Integralismo Lusitano
Integralismo Lusitano (English: "Lusitanian Integralism") was a Portuguese integralist political movement founded in Coimbra in 1914 that advocated traditionalism but not conservatism. It was against parliamentarism but favoured decentralization, national syndicalism, the Roman Catholic Church and the monarchy. Its members included an amalgam of rightists, monarchists, Catholics and nationalists.[1]
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Origin
Lusitanian Integralism is a variant of integralism that evolved in Portugal, the term "Lusitania" being derived from the Latin term for the southern region of what is now Portugal. The movement was created to address the threats of anticlerical liberalism, socialism, populist and revolution.[2] The movement drew inspiration from the French royalist movement Action française and it considered an authoritarian, nationalist and corporatist monarchy to be ideal.[3] The movement was particularly active during the Portuguese First Republic, which it criticised.[4]
Activities
It initially supported the last king of Portugal, Manuel II but refused to back him after 1920 after the attempts to restore the monarchy that were initiated in Monsanto Forest Park, Lisbon, and during the Monarchy of the North, but it supported Manuel's cousin, Miguel of Braganza.
Integralismo Lusitano's notable members included António Sardinha, Alberto de Monsaraz, José Adriano Pequito Rebelo, José Hipólito Vaz Raposo, João Ameal, Leão Ramos Ascensão, Luís de Almeida Braga, and Francisco Rolão Preto.
The leadership remained active in 1917–1918, when it supported the leadership of Sidónio Pais, but it also backed the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), established after the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. It adopted part of the Integralismo Lusitano's ideology.[1]
When Manuel II died without heirs in 1932, the movement rallied all monarchists behind the descendants of Miguel, who had been exiled after the Liberal Wars.
Integralismo Lusitano published a journal called Nação Portuguesa, which collaborated with other figures for its counter-revolutionary publications.[5] It was founded by Raposo.[6]
References
- Wheeler, Douglas L. (1998). Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-299-07454-8.
- Griffin, Roger (2013). The Nature of Fascism. London: Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-415-09661-4.
- Payne, Stanley G. (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison: University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 18. ISBN 0-299-16560-4.
- Galimi, Valeria; Gori, Annarita (2020-02-26). Intellectuals in the Latin Space during the Era of Fascism: Crossing Borders. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-05712-7.
- Marchi, Riccardo (2018-11-08). The Portuguese Far Right: Between Late Authoritarianism and Democracy (1945-2015). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-40991-7.
- Antonio Costa Pinto, 'A formaçãodo integralismo lusitano (1907-17)'
- Ramos Ascensão, Leão, O Integralismo Lusitano, Edições Gama, 1943. (https://web.archive.org/web/20140531114649/http://www.causanacional.net/INTEGRALISMO.pdf)
- Machado, Diamantino P. (1991), The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers