Patrianovism

In 1928, a group of young Catholic intellectuals from the Brazilian middle class,[29] mostly from the University of São Paulo and from of the Marian Congress of Saint Ifigênea, following the lead of Arlindo Veiga dos Santos, a black poet, founded the Monarchist Center of Social Culture and New-Fatherland Politics (CMCSP Pátria Nova), which sought to study national problems, uniting the ideas of corporatism to anti-liberal monarchism.[1][4][30] This centre was the first group in Brazil to have a fascist-leaning outlook.[29]

In 1932, after a period in which the monarchists grouped together with what would become the Brazilian Integralist Action, Pátria-Nova would then become the Ação Imperial Patrianovista Brasileira, a separate organization. At this point, the patrianovists already had elaborated their policies, to promote the instauration of an Organic Empire, with an emphasis on taking a different governmental approach to what the Brazilian Empire had taken, and also had established centres for the propagation of such ideals in almost all Brazilian provinces, founding more than 200 centres for meetings and studies as of 1935, ranging from the Brazilian South to the Amazon, with notable examples such as the Centro de Cultura Social Dom Henrique in the state of Pernambuco.[31][32][33][34][35]

In 1934, Veiga resigned from his post as the president of the AIPB, alleging particular motivations. The reason why he left his post is unclear, but it could have been either due to indiscipline or disrespect for authority. Some historians speculate that he decided to leave his post because other high-ranking Patrianovists were racist. While he was away, Patrianovism still was running somewhat normally, performing celebrations and events, such as the celebration of Dom Pedro Henrique, the then pretender to the Brazilian throne.[36] Nonetheless, he re-assumed the position of president in 1936.[9]

'Whiteshirts' in the 30s

Patrianovism persisted in Brazilian politics, expanding to more than fifteen states, being predominant in the south of Brazil, where pátria-nova competed with the integralists, especially in areas of Germanic heritage, appealing to such demographic by exposing Dom Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza as a true German, as many of the Brazilian House of Bragança had married German nobility. Patrianovism expanded irregularly, due to communication hardships, personalist leaders, faulty propaganda and scarce funds. The consequence of such a situation is the empty state the AIPB was left in 1936. The situation remained the same until President Getúlio Vargas prohibited the existence of all political organizations with his proclamation of the Estado Novo in 1937. The patrianovists applauded the measures taken by the new regime and identified themselves with it.[37][9][38][39][40]

Arlindo Veiga dos Santos promoting Patrianovism in 1949

The Patrianovists resurfaced in 1945, after the end of Vargas' rule, but the group was almost empty. When parties became legal again, the Political Police started to follow dos Santos on the basis that he was an Integralist. He was never able to reproduce the capability of mobilization Patrianovism witnessed in its first phase. The organization was only formally reactivated in 1955, under the name AIPB.[5]

In 1964, military and civilian forces organized a coup d'état. The Patrianovists were yet again supporters of the new regime, as they were part of the conspiring forces. In the following years, political liberties were weakened by the new dictatorial government. Patrianovism was also affected as the movement progressively crumbled. In 1978, Arlindo Veiga dos Santos died, after persisting in the political exclusion he found himself in.[41][42]

The Historian Teresa Malatian, who kickstarted the study on patrianovism in 1981, noted that "There were no archives, nor bibliographies, nor documentation" when she began her studies, only managing to do so by a chance encounter with someone who knew a patrianovist. This showcases how small the movement was, even though it was in a part of Brazilian history, the biggest ultra-right organization.[43]

Members of the GUIP

The eight points made in the party's newspaper Pátria Nova in 1929 were the following:[51]

1. Creed – Roman Catholicism should be made mandatory in every institution;
2. Monarchy – A responsible monarch should be able to rule and govern freely. The monarchy is the basis for syndicalist municipalism;
3. Brazilian fatherland and race – Affirmation of the Brazilian people in every stance: religiously, physically and economically;
4. New method of administrative division – Brazil should be divided into smaller provinces and regions, solely for administrative reasons, to prevent regionalism and consecutively separatism;
5. Syndicalist organization – Both spiritual and economical productions should be organized in syndicates.
6. Imperial capital at the center/heart of the Empire;
7. Foreign relations based on Christianity;
8. Special agreement relationship with Ibero-America.

We are Pátria-Nova, radical and violent extreme Right, affirmers of God and His Church, affirmers of the Imperial, Catholic Nation, irreconcilable and intolerant enemies of bourgeoisism, plutocratism and the materialist, atheist, mocking, exploitative, internationalist, Judaizer and Freemasonic capitalism; enemies of the republic, of the parties, of parliamentarism, in short, of religious, political and economic liberalism; that is, also as enemies of the Bolshevik anarchy that with equally big mistakes intend, in vain, to “correct” the tyranny of liberal bourgeoisie, as enemies of the lying social order, installed virtually all over the world.[52][53]

The movement was adept of corporatism as the ideal political, social and economic form of organization. The central reason for the support of corporatism was the discredit of the liberal and secular republic, fueled by the economic collapse the world suffered in 1929 and the patrianovists' religiousness. Paim Vieira claimed that corporatism is simply "the instrument of the Christian spirit" and it can't work without religion.[54][55] For Afro-Brazilian patrianovists, such as the party leader, corporatism was the way out of social exclusion.[56]

It rejected the participation of the masses and political parties, as did the AIB,[57] in politics since:

• The power is exclusive to the monarch;
• The masses themselves were in favour of a form of government led by a powerful figure (such as a King or a General) instead of politicians who were apathetic to their well-being;[4][58]
• Different political parties would lead to the polarization and the separation of the population;[59]
• They transform public goods into private property;[59]
• They work against the cooperation of municipalities;[59]
• The various political factions worked against national unity.[52]

Patrianovism also accuses the various political parties of being the same conglomeration, but only with a different name to disguise themselves.[59] They also accused parties of having predatory manners and of trying to take the reins, with the intent of striking the Traditional Order, seeking the benefit of becoming an organization with no accountability to the nation.[60] Reinforcing their anti-partisanship view, patrianovists expressed disinterest, in the results of presidential elections in Brazil, and discontentment in the compulsory voting laws.[61]

That, however, did not stop the AIPB from participating in the Elections of 1935.[62]

For Patrianovists, the Democratic Partisanship Republic goes in the complete opposite direction of municipalism, proposed as the state where the community esteem each other, works for each other and conspire for the greater good.[59] They also expressed that this form of government, much like the "anti-Luso action of the 1820s", is a barbarian-imported political scheme, "...an idea of Brazilians, but never a Brazilian idea...",[63] similar to a tyrannical invader, damaging traditional and sacred institutions of a genuine Brazil.[64][65][66] For them, the Republic is the eternal restart in that the republican government always has a setback, never learning to grow. Meanwhile, in the monarchical government, there exists a linear growth towards prosperity.[48] The republican form of government – demoralized, disorganized and improvident – would also be the nest for caudillos, dictators and tyrants, whereas the monarchical form of government would be the best suited to preserve order and liberty.[67] Arlindo characterized the republic as an oppressive, bureaucratic, incompetent, unpious, immoral and demoralized form of government, and while Brazil is under such regimen, it will be in a status of an occupied and explored country.[66]

The Constitution of the Brazilian Empire is considered to be one of the most liberal constitution of its times.[68]

Patrianovism considers that every true politic is centred on traditionalism, the basis for genuine progress, responsible for the continuance of the country's identity.[69] A recurrent line of thought in Patrianovism is the nostalgia for the past, not for the Empire, but pre-independence Brazil, where – they believed – all of the great things such as honour, dignity, greatness etc. were left. The position the Church held in the past was also attractive to the patrianovists. The period from 1822 to 1889 was considered by the patrianovists one of "accidentals mistakes",[70] such as the form of government of the empire. They claim that Pedro II's reign did not take advantage the catholic and monarchic roots of the Brazilian identity and had major social-political and religious errors.[65][71]

However, in the present, that is, the time after the military republican coup of 1889, the country was left morally and economically in ruins, with the decline of national identity.[66][72] The solution for all of the problems in the present, would then be supposedly solved by the past.[66] Patrianovists feared that if they returned to the liberal Monarchy, the outcome would be another coup, that could install socialism or communism in Brazil.[71]

Unlike other third-position movements, like Fascism, patrianovism was a reactionary movement, not a revolutionary one. That meant that the group yearned for a return to the agrarian economic state rather than proceed with the industrialization of the nation.[73]

In many speeches, Jews mostly took the blame for the ailments of the Brazilian blacks, being described as capitalist explorers always associated with the international bourgeoisie, finances, usury and the embodiment of "alien" interests. The Freemasons were often put alongside the Semites, evoking the Judeo-Freemason plot.[52]

The AIPB also viewed monarchism as a way to stand against International exploration of Brazil. Then Secretary of the AIPB, Sebastião Pagano, wrote that the "Imperial Brazilians" want a monarchy because they need to "stand strong against exploration" because Brazil is poor and the "Monarchy is the best economic system".[30]

Corresponding to the beliefs that the Republic was "anti-national", the movement had discontentment with the branqueamento policy, that promoted immigration to Brazil from various European countries, specially from Italy and other Mediterranean nations, and from Japan.[74] The Patrianovists believed that those immigrants were stealing away the jobs from native Brazilians, standing, for example, against the establishment of a Japanese company in the Amazon.[75]

Coupled with branqueamento, Arlindo blamed the Republic for the bad quality of life Afro-Brazilians had.[29]

According to researcher Ramatis Jacino, the AIPB was, perhaps, the most significant representant of black conservatism in brazilian history.[76]

There were a lot of similarities between the AIPB and the AIB, as the Patrianovist political discourse appointed Brazilian Integralism as complementary to Patrianovism. Plínio Salgado, the most important Integralist figure in Brazil, used to exchange letters with Veiga, trying to get the later to support Integralism.[77]

In 1932, Arlindo Veiga dos Santos, the president of the party, co-founded the Secretary of Political Study, alongside Plínio. A handful of Patrianovists joined the organization, which would end up becoming the Brazilian Integralist Action (AIB). The Patrianovists left the group in the second semester, after it was made clear in the book "A posição do Integralismo" (Integralism's Alignment) that the best model of government for the Integralists would be a "Social Republic" in virtue of the loyalty of the integralists to republicanism.[22][77][78][79]

[With the Integral State] The Federative Republican system must be maintained [...] We affirm our Republican ideology

— Miguel Reale, Integralism's Alignment

Integralist leader Gustavo Barroso seated with Patrianovists for the birthday of Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza

In the first periods of the AIB, Plínio was tempted to blame the Patrianovists in any eventual ailment of Integralism, for not joining them. However, when the AIB became a movement of the masses, which was never possible for the AIPB, he gave it up. With such turntables, several Patrianovists decided to leave the ranks of the AIPB to join their ideological cousins.[80]

One of the leaders of the patrianovist movement, Sebastião Pagano, proclaimed to the newspaper Diário de Notícia, that the reason behind the success of the integralist movement was due to the effort of patrianovism since 1928.[81]

Even though both groups were not in the same political group, the relationship between them was very friendly. Monarchists had no problem in joining together with the integralists, considering Brazilian integralism as a complement to organic monarchism. The leaders of the integralist movement, Plínio Salgado and Gustavo Barroso had monarchist sentiments. According to Barroso, "Patrianovism is monarchist because it is integralist".[55]

Both organizations were founded by Arlindo Veiga dos Santos, who was himself a black Brazilian. Created in 1931, the Frente Negra Brasileira materialized the fight for the "Social and Political Union of the National Black People". Veiga wished to raise support for the monarchist cause in the black masses, turning FNB into another center for Patrianovist ideals, trying to merge black politics with Patrianovism.[77]

But even with that effort, Francisco Lucrécio, a former director of the FNB, noted that although the black community understood the ideals of nationalism, they never really managed to comprehend Patrianovism.[77]

FNB's official newspaper. Above is a quote from Arlindo's brother: "Only we, the blacks, can feel the racial prejudice in Brazil".

Even though Arlindo had this setback, it is noticeable that the two groups had much in common. Both organizations supported:[82]

• Exacerbated nationalism;
• Defence of Brazilian traditions;
• Extreme rejection of communism;
• Attacks against democracy and liberalism.

The cooperation between the groups went even further. Isaltino Veiga dos Santos, Arlindo's brother, and Salatiel Campos, both Patrianovists, were active in various activities of the FNB. It is also notable that both organizations used to share the same building for meetings. They both used paramilitary groups, with the highlight of a segment of the FNB militia being of black practitioners of capoeira, akin to the Black Guard, that fought against republicans after slavery was abolished in the Brazilian Empire.[83]

The two organisations, Integralismo Lusitano ("Lusitanian Integralism") and the AIPB, considered each other to be their counterpart in across the ocean.Such argument is made because they both:[20][84][85][86]

• Are Integral-Christians;
• Have the same Luso-Brazilian background;
• Support corporatism ideal political, social and economical government organisation;
• Support an Organic Monarchy;
• Hold the belief that Constitutional monarchies and Liberal Republics will bring the same problems.

Solemnity for the birthday of D. Pedro Henrique

A Patrianovist Center in Sepetiba

The first contact between the two movements happened in 1930 when, in Política, the Portuguese offered their sympathy for Pátria-Nova and classified them as an interesting movement. In the same year, the School Board of Lusitanian Integralism published an article written by Couto Magalhães, first published in Pátria-Nova. Both groups continued to contact each other with great intensity.[87][88]

According to George Wink, the AIPB was undistinguishable from the Centro Dom Vital, a catholic association, where Arlindo Veiga was the treasurer, and the leader of the CDV was a contributor to the Pátria-Nova newspaper.[55]

The Liga Eleitoral Católica (Catholic Electoral League) was an organization created to gather support for candidates that subscribed to the Social Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church.[89] The Liga counted with the support of the Patrianovist movement "for Religious reasons" in their efforts to elect their politicians.[90]

The movement was later supported by the then-pretender to the Brazilian throne Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza, which wrote letters as early as 1933 to the party,[91] congratulating them on their efforts in establishing an organic monarchy. In 1945, when the descendants of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil returned to Brazil, the two entities became closer than ever, signaling the approval of the movent from the Orleans-Braganca family.[92]