false
  10. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NoqDBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA368&dq=luqman+reference+to+aesop&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU5ePR2oSBAxUQUUEAHRCoDOs4KBDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
  11. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA812&dq=luqman+traditionally+aesop&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJjKGt3ISBAxXRWEEAHQ-mBv0Q6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false
  12. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Oc88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR76&dq=luqman+similar+to+aesop&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjM4OWH94SBAxX2VUEAHdc8D0Q4ChDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false
  13. Kassis, Riad Aziz (1999). "The Solomonic Wisdom Tradition". The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works, Volume 74. Leiden: Brill. pp. 47–48. ISBN 9789004113053. Luqmān appears in Arabic tradition as a "composite" and a "many-sided figure": (a) The pre-islamic Luqmān; (b) The Qurʾānic Luqmān; and (c) Luqmān of fables.

Further reading
  • Barham, Francis Foster Lokman's Arabic Fables, literally translated into English (word for word), Bath, 1869, 12mo.
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