Malappuram district

A typical hilly landscape in the district (Near Pulpatta)

A Chaliyar hillside at Edavanna

The term, Malappuram, which means "over the hill" in Malayalam, derives from geography of Malappuram, the administrative headquarters of the district.[16][17] The midland area of district is characterised by several undulating hills such as Arimbra hills, Amminikkadan hills, Oorakam Hill, Cheriyam hills, Pandalur hills, and Chekkunnu hills, all of which lie away from the Western Ghats.[18] However, the coconut-fringed sandy coastal plain is an exception for the general hilly nature.

Tyndis (Tondis) on Peutinger Table (north of Templ Augusti and Lacus Muziris)

Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE)

The remains of pre-historic symbols including Dolmens, Menhirs, and Rock-cut caves have found from various parts of district. Rock-cut caves have found from Puliyakkode, Thrikkulam, Oorakam, Melmuri, Ponmala, Vallikunnu, and Vengara.[19] The ancient maritime port of Tyndis, which was then a centre of trade with Ancient Rome, is roughly identified with Ponnani, Tanur, and Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu-Chaliyam-Beypore region. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire.[20] Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty).[21] The region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period.[22] According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis. However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces.[23] Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates.[24] The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.[25][26] The river Bharathappuzha (River Ponnani) had importance since Sangam period (1st-4th century CE), due to the presence of Palakkad Gap which connected the Malabar coast with Coromandel coast through inland.[27]

Kurumathur inscription (871 CE)

The Kurumathur inscription found near Areekode dates back to 871 CE.[28] Three inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to 932 CE, those were found from Triprangode (near Tirunavaya), Kottakkal, and Chaliyar, mention the name of Goda Ravi of Chera dynasty.[29] The Triprangode inscription states about the agreement of Thavanur.[29] Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to 10th century CE, have found from Sukapuram near Edappal, which was one of the 64 old Nambudiri villages of Kerala.

Alathiyoor Nambi Illam near Tirur

Descriptions about the rulers of Eranad and Valluvanad regions can be seen in the Jewish copper plates of Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) and Viraraghava copper plates of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE).[19] The Zamorin of Calicut originally belonged to Nediyiruppu at Kondotty in Eranad before he shifted his seat to the neighbouring Kozhikode.[30] Eranad was ruled by a Samanthan Nair clan known as Eradis, similar to the Vellodis of neighbouring Valluvanad and Nedungadis of Nedunganad.[30] The rulers of Eranad were known by the title Eralppad/Eradi.[30] It was the ruler of Eranad (Eradi of Nediyiruppu) who established the kingdom of Calicut and developed Kozhikode as a major port city in the Malabar Coast.[30] Just after that, the rulers of Parappanad (Parappanangadi) and the Vettathunadu (Tanur) became vassals of Zamorin. The Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of Travancore royal family.[30] Besides, a larger portion of Valluvanad Kovilakams (Nilambur, Manjeri, Malappuram, Kottakkal, and Ponnani) also became vassals of the Zamorin.[30]

South India in early 11th century CE (around 1000 CE - Malappuram district had included two important seats of power - Erala Nadu (Eranad) and Valluva Nadu)

The original headquarters of the Perumbadappu Swaroopam, who later became the Kingdom of Cochin, was at Chithrakoodam in Vanneri, Perumpadappu, which is located 10 km south to Puthuponnani, in Ponnani taluk.[30] When Perumpadappu came under the kingdom of the Zamorin of Calicut, the rulers of Perumpadappu fled to Kodungallur, and later they moved to Kochi, where they established the Kingdom of Cochin.[30] By 1250-1300 CE, almost whole of the district came under the rule of Zamorin.[30][19]

The Mamankam festival, which had a special political importance in the medieval Kerala, was held at Tirunavaya, which lies on the northern bank of the river Bharathappuzha, in the district.[30] The rivalry that existed between the Nambudiris in the Nambudiri villages of Panniyoor and Chowwara (Sukapuram) was also of great political importance in medieval Kerala.[30] Panniyoor is situated opposite to Kuttippuram town while Sukapuram lies in Edappal. The Zamorins found themselves intervened in the so-called Koormatsaram between Nambudiris of Panniyurkur and Chovvarakur. In the most recent event, the Thirumanasseri Nambudiri had assaulted and burned the nearby rival village. The rulers of Valluvanadu and Perumpadappu came to help the Chovvaram and raided Panniyur simultaneously. Thirumanasseri Nadu was overran by its neighbours on south and east. The Thirumanasseri Nambudiri appealed to the Zamorin for help, and promised to cede the port of Ponnani, where the river Bharathappuzha merges with Arabian Sea, to Zamorin as the price for his protection. Thirumanassery Nambudiri, the Koya of Kozhikode, and ruler of Vettathunadu supported the Zamorin. Zamorin, looking for such an opportunity, gladly accepted the offer.[31] In his military campaigns into Valluvanadu, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Muslim Middle Eastern sailors of Beypore, Chaliyam, Tanur, and Kodungallur, and the Koya of Kozhikode.[32] As a reward by the Zamorin, the port at Ponnani became an important trade and cultural centre of middle eastern sailors. It seems that the Muslim judge of Kozhikode offered all help in "money and material" to the Samoothiri to strike at Tirunavaya.[31] The Zamorin continued his conquest to Valluvanadu and conquered the regions of Kottakkal, Malappuram, Manjeri, and Nilambur. It was thus that Perumpadappu and a larger portion of Valluvanad came under the rule of Zamorin. Thus Zamorin became the Raksha Purusha of Mamankam, and the ruler of Tirunavaya, neighbouring Triprangode, and Ponnani.[30]

Kottakkunnu, Malappuram

Under the Zamorin, the regions included in the district emerged as major centres of foreign maritime trade in medieval Kerala. The Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue by taxing the spice trade through his ports. Major ports in the kingdom of Zamorin included Parappanangadi, Tanur, and Ponnani.[33][34] Parappanangadi (Barburankad), Tirurangadi (Tiruwarankad), Tanur, and Ponnani (Funan) were also important among the trade settlements under the rule of the Zamorin, according to the 16th-century historical work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen.[35] Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani served as a second home for Zamorin. Ponnani acted as the naval headquarters of his kingdom.[33] Malappuram was the headquarters of Para Nambi, who was a local chieftain of the Zamorin.[36] Other Kovilakams of Zamorin included the Kizhakke Kovilakam at Kottakkal, Manjeri Kovilakam at Manjeri,[37] and Nilambur Kovilakam at Nilambur. Parappanad Kovilakam at Parappanangadi and Tanur Kovilakam at Tanur were vassal royal houses of the Zamorin. However the Mankada Kovilakam at Mankada near Angadipuram was the seat of ruling family of the Valluvanad Rajas. Azhvanchery Mana, which was the headquarters of Azhvanchery Thamprakkal, who was the supreme head of the Nambudiri Brahmins of Kerala, is located at Athavanad near Kuttippuram, in Tirur Taluk. Azhvanchery Thamprakkal and the lord of Kalpakanchery in Kingdom of Tanur were usually present at the Ariyittu Vazhcha (Coronation) of a new Zamorin.[37] The Arabs had the monopoly of trade in the early Middle Ages.[37] The original headquarters of the Palakkad Rajas were also at Athavanad.[38]

Zamorin's empire in 1498

The second residence of Zamorin was at Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani

The path Vasco da Gama took to reach Kozhikode (black line) in 1498, which was also the discovery of a sea route from Europe to India, and eventually paved way for the European colonisation of Indian subcontinent. At that time, the Zamorin of Calicut was residing at Thrikkavil Kovilakam in Ponnani.

The squadron of Vasco da Gama left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean, reaching Calicut in May 1498.[39] At the time of the arrival of Vasco da Gama and his Portuguese fleet at Calicut, the Zamorin of Calicut was residing at Ponnani.[40] The Zamorin had provided the Portuguese all facilities for trade.[19] However, the Portuguese provocations on the Arab properties led to a conflict between the Zamorin and the Portuguese. Furthermore, Ponnani, which was the second headquarters of the Zamorin, was an important target of the Portuguese.[19] The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur, who was a vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut, sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at Kozhikode.[30] As a result, the Kingdom of Tanur (Vettathunadu) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with Cochin.[30] Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from Vettom.[30] However, the Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the Battle of Cochin (1504).[41] However, the allegiance of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut.[35] Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, who is considered as the father of modern Malayalam literature, was born at Tirur (Vettathunadu) during Portuguese period.[30] The medieval Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics that flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries, was also primarily based in Vettathunadu (Tirur region)[42][43]

In 1507, the Portuguese Viceroy Francisco de Almeida raided Ponnani and started building a fortress there in 1585.[19] The district witnessed several battles between Kozhikode naval chiefs, known as the Kunhali Marakkars, and the Portuguese for the monopoly in spice trade. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.[44][45] Tanur town was one of the earliest Portuguese colonies in the Indian subcontinent. The towns of Ponnani and Parappanangadi were burnt by the Portuguese in the years 1525 and 1573-74 respectively.[33] Some of the kings of Kingdom of Cochin in 16th century CE, when Cochin became a major power on the Malabar coast, were usually selected from the royal family of Kingdom of Tanur.[30] Portuguese were expelled from Kingdom of Tanur with the Battle at Chaliyam fort of 1571. Chaliyam was the northern border of Vettathunadu. During that battle, the Zamorin received unambiguous assistance from the Mappilas of Ponnani, Tanur, and Parappanangadi.

Ponnani harbour photographed in 2012. Ponnani harbour was the southernmost end of the Kingdom of Tanur

South India (1744) from a map by Emanuel Bowen, an English map engraver. Note that in the map, only Kingdom of Tanur is shown with a separate boundary within the Kingdom of Zamorin

The Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II (born around 1532) in Ponnani during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Malabar coast.[46] It was first printed and published in Lisbon. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of Al-Azhar University, Cairo.[47][48][49] In 1532 with the help of the ruler of Tanur, a chapel was built at Chaliyam, together with a house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and store-houses for trade. Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels.[50] The Zamorin soon repented of having allowed this fort to be built in his dominions, and used ineffectual endeavours to induce the ruler of Parappanangadi, Caramanlii (King of Beypore?) (Some records say that the ruler of Tanur was also with them [50]) to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them.[35] In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam Fort.[51] The continuous wars led by the Portuguese on one side and the Zamorin who had the support of the Arab merchants, and the local Nair and Mappila forces on the other side, ultimately led to the decline of Arab monopoly of foreign trade in the coastal towns. Unmindful of Portuguese opposition, the Zamorin entered into a treaty with the Dutch East India Company on 11 November 1604.[19] This was followed by another treaty in 1608, which confirmed the earlier treaty and the Dutch assured assistance to Zamorin in expelling the Portuguese.[19] The rise of the Dutch monopoly caused the Portuguese dominance also to decline. The cultural renaissance followed by the unrest of the 16th century produced the poets such as Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan and Poonthanam Nambudiri, who were instrumental in the development of Malayalam literature into the current form, and Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, who was also a member of the medieval Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.

By the middle of 17th century, the Dutch had monopoly of foreign trade in the ports of Kerala, except for small English factories at Ponnani and Kozhikode.[19] Though the arrival of William Keeling in 1650 was a beginning for the monopoly of the British East India Company in the region, they weren't able to establish supremacy until 1792.[19] During the 18th century, the de facto Mysore kingdom rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan unified all smaller feudal states in the Northern Kerala and they were made part of the Kingdom of Mysore. For a short span of time in 1766, Manjeri was the headquarters of Sultan Hyder Ali.[52] When the Samutiri Kovilakam at Calicut was besieged by the Mysore Sultan Haidar 'Ali (18th century AD), the Zamorin sent his family members to Thrikkavil Kovilakam at Ponnani.[53] The Battle of Tirurangadi was a series of engagements that took place between the British army and Tipu Sultan between 7 and 12 December 1790 at Tirurangadi, during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.[54] In 1792, Tipu Sultan was defeated by English East India Company through Third Anglo-Mysore War, and the Treaty of Seringapatam was agreed. As per this treaty, most of the Malabar Region, including the present-day Malappuram district, was integrated into the English East India Company. The Koyi Thampurans of Travancore belongs to Parappanad Royal Family. It was from this family that the consorts of the Rani's Travancore family were usually selected.[52] The oldest teak plantation of the world at Conolly's plot is just 2 km (1.2 mi) from Nilambur town. It was named in memory of Henry Valentine Conolly, the then district collector of Malabar.[55] The first railway line in the state started its function from Tirur to Chaliyam on 12 March 1861, with the oldest railway station at Tirur.[56][15]

The oldest Teak plantations of the world at Conolly's plot, Nilambur

The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts (uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 riots, large and small, during this period. During 1841-1921 there were more than 86 revolts against the British officials alone.[57] The district was included in the subdistricts of Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani in South Malabar during the British rule. The Malabar Special Police was headquartered at Malappuram. MSP is also the oldest armed police battalion in the state. The British had established Haig Barracks on the top of Malappuram city, at the bank of the Kadalundi River, to station their forces.[58]

Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, Tirunavaya. The Tile Factory at Kodakkal, started in 1887, is the second tile-manufacturing industry in India. The first tile factory was at Feroke, which was then part of Eranad Taluk

The Malabar district political conference of Indian National Congress held at Manjeri on 28 April 1920 strengthened Indian independence movement and national movement in British Malabar.[59] That conference declared that the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms were not able to satisfy the needs of British India. It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between extremists and moderates within the Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused the leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class.[30]

Ponnani harbour in mid-1930's

The Graves of British soldiers who had laid down their lives in the 1921 Rebellion at Tirurangadi Taluk Office

Malabar Rebellion was the last and important among the revolts. The Battle of Pookkottur adorns an important role in the rebellion.[60][61] After the army, police, and British authorities fled, declaration of independence took place over 200 villages in Eranad, Valluvanad, Ponnani, and Kozhikode taluks by 28 August 1921.[62] However less than six months after the declaration of autonomy, the East India Company reclaimed the territory and annexed it to the British Raj. The Wagon tragedy took place following the Malabar rebellion, where 64 prisoners died on 20 November 1921.[63]

Calicut International Airport at Karipur, Kondotty

The erstwhile Madras presidency became Madras State following the independence of India in 1947. Malappuram revenue division was one of the five revenue divisions in the erstwhile Malabar District with the jurisdiction of Eranad (Manjeri) and Valluvanad (Perinthalmanna) Taluks. The other four revenue divisions in the Malabar district were Thalassery, Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Fort Cochin.[64] On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed on linguistic basis. The district of Malappuram was formed with four subdistricts (Eranad, Perinthalmanna, Tirur, and Ponnani), four towns, fourteen developmental blocks, and 95 Gram panchayats at the time.[65] Later, Tirur Taluk was bifurcated to form Tirurangadi Taluk, and Eranad Taluk was trifurcated to form two more Taluks namely Nilambur and Kondotty. The University of Calicut, which is also the second-oldest existing university in Kerala, and the Calicut International Airport, which is also the second-oldest existing airport in the state, started functioning at Tenhipalam and Karipur, in the years 1968 and 1988, respectively.[66] In the 1970s, the oil reserves in the Persian Gulf countries were opened to commercial extraction and thousands of unskilled workers migrated to the gulf. They sent money home, supporting the rural economy, and by the late 20th century, the region attained First World health standards and near-universal literacy.[67]

Hilly area of Karuvarakundu

Puthuponnani Munambam beach

Bounded by Kozhikode district to the northwest, Wayanad district to the northeast, Nilgiri hills to the east, Palakkad district to the southeast, Thrissur district to the southwest, and Arabian Sea to the west, Malappuram has a total geographical area of 3,554 km², which ranks third in the state in terms of area. The district possesses 9.15% of the total area of the state. The district is located at 75°E - 77°E longitude and 10°N - 12°N latitude on the geographical map. Similar to other parts of Kerala, Malappuram also has a coastal area (lowland) bounded by Arabian Sea on the west, a midland at the centre, and a hilly area (highland), bounded by Western Ghats on the east. Unlike other districts of Kerala, hilly areas are widely seen in the midland area too. The 2,554 m high Mukurthi peak, which is situated in the border of Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in South India as well as the third-highest in Kerala after Anamudi (2,696 m) and Meesapulimala (2,651 m), is the highest point of elevation in Malappuram district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district. The 2,383 high Anginda peak, which is located closer to Malappuram-Palakkad-Nilgiris district border is the second-highest peak. Vavul Mala, a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, Wayanad, and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode districts, is the third-highest point of elevation in the district.

Topography

On the basis of topography, geology, soils, climate, and natural vegetation, the district is divided into 5 sub-micro regions:

• Malappuram coast
• Malappuram undulating plain
• Chaliyar river basin
• Nilambur forested hills
• Perinthalmanna undulating uplands.

Chaliyar river basin at Areekode

Map of Malappuram District

The Malappuram coast lies all along the coastal tract of Malappuram from Vallikkunnu at the north to Perumpadappu at the south. It makes its boundaries with the Kozhikode coast to the north, Malappuram undulating plain to the east, the Thrissur coast to the south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. The region is drained by the major rivers like Chaliyar, Kadalundi, Bharathappuzha, Tirurpuzha, etc. canals and backwaters. The region is coconut-fringed. The coastal plain slopes towards the west very gently.[68] The major towns including Ponnani, Edappal, Tirur, Valanchery, Kuttippuram, Tanur, Tirurangadi, and Parappanangadi lies in this region. The maximum height of this region is located at Kalpakanchery village (104 m) in Tirur Taluk.[68]

The Malappuram undulating plain, lying parallel to the coast, makes it boundaries with Nadapuram-Mavur undulating plains to the north, Chaliyar river basin, and Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the east, Pattambi undulating plain to the south and Malappuram coast to the west. Nenmini hill (478 m) at Kannamangalam is the highest point and the Vazhayur in the northern part (95 m) is the lowest in the region. A few hills and slopes are seen here.[68]

Chekkunnu hills at Edavanna

The Chaliyar River Basin makes its boundaries by Nilambur forested hills to its north and east, Perinthalmanna undulating uplands to the south, and Malappuram undulating plain to its east. It falls under the middle course of Chaliyar and has ups and downs in the form of isolated hills.[68]

The Nilambur forested hills, also referred to as the Nilambur valley in colonial records, make its boundary with Kozhikode forested hills and Wayanad forested hills to the north, Tamil Nadu to the east, Mannarkad-Palakkad forested hills to the south, and the Chaliyar river basin to the west. It is a part of the Western Ghats. Several peaks having an elevation of more than 1000m from the sea level are seen here.[68] The highest altitude of this region is at Mukurthi (2594 m), which lies east of the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary on the border of Kerala with Tamil Nadu. The lowest point is located at Mampad (115 m).[68] The hilly forested area of Nilambur forms a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

The Perinthalmanna undulating uplands make its boundary with Chaliyar river basin to the north, Mannarkad-Palakkad forested hills to the east, Palakkad Gap to the south, and Malappuram undulating plain to the west. A number of small isolated hills are seen here. Kodikuthimala is one among them. The Kadalundi River drains this region. The maximum height of the region is 610 m at Makkaraparamba.[68]

Coastline

The Lighthouse of Ponnani

Malappuram ranks fifth in the length of coastline among the districts of Kerala having a coastline of 70 km (11.87% of the total coastline of the state).[69] The coastal belt of Malappuram lies in three municipal towns, namely Tanur, Ponnani, and Parappanangadi, and eight Gram panchayats namely Vallikkunnu, Tanalur, Niramaruthur, Vettom, Mangalam, Purathur, Veliyankode, and Perumbadappu. Ponnani, Tanur, Parappanangadi, and Padinjarekkara Beach, all of which lie in the western part of the district, are the major fishing centres. The sea coast of the district is filled with marine wealth.[68] Apart from being a favourite destination of the Arab traders earlier, Ponnani was also a captivating destination for many Muslim spiritual leaders, who were instrumental in the propagation of Islam here. The port city is also known as The Little Mecca of Malabar as well as The City of Gold coins.[70][71] During the months of February/April, thousands of migratory birds arrive here. Located close to Ponnani is Biyyam Kayal, a placid, green-fringed waterway with a water sports facility. The Conolly Canal meets with Arabian sea at Puthuponnani. The coastal town of Tanur was the capital of the Kingdom of Vettathunad in the early medieval period, and is known for Keraladeshpuram Temple. Parappanangadi was the seat of the ruling families of Parappanad kingdom in the early medieval period.

Rivers

Bharathappuzha at Triprangode

Kadalundi River at Malappuram

Major rivers flowing through the district are Chaliyar, Kadalundi River, Bharathappuzha, and Tirur River. Chaliyar has a total length of about 168 km. and a drainage area of 2,818 km² (1,088 sq mi). It passes through Nilambur, Mampad, Edavanna, Areekode, and Vazhakkad in district and then flows through Kozhikode-Malappuram district border and empties itself into the Arabian sea at Chaliyam. Several larger and smaller tributaries of Chaliyar are there in the valley of Nilambur Taluk.[68][72] Karimpuzha, the largest tributary of Chaliyar, and Thuthapuzha, one of the largest tributaries of Bharathappuzha, and Olipuzha, one of the largest tributaries of the Kadalundi River, also flow through district. Kadalundi River passes through Melattur, Keezhattur, Pandikkad, Manjeri, Malappuram, Panakkad, Parappur, Vengara, Tirurangadi, Parappanangadi, Vallikkunnu, and empties itself into Arabian sea at Kadalundi Nagaram in Vallikkunnu on the northwestern border of the district. It is formed by the confluence of the Olippuzha River and the Veliyar River. The Kadalundi River originates from the Western Ghats at the western border of the Silent Valley and flows through the district. Olippuzha and Veliyar merge to form Kadalundi River in Keezhattur. Kadalundi River passes through Eranad and Valluvanad regions. It has a length of 130 km, with a catchment area of 1,114 km² (430 sq mi) and a total runoff of 2189 million cubic feet.[68][72] Bharathappuzha has a total length of 209 km. It flows as its tributary Thuthapuzha River through Thootha, Elamkulam, Pulamanthole in Malappuram-Palakkad district border, and joins the main river at Pallippuram. Then it again reaches the district from Thiruvegappura reaching at Kuttippuram after flowing through some neighbouring districts. Then it entirely flows through the district. Bharathappuzha empties itself into the Arabian Sea at Ponnani. Tirunavaya, Kuttippuram, Triprangode, Irimbiliyam, Thavanur, and Ponnani are some important towns on the bank of Bharathappuzha.[68][72] Tirur River is 48 km long. It joins with Bharathappuzha at Padinjarekara near Ponnani.[68][72] Besides these large rivers, the district has a small river called Purapparamba River, which is just 8 km long. It is connected to major rivers via Conolly Canal.[68][72] Several larger and smaller tributaries and streams of the major rivers described above also flows through the district.

A panoramic view of Kadalundi River near Vallikkunnu estuary, where it merges with the Arabian Sea

Four estuaries are there - Padinjarekara Azhimukham at Purathur where the rivers Bharathappuzha and Tirur River merge to join Arabian Sea, Puthuponnani promontary where Conolly Canal flows into the sea, Purappuzha Azhimukham at Tanur, and Kadalundi Nagaram Azhimukham at Vallikkunnu in the northwestern border of the district.[68][72] The backwaters like Biyyam, Veliyankode, Manur, and Kodinhi, lie in the coastal Taluks.[68][72] Ponnani Canal was constructed for the transportation of goods from Ponnani to Tirur railway station during British Raj. Here is a description about the Ponnani Canal by Basel Mission employees at Kodakkal.[73]

...nowadays a steamship travels between Ponnani and Tirur through the Canal, where the most convenient railway station for Ponnani is to be found. The ticket costs only 4 annas, although the distance is 10 km...

Climate

Monsoon clouds at Pandallur hills near Manjeri

Ottumpuram beach, Tanur

The temperature of the district is almost steady throughout the year. It has a tropical climate. It gets significant rainfall in most of the months, with a short dry season. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Am. The average annual temperature in Malappuram is 27.3 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 2,952 millimetres (116.2 in). Summer usually runs from March until May; the monsoon begins in June and ends in September. Malappuram receives both southwest and northeast monsoons. Winter is from December to February.[74]

Climate data for Malappuram
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	32.0 (89.6)	32.9 (91.2)	34.0 (93.2)	33.8 (92.8)	32.7 (90.9)	29.3 (84.7)	28.1 (82.6)	28.7 (83.7)	29.7 (85.5)	30.3 (86.5)	31.1 (88.0)	31.4 (88.5)	34.0 (93.2)
Average low °C (°F)	21.8 (71.2)	22.8 (73.0)	24.4 (75.9)	25.4 (77.7)	25.1 (77.2)	23.5 (74.3)	22.8 (73.0)	23.3 (73.9)	23.3 (73.9)	23.4 (74.1)	23.1 (73.6)	21.9 (71.4)	21.8 (71.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	1 (0.0)	9 (0.4)	16 (0.6)	101 (4.0)	253 (10.0)	666 (26.2)	830 (32.7)	398 (15.7)	233 (9.2)	281 (11.1)	140 (5.5)	24 (0.9)	2,952 (116.2)
Source: [75]

Teak Museum

Mangroves at Vallikkunnu

Ponnani Kole Wetlands at Edappal

The district contains a diverse wildlife and a number of small hills, forests, rivers, and streams flowing to the west, backwaters and paddy, areca nut, cashew nut, pepper, ginger, pulses, coconut, banana, tapioca, tea, and rubber plantations. Conolly's plot, the world's oldest teak plantation, is located at Nilambur. Nilambur is also known for Teak Museum. Bamboo trees are widely seen near to the Nilambur Teak Plantations. A bioresource natural park is associated with the Teak Museum. In the old administrative records of the Madras Presidency, it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844.[76]

Out of the 3,554 km² area of district, 1,034 km² (399 sq mi) (29%) constitutes forest area. It may be denser or less dense.[77] The northeastern part of district has a vast forest area of 758.87 km² (293.00 sq mi). In this, 325.33 km² (125.61 sq mi) is reserved forests and the rest is vested forests. Of these, 80% is deciduous whereas the rest is evergreen. The forest area is mainly concentrated in Nilambur subdistrict, which shares its boundary with the hilly district of Wayanad, Western Ghats, and the hilly areas (Nilgiris) of Tamil Nadu. Trees like teak, rosewood, and mahogany are seen in Nilambur forest area. Bamboo hills are widely seen in the forest. Karimpuzha wildlife sanctuary in the district is the largest wildlife sanctuary in the state.[78][79] The New Amarambalam Reserved Forest, which is a part of the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary, has a variety of fauna. A variety of animals including elephants, deer, tigers, blue monkeys, bears, boars, rabbits, birds, and reptiles are found in forests. Forest products like honey, medicinal herbs, and spices are also collected from here. Nedumkayam Rainforest also exists in the Nilambur valley. Forests are protected by two divisions- Nilambur north and Nilambur south. The Kerala Forest Research Institute has a subcentre at Nilambur. Important types of fish found in the coastal and inland areas of the district include Prawn, Oil Sardine, Silver belly, Shark, Catfish, Mackerel, Skate, Chemba, Soll fish, Seer fish, and Ribbonfish.[68]

Nilambur Teak is the first forest produce to get its own GI tag.[80] Tirur Vettila, a type of Betel found in Tirur, has also obtained GI tag.[81] About 50 Acre of Mangroves forest is found in Vallikkunnu, located in coastal area of the district. Mangroves are widely seen in the other coastal regions too. Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary lies in Vallikkunnu Grama Panchayat of the district.[82] Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve is the first community reserve in Kerala. It has now been declared as an eco-tourism centre.[83] A bird sanctuary at Padinjarekkara estuary in Purathur was proposed in 2010.[84] Tirunavaya is known for its lotus fields.[85]

Malappuram, the administrative headquarters of the district

The headquarters of the district administration is at Uphill, Malappuram. The district administration is headed by the District collector. He is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and elections. Additional District Magistrate in the rank of Deputy Collector (General) provides support to District Collector in all the administrative activities.[88]

Malappuram revenue district has two divisions- Tirur and Perinthalmanna. For sake of rural administration, 94 Gram Panchayats are combined in 15 Block Panchayats, which together form the Malappuram District Panchayat. Besides this in order to perform urban administration better, 12 municipal towns are there.[89]

For the representation of Malappuram in Kerala Legislative Assembly, there are 16 assembly constituencies in district. These are included in 3 Lok Sabha constituencies. Malappuram has the highest number of assembly constituencies in state. Of these, Eranad, Nilambur and Wandoor assembly constituencies together form a part of Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency), whereas Tirurangadi, Tanur, Tirur, Kottakkal, Thavanur and Ponnani are included in Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency). The remaining seven assembly constituencies together form Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency).[89][90] The district is further divided into 138 villages which together form 7 subdistricts.[91]

Revenue divisions

See also: List of villages in Malappuram district and List of desoms in Malappuram district (1981)

Ponnani, Tirur, and Tirurangadi subdistricts lie in the coastal region. Perinthalmanna, Eranad, and Kondotty lie in midland whereas the Nilambur subdistrict lies on the high range. The subdistricts of Ponnani, Tirur, Tirurangadi, and Kondotty are included in the Tirur revenue division whereas the remaining three combine to form the Perinthalmanna revenue division. The revenue division administration is headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO). Nilambur is the largest subdistrict in Kerala. Besides the Civil Station at Malappuram to coordinate the district-level administration, there are Mini-Civil Stations at Manjeri, Nilambur, Perinthalmanna, Tirurangadi, Tanur, Tirur, Kuttippuram, and Ponnani to coordinate the Taluk-level administrative activities. The Taluk administration is headed by a Tehsildar.

Taluks in Malappuram

Subdistrict (Taluk)	Area (in km2)	Total population (2011)	Villages	Urbanisation (2011)
Ponnani	200	379,798	11	57.36%
Tirur	448	928,672	30	48.73%
Tirurangadi	290*	631,906	17	90.40%
Kondotty	258*	410,577	12	43.10%
Eranad	491*	581,512	23	37.93%
Perinthalmanna	506	606,396	24	21.73%
Nilambur	1,343	574,059	21	8.08%
Sources: 2011 Census of India,[92] Official website of Malappuram district[93]

Local governance

See also: List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district

A Gram Panchayat headquarters office in the district

The rural district is divided into 94 Gram Panchayats which are included in 15 blocks namely Areekode, Kalikavu, Kondotty, Kuttippuram, Malappuram, Mankada, Nilambur, Perinthalmanna, Perumpadappu, Ponnani, Tanur, Tirur, Tirurangadi, Vengara, and Wandoor.[94] These blocks combine to form the Malappuram district Panchayat, which is the apex district body of rural governance. Out of 32 wards to the district Panchayat, the UDF won 27 in the 2020 elections, while LDF won the remaining 5.[95] Malappuram District Panchayat is the largest district Panchayat as well as the largest local body in the state. The 94 Gram Panchayats are again divided into 1,778 wards.[96] Census towns (small towns with urban features) also come under the jurisdiction of Gram Panchayats. Though the draft notifications for the formation of new Gram Panchayats namely Anamangad, Ananthavoor, Arakkuparamba, Ariyallur, Chembrassery, Elankur, Karipur, Kootayi, Kurumbalangode, Marutha, Pang, Vaniyambalam, and Velimukku were published in 2015, they are yet to be formed.[97] With their formation, the number of Gram Panchayats in the district will become 106.

Gram Panchayats in Malappuram District
Gram Panchayat	Area (in km2)	Population (2011)	Wards	Taluk
Areekode Block
Areekode	12.21	31,563	18	Eranad
Cheekkode	23.96	32,867	18	Kondotty
Edavanna	52.10	46,128	22	Eranad
Kavanoor	31.30	37,977	19	Eranad
Kizhuparamba	14.99	22,062	14	Eranad
Kuzhimanna	22.05	34,413	18	Kondotty
Pulpatta	30.12	42,683	21	Eranad
Urangattiri	76.09	40,318	21	Eranad
Kalikavu Block
Amarambalam	84.64	35,975	19	Nilambur
Chokkad	76.08	32,224	18	Nilambur
Edappatta	25.77	22,729	15	Perinthalmanna
Kalikavu	92.00	35,210	19	Nilambur
Karulai	131.31	23,277	15	Nilambur
Karuvarakundu	78.69	41,583	21	Nilambur
Tuvvur	31.38	40,297	17	Nilambur
Kondotty Block
Chelembra	15.91	34,149	18	Kondotty
Cherukavu	16.87	36,773	19	Kondotty
Muthuvallur	21.49	26,028	15	Kondotty
Pallikkal	25.96	46,962	22	Kondotty
Pulikkal	28.70	40,133	21	Kondotty
Vazhayur	21.19	30,262	17	Kondotty
Vazhakkad	23.89	35,774	19	Kondotty
Kuttippuram Block
Athavanad	26.77	41,187	22	Tirur
Edayur	30.43	36,498	19	Tirur
Irimbiliyam	24.06	30,635	17	Tirur
Kalpakanchery	16.25	33,721	19	Tirur
Kuttippuram	31.32	47,023	23	Tirur
Marakkara	27.00	40,404	20	Tirur
Malappuram Block
Anakkayam	45.23	50,634	23	Eranad
Kodur	18.42	38,258	19	Perinthalmanna
Morayur	24.57	25,261	18	Kondotty
Othukkungal	17.28	39,139	20	Tirurangadi
Ponmala	21.65	33,922	18	Tirur
Pookkottur	20.63	28,077	19	Eranad
Mankada Block
Koottilangadi	21.54	36,602	19	Perinthalmanna
Kuruva	35.77	45,354	22	Perinthalmanna
Makkaraparamba	11.17	18,702	13	Perinthalmanna
Mankada	31.00	32,748	18	Perinthalmanna
Moorkanad	17.60	36,324	19	Perinthalmanna
Puzhakkattiri	22.72	29,886	17	Perinthalmanna
Nilambur Block
Chaliyar	125.00	20,834	14	Nilambur
Chungathara	129.69	36,269	20	Nilambur
Edakkara	58.09	28,162	16	Nilambur
Moothedam	48.00	33,960	15	Nilambur
Pothukal	77.00	29,561	17	Nilambur
Vazhikkadavu	114.00	47,322	23	Nilambur
Perinthalmanna Block
Aliparamba	34.37	41,725	21	Perinthalmanna
Angadipuram	38.50	56,451	23	Perinthalmanna
Elamkulam	21.31	26,456	16	Perinthalmanna
Keezhattur	40.00	36,317	19	Perinthalmanna
Melattur	27.24	27,250	16	Perinthalmanna
Pulamantol	32.15	37,785	20	Perinthalmanna
Thazhekode	45.02	41,982	21	Perinthalmanna
Vettathur	35.84	37,456	16	Perinthalmanna
Perumpadappu Block
Alamkode	20.50	33,918	19	Ponnani
Maranchery	20.47	35,011	19	Ponnani
Nannamukku	19.35	28,989	17	Ponnani
Perumpadappu	15.02	29,766	18	Ponnani
Veliyankode	15.15	32,554	18	Ponnani
Ponnani Block
Edappal	23.70	32,550	19	Ponnani
Kalady	16.48	25,872	16	Ponnani
Thavanur	25.28	34,500	19	Ponnani
Vattamkulam	20.73	36,147	19	Ponnani
Tanur Block
Cheriyamundam	11.95	31,212	18	Tirur
Niramaruthur	9.20	29,846	17	Tirur
Ozhur	15.92	34,016	18	Tirur
Perumanna-Klari	11.48	27,278	16	Tirur
Ponmundam	9.16	25,855	16	Tirur
Tanalur	15.12	47,976	23	Tirur
Valavannur	15.28	33,159	19	Tirur
Tirur Block
Mangalam	12.17	33,442	20	Tirur
Purathur	19.50	31,915	19	Tirur
Thalakkad	16.30	35,820	19	Tirur
Tirunavaya	19.59	45,848	23	Tirur
Triprangode	20.67	41,167	21	Tirur
Vettom	13.46	28,104	20	Tirur
Tirurangadi Block
Moonniyur	22.66	55,535	23	Tirurangadi
Nannambra	18.35	40,543	21	Tirurangadi
Peruvallur	21.19	34,941	19	Tirurangadi
Tenhipalam	17.98	32,045	17	Tirurangadi
Vallikkunnu	25.14	48,006	23	Tirurangadi
Vengara Block
Abdu Rahiman Nagar	14.83	41,993	21	Tirurangadi
Edarikode	15.65	27,356	16	Tirurangadi
Kannamangalam	28.24	41,260	20	Tirurangadi
Oorakam	21.65	29,157	17	Tirurangadi
Parappur	18.50	36,270	19	Tirurangadi
Thennala	10.00	29,190	17	Tirurangadi
Vengara	18.66	48,600	23	Tirurangadi
Wandoor Block
Mampad	84.67	37,221	19	Nilambur
Pandikkad	57.01	55,213	23	Eranad
Porur	35.60	37,636	17	Nilambur
Thiruvali	33.83	27,734	16	Nilambur
Trikkalangode	59.99	52,090	23	Eranad
Wandoor	45.45	49,013	23	Nilambur
Sources: 2011 Census of India,[92] Government of Kerala[98]

For the ease of urban administration, 12 municipalities (Statutory towns) are there in the district. These municipalities are divided into 479 wards from which a representative is elected from each for a duration of five years.[99]

Largest cities or towns in Malappuram District, Kerala, India Source:[86][87]
	Rank		Taluk	Pop.	Rank		Taluk	Pop.
Manjeri Ponnani	1	Manjeri	Eranad	97,102	11	Nilambur	Nilambur	46,342	Parappanangadi Tanur
	2	Ponnani	Ponnani	90,491	12	Valanchery	Tirur	44,437
	3	Parappanangadi	Tirurangadi	71,239
	4	Tanur	Tirur	69,534
	5	Malappuram	Eranad	68,088
	6	Kondotty	Kondotty	59,256
	7	Tirurangadi	Tirurangadi	56,632
	8	Tirur	Tirur	56,058
	9	Perinthalmanna	Perinthalmanna	49,723
	10	Kottakkal	Tirur	48,342

	Municipality[86]	Wards[87]	Population (2011)[100]	Chairperson [101]	Political Party	Pre-poll Alliance
1	Manjeri	50	97,102	V. M. Subaida	IUML	UDF
2	Ponnani	51	90,491	Sivadasan Attupurath	CPI(M)	LDF
3	Parappanangadi	45	71,239	A. Usman	IUML	UDF
4	Tanur	44	69,534	P. P. Shamsudheen	IUML	UDF
5	Malappuram	40	68,088	Mujeeb Kaderi	IUML	UDF
6	Kondotty	40	59,256	Fathimath Suhrabi. C. T	IUML	UDF
7	Tirurangadi	39	56,632	K. P. Muhammad Kutty	IUML	UDF
8	Tirur	38	56,058	Naseema	IUML	UDF
9	Perinthalmanna	34	49,723	P. Shaji	CPI(M)	LDF
10	Kottakkal	32	48,342	Bushra Shabeer	IUML	UDF
11	Nilambur	33	46,342	Mattummal Saleem	CPI(M)	LDF
12	Valanchery	33	44,437	Ashraf Ambalathingal	IUML	UDF

The District Planning Committee of Malappuram consists of two members from municipalities, 10 members from the District Panchayat, and one Panchayat-nominated member besides a chairman and a Secretary. The chairman post is reserved for a District Panchayat ex-officio and the secretary post for a District Collector ex-officio.[102]

State legislature

16 out of the 140 members for the Kerala Legislative Assembly are elected from the district.[103] In the 2021 elections, UDF won 12 of them, while the LDF bagged the remaining seats.

Legislative Assembly constituencies with their limits

Assembly Constituency	Political Party	Pre-poll Alliance	Elected Representative
Kondotty	IUML	UDF	T. V. Ibrahim
Eranad	IUML	UDF	P. K. Basheer
Nilambur	Independent	LDF	P. V. Anvar
Wandoor	INC	UDF	A. P. Anil Kumar
Manjeri	IUML	UDF	U. A. Latheef
Perinthalmanna	IUML	UDF	Najeeb Kanthapuram
Mankada	IUML	UDF	Manjalamkuzhi Ali
Malappuram	IUML	UDF	P. Ubaidulla
Vengara	IUML	UDF	P. K. Kunhalikutty
Vallikunnu	IUML	UDF	P. Abdul Hameed
Tirurangadi	IUML	UDF	K. P. A. Majeed
Tanur	INL	LDF	V. Abdurahiman
Tirur	IUML	UDF	Kurukkoli Moideen
Kottakkal	IUML	UDF	K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal
Thavanur	Independent	LDF	K.T. Jaleel
Ponnani	CPI(M)	LDF	P. Nandakumar

Judiciary

A court complex at Perinthalmanna

The judicial headquarters of the district is at Manjeri. 24 courts function under Manjeri judicial district including Manjeri, Malappuram, Tirur, Perinthalmanna, Parappanangadi, Ponnani, and Nilambur.[104] After the establishment of Malappuram District on June 16, 1969, a District Court commenced operations in Kozhikode on May 25, 1970. Subsequently, on February 1, 1974, the court was relocated to the Manjeri Court Complex.

Within the Manjeri Judicial District, there are currently 24 functioning courts distributed across various locations in the district, including Manjeri, Malappuram, Tirur, Perinthalmanna, Parappanagadi, Ponnani, Tirur, and Nilambur. The judicial headquarters of Malappuram is situated in Manjeri.

The district boasts three Additional District and Sessions Courts, two Family Courts (one in Malappuram and the other in Tirur), as well as two Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals (one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur). Furthermore, there are two Sub Courts—one in Manjeri and the other in Tirur. The district also accommodates two Munsiff Magistrate Courts, with one in Ponnani and the other in Perinthalmanna. Lastly, there are nine Judicial First Class Magistrate Courts functioning in Malappuram District.

The Gross District Value Added (GDVA) of the district in the fiscal year 2018-19 is estimated as ₹ 698.37 billion, and the growth in GDVA, compared to that in the previous year was 11.30%. The district ranks third in GDVA among the districts of Kerala, after Ernakulam and Thiruvananthapuram, as of 2018–19.[107] The Net District Value Added (NDVA) of the district in the year 2018-19 was ₹ 631.90 billion and the annual growth rate was 11.59%. The Per capita GDVA is calculated as ₹ 154,463 in the fiscal year. The growth rate of GDVA was 18.12% in 2017–18, 9.49% in 2016–17, 7.86% in 2015–16, 8.83% in 2014–15, 14.08% in 2013–14, and 9.70% in 2012–13. It shows a zigzag trend.[107]

The economy of Malappuram significantly depends upon the emigrants. Malappuram has the most emigrants in the state. According to the 2016 economic review report published by the Government of Kerala, every 54 per 100 households in the district are emigrant households.[108] Most of them work in the Middle East. They are major contributors to the district economy. The headquarters of KGB is situated at Malappuram.[109]

KGB is the largest regional rural banking network in India

Industries

Manjeri, a constituent of the Malappuram metropolitan area

Kodakkal Tile Factory at Tirunavaya, established in 1887, was the second tile factory in India. The first tile factory in India was at Feroke, which was then part of Eranad Taluk. According to the census conducted in 2011, there are 10,629 industrial units registered under SSI/MMSE, and 396 units among these are promoted by Scheduled castes, 83 by Scheduled tribes, and the remaining units by general category. About 1,000 people are aided annually under a self-employment program. There are KINFRA food-processing and IT industrial estates in Kakkancherry near Tenhipalam,[113] INKEL SME Park at Malappuram for Small and Medium Industries and a rubber plant and industrial estate at Payyanad in Manjeri. INKEL Greens, spread over 168 acres at Malappuram, contains an industrial zone, 'SME Park', and an educational zone, 'Educity'.[114]

MALCOSPIN (Malappuram Spinning Mills Limited) is one of the oldest industrial establishments in the district under the state government. Wood-related industries are common in Kottakkal, Edavanna, Vaniyambalam, Karulai, Nilambur and Mampad. Sawmills, furniture manufacturers and timber trade were the most important businesses in the district until the last decades. Tirur is a major regional trading centre for electronics, mobile phones and other gadgets. Employees' State Insurance has its branch office at Malappuram.[68] KELTRON Electro Ceramics (KELCERA) at Kuttippuram,[115] KELTRON tool room at Kuttippuram, Edarikode Textiles at Edarikode, KSRTC body workshop at Edappal, MALCOTEX (Malabar Co-operative Textiles Limited) at Athavanad,[116] and KELTEX (Kerala Hi-Tech Textile Cooperative Limited) at Athavanad,[117] are other major industrial centres under public sector.[118] The Kerala State Detergents and Chemicals Ltd. and the Kerala State Wood Industries Ltd. have their headquarters at Kuttippuram and Nilambur respectively.[119][120] Popees baby care, one of the largest baby clothes manufacturer brands in the world, is primarily based at Malappuram.[121]

Agriculture

KCAET at Thavanur established in 1963, the only agricultural engineering institute in the state

Agricultural Research Station, Anakkayam

A field at Edappal

Coconut, palms and paddy are mainly found in the Malappuram coast. Cashew, coconut, and tapioca are seen in the undulating plain. Rubber, cashew, pepper, and coconut are the important vegetation found in the Chaliyar river basin. Nilambur valley contain the cultivation of a wide variety of species. Teak is mostly seen in the region. Perinthalmanna undulating uplands contain the cultivation of species coconut, palm trees, pepper, rubber, and cashew. This region is drained by the Kadalundi River. Besides casual crops, species like mango, jackfruit, banana, etc. are also cultivated.[68] The general hilly nature of the district supports terrace farming. A portion of the Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands lie in Ponnani taluk of the district, which is favourable for highly productive cultivation of paddy.

According to the statistics of 2016–17, the gross cropped area was 237,860 hectares, while the net cropped area was 173,178 hectares. The cropping intensity of the district is 137 hectares. The most produced uncountable crop in 2016-17 was tapioca (185,880 Metric Tonnes), followed by banana (58,564 MT), and rubber (40,000 MT). 878 million coconuts and 19 million jackfruits were produced in 2016–17. However, the land use was maximum for the cultivation of coconut (102,836 hectares), followed by rubber (42,770 hectares), and areca nut (18,379 hectares).[122] An agricultural research station functions at Anakkayam. The Seed Garden Complex at Munderi, is said to be one of the biggest farms in Asia. State seed farms are there at Chokkad, Thavanur, and Anakkayam. A district agricultural farm functions at Chungathara and a coconut nursery functions at Parappanangadi.[123] The KCAET at Thavanur is the only agricultural engineering institute in the state.[124]

Thunchan Smarakam at Tirur, in memory of Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

Maha Kavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smarakam at Kondotty

The currently adopted Malayalam alphabet was first accepted by Thunchath Ezhuthachan, who was born at Tirur and is known as the father of the modern Malayalam language.[14] Tirur is the headquarters of the Malayalam Research Centre. Moyinkutty Vaidyar, the most renowned Mappila paattu poet was born at Kondotty. He is considered as one of the Mahakavis (a title for 'great poet') of Mappila songs.[14]

Besides Thunchath Ezhuthachan and Moyinkutty Vaidyar, the renowned writers of Malayalam including Achyutha Pisharadi, Alamkode Leelakrishnan, Edasseri Govindan Nair, K. P. Ramanunni, Kuttikrishna Marar, Kuttippuram Kesavan Nair, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, N. Damodaran, Nandanar, Poonthanam Nambudiri, Pulikkottil Hyder, Uroob, V. C. Balakrishna Panicker, Vallathol Gopala Menon, and Vallathol Narayana Menon were natives of the district.[14] M. Govindan, M. T. Vasudevan Nair, and Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri were the writers hailed from Ponnani Kalari based at Ponnani.[14] Nalapat Narayana Menon, Balamani Amma, V. T. Bhattathiripad, and Kamala Surayya, also hail from the erstwhile Ponnani taluk.

Malappuram was also the main centre of Mappila Paattu literature in the state.[14] Besides Moyinkutty Vaidyar and Pulikkottil Hyder, several Mappila Paattu poets including Kulangara Veettil Moidu Musliyar (popularly known as Chakkeeri Shujayi), Chakkeeri Moideenkutty, Manakkarakath Kunhikoya, Nallalam Beeran, K. K. Muhammad Abdul Kareem, Balakrishnan Vallikunnu, Punnayurkulam Bapu, Veliyankode Umar Qasi, etc., chose Malappuram as their working platform.[14]

A countryside near Tirur

The district has also given its own deposits to Kathakali, the classical art form of Kerala, and Ayurveda.[14] Kottakkal Chandrasekharan, Kottakkal Sivaraman, and Kottakkal Madhu are famous Kathakali artists hailed from Kottakkal Natya Sangam established by Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier in Kottakkal. The Veṭṭathunāṭu rulers, who had the control over parts of present-day Tirurangadi, Tirur, and Ponnani Taluks, were noted patrons of arts and learning. A Veṭṭathunāṭu Raja (r. 1630–1640) is said to have introduced innovations in the art form Kathakali, which has come to be known as the "Veṭṭathu Tradition".[167] Thunchath Ezhuthachchan and Vallathol Narayana Menon hail from Vettathunad. Vallathol Narayana Menon is also considered as the resurrector of Kathakali in the modern period through the establishment of Kerala Kalamandalam at Cheruthuruthi.[14] Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair, a major Kathakali trainer, and Sankaran Embranthiri and Tirur Nambissan, who were among the most popular Kathakali singers, were also from Malappuram.[14] Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma, who played a major role in resurrecting Mohiniyattam in the modern Kerala, hails from Tirunavaya in the district.[14] Mrinalini Sarabhai, an Indian classical dancer, hailed from erstwhile Ponnani taluk. Arya Vaidya Sala at Kottakkal is one of the largest Ayurvedic medicinal networks in the world.[14] Zainuddin Makhdoom II, the first known Keralite historian, also hails from the district.[14]

Kottakkal, the centre of renowned Arya Vaidya Sala

Kerala Varma Valiya Koyi Thampuran (Kerala Kalidasan), Raja Raja Varma (Kerala Panini) and Raja Ravi Varma (Famous Painter) are from different branches of Parappanad Royal Family, who later migrated from Parappanangadi to Harippad, Changanassery, Mavelikkara and Kilimanoor.[168] According to some scholars, the ancestors of Velu Thampi Dalawa also belong to Vallikkunnu near Parappanangadi. The Chief Editor of the daily "The Hindu" (1898 to 1905) and Founder Chief Editor of "The Indian Patriot" Divan Bahadur C. Karunakara Menon (1863–1922) was also from Parappanangadi.[169] O. Chandu Menon wrote his novels Indulekha and Saradha while he was the judge at Parappanangadi Munciff Court. Indulekha is also the first Major Novel written in Malayalam language. K. Madhavan Nair, the founder of Mathrubhumi Daily, comes from Malappuram. Ponnani region was the working platform of K. Kelappan, popularly known as Kerala Gandhi, A. V. Kuttimalu Amma, and Mohammed Abdur Rahiman, and several other freedom fighters.[14] Other independence activists from Ponnani taluk included Lakshmi Sehgal, V. T. Bhattathiripad, and Ammu Swaminathan. The ashes of Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Lal Bahadur Shastri, were deposited in Kerala at Tirunavaya, on the bank of the river Bharathappuzha.[30][14] K. Madhavanar, who was the translator of Mahatma Gandhi's autobiography into Malayalam, was also a native of Malappuram.

Ponnani's trade relations with foreign countries since ancient times paved the way for a cultural exchange.[14] Persian-Arab art forms and North Indian culture came to Ponnani that way. There were resonances in the language as well. This is how the hybrid language Arabi-Malayalam came to be.[14] Many poems have been written in this hybrid language.[14] Qawwali and Ghazals from Hindustani, who came here as part of their cultural exchange, still thrive in Ponnani. EK Aboobacker, Main and Khalil Bhai (Khalil Rahman) are some of the famous Qawwali singers of Ponnani.

Tirunavaya, the seat of the medieval Mamankam festival

The headquarters of the Azhvanchery Thamprakkal, who were considered as the supreme religious head of Kerala Nambudiri Brahmins, was at Athavanad.[14] The original headquarters of the Palakkad Rajas were also at Athavanad.[38] Several aristocratic Nambudiri Manas are present in the Taluks of Tirur, Perinthalmanna, and Ponnani. Tirunavaya, the seat of the medieval Mamankam festival, is also present in the district. Perumpadappu, the ancestral headquarters of the Kingdom of Cochin, and Nediyiruppu, the ancestral headquarters of the Zamorin of Calicut, are also present in the district. The Kunhali Marakkars had close relationship with the port towns of Ponnani, Tanur, and Parappanangadi.[14] Some of the kings of Kingdom of Cochin in 16th century CE, when Cochin became a major power on the Malabar Coast, were usually borrowed from the royal family of Kingdom of Tanur.[30] Many of the consorts of the queens of Travancore were usually selected from the Parappanad Royal family. E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the first Chief Minister of Kerala, hails from Perinthalmanna in the district.[14] Angadipuram and Mankada, the seats of the ruling families of the medieval Kingdom of Valluvanad, lie adjacent to Perinthalmanna.

During the medieval period, the district was a centre of Vedic as well as Islamic studies.[14] It is believed that Malik Dinar had visited the port town of Ponnani.[170] The Valiya Juma Masjid at Ponnani was one of the largest Islamic studies centre in Asia during the medieval period. Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji, Jyeṣṭhadeva, Achyutha Pisharadi, and Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, who were the main members of the Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics hailed from Tirur region.[14] The Arabi Malayalam script, otherwise known as the Ponnani script, took its birth during the late 16th century and early 17th century.[14] The script was widely used in the district during the last centuries.[14]

Playwrights and actors from the district include K. T. Muhammed, Nilambur Balan, Nilambur Ayisha, Adil Ibrahim, Aneesh G. Menon, Aparna Nair, Baby Anikha, Dhanish Karthik, Hemanth Menon, Rashin Rahman, Ravi Vallathol, Sangita Madhavan Nair, Shwetha Menon, Sooraj Thelakkad, etc. Sukumaran, who is also the father of two notable actors as well as playback singers of Malayalam film industry namely Prithviraj Sukumaran and Indrajith Sukumaran, also was a native of the district. Playback singers including Krishnachandran, Parvathy Jayadevan, Shahabaz Aman, Sithara Krishnakumar, Sudeep Palanad, and Unni Menon also hail from the district. The district has also produced some notable film producers, lyricists, cinematographers, and directors including Aryadan Shoukath, Deepu Pradeep, Hari Nair, Iqbal Kuttippuram, Mankada Ravi Varma, Muhammad Musthafa, Muhsin Parari, Rajeev Nair, Salam Bappu, Shanavas K Bavakutty, Shanavas Naranippuzha, T. A. Razzaq, T. A. Shahid, Vinay Govind, and Zakariya Mohammed. Most notable painters from district include Artist Namboothiri, K. C. S. Paniker, and T. K. Padmini.[14] Another painter Akkitham Narayanan was from Kumaranellur. M. G. S. Narayanan, one among the most notable historians of Kerala, also hail from here.[14] Social reformers from the district include Veliyankode Umar Khasi (1757-1852), Chalilakath Kunahmed Haji, E. Moidu Moulavi, and Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal (1847 - 1912).[14]

Cuisine

Pathiri, a pancake made of rice flour, is one of the common breakfast dishes in Malappuram

The centuries of maritime trade has given the Malappuram a cosmopolitan cuisine. The cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, Persian, Yemenese and Arab food culture.[171] One of the main elements of this cuisine is Pathiri, a pancake made of rice flour. Variants of Pathiri include Neypathiri (made with ghee), Poricha Pathiri (fried rather than baked), Meen Pathiri (stuffed with fish), and Irachi Pathiri (stuffed with beef). Spices like Black pepper, Cardamom, and Clove are widely used in the cuisine of Malappuram. The main item used in the festivals is the Malabar style of Biryani. Sadhya is also seen in marriage and festival occasions. Ponnani region of the district has a wide variety of indigenous dishes. Snacks such as Arikadukka, Chattipathiri, Muttamala, Pazham Nirachathu, and Unnakkaya have their own style in Ponnani. Besides these, other common food items of Kerala are also seen in the cuisine of Malappuram.[172] The Malabar version of Biryani, popularly known as Kuzhi Mandi in Malayalam is another popular item, which has an influence from Yemen.[171]

Media

AIR Manjeri FM radio station

Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Chandrika, Deshabhimani, Suprabhaatham, and Siraj dailies have their printing centres in and around the Malappuram city. The Hindu has an edition and printing press at Malappuram. A few periodicals-monthlies, fortnightlies and weeklies-mostly devoted to religion and culture are also published. Almost all Malayalam channels and newspapers have their bureau at Up Hill. There are so many local cable visions and their regional media. Malappuram Press Club is also situated at Uphill adjacent to Municipal Town Hall. Doordarshan has two major relay stations in the district at Malappuram and Manjeri. The government of India's Prasar Bharati National Public Service Broadcaster has an FM station in the district (AIR Manjeri FM), broadcasting on 102.7 Mhtz. Even without any private FM stations, Malappuram, Ponnani, and Tirur find their own places in the ten towns with the highest radio listenership in India.[173]

Sports

Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium

The MDSC Stadium during 2013–14 Indian Federation Cup

Malappuram is often known as The Mecca of Kerala Football.[174][175] Malappuram District Sports Complex & Football Academy is situated at Payyanad in Manjeri. MDSC Stadium was selected as one of two stadiums, along with the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, to host the group stages of the 2013–14 Indian Federation Cup.[176] The stadium hosted groups B and D.[176] Kottappadi Football Stadium is a historic football stadium. Other major stadiums include the Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium at Tirur, and the Perinthalmanna Cricket Stadium at Perinthalmanna. A synthetic track is there along with the Tirur Municipal Stadium. Malabar Premier League was initiated in 2015 to strengthen football in the district.[177] The Calicut University Synthetic Track at Tenhipalam is the apex synthetic track in the district. It is associated with the C. H. Muhammad Koya Stadium at Tenhipalam.[178] Other major stadiums of district include those at Areekode, Kottakkal, and Ponnani. A football hub to internationalise the eight major football stadiums of district is proposed.[179] The construction works of two new stadium complexes are being processed in Tanur and Nilambur.[180]

Adyanpara Falls

Kodikuthimala

Kottakkunnu

Nilambur–Shoranur line at Angadipuram

Noor Lake, Tirur

Arimbra Hills

Arabian Sea at Parappanangadi

Nedumkayam Reserved Forest near Nilambur

Padinjarekkara Beach- Koottayi Tirur

• Adyanpara Falls- a waterfall at Kurumbalangode.[181]
• Anginda peak - A 2,383 m high peak near Karuvarakundu.
• Arimbra Hills, also known as 'Mini-Ooty'. At a height of 1050 feet above the sea level.[182]
• Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal - known for its heritage and expertise in the Indian traditional medicine system of Ayurveda.
• Ayyapanov Waterfalls - A waterfall at Valanchery, Athavanad.
• Bharathappuzha - The second-longest river in Kerala. Also known in the names River Ponnani, Nila and Perar.[183]
• Biyyam Kayal- A backwater lake at Ponnani[184]
• Chaliyar - The fourth-longest river in Kerala. Conolly's plot, the world's oldest Teak plantation is located on the valley adjacent to Chaliyar.
• Chamravattom Regulator-cum-Bridge - The largest regulator-cum bridge of Kerala connecting Tirur Taluk with Ponnani port.[185]
• Chekkunnu Mala - A misty green hill near to Chaliyar at Edavanna.[186]
• Cherumb eco-tourist village - An eco-village at Karuvarakundu[187]
• Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary - a dwelling of more than a hundred species of native birds and over 60 species of migratory birds[188]
• Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve - The first community reserve in Kerala and an eco-tourism spot.[83]
• Kakkadampoyil - A hilly village on the bank of Cherupuzha.
• Keralamkundu waterfalls - Located 1500 ft above the sea level in Karuvarakundu.[189]
• Kodikuthimala - At Amminikadan hills, Perinthalmanna. Also known as Mini-Ooty.[190]
• Kollam Kolli Waterfalls - A waterfall near Areekode.
• Kottakkunnu - At the middle of Malappuram city. Also known as The Marine Drive of Malappuram. An old fort, a water-park, and ancient murals are seen here.[191]
• Kuttippuram bridge - One of the largest as well as oldest bridges built over the river Bharathappuzha, and plays a major role in connecting the Malabar region with the erstwhile Travancore-Cochin via road.
• Mukurthi - The fifth-highest peak in South India (2,554 m away from sea level).
• Nadukani Churam - A Ghat Road at the northeastern end of Nilambur Taluk, which connects Malappuram district with the hilly district of Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu.[127]
• Nedumkayam Rainforest - A part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Known for its greenery.[192]
• New Amarambalam Reserved Forest - A wildlife sanctuary near to Nilambur.[193]
• Nilambur Kovilakam - The headquarter of the Nilambur royal family.[194]
• Nilambur-Shoranur line - one of the shortest broad-gauge railway lines in India with greenery.
• Noor Lake - A lake at Tirur.
• Oorakam Hill - A mount near Malappuram.
• Padinjarekkara Beach - A Beach at Koottayi Tirur
• Poorappuzha River - A scenic coastal tributary of Kadalundi River in Vallikkunnu-Parappanangadi-Tanur area.
• Padinjarekara Azhimukham beach - Two rivers (The Tirur River and the Bharathappuzha) joins with the Arabian sea at here.[195] A beach, an estuary, and a centre of migratory birds at Purathur, opposite to the port of Ponnani.
• Paloor Kotta Falls - A waterfall adjacent to the Paloor fort built by Tipu Sultan near Perinthalmanna.[196]
• Parappanangadi beach - A beach in the coastal town of Parappanangadi.
• Paravanna beach - A scenic beach at Vettom.
• Ponnani beach - A beach in Ponnani.
• Poonathanam Illam - The birthplace of 16th century Malayalam poet Poonthanam Nambudiri near Perinthalmanna.[197]
• Poorappuzha Azhimukham - An estuary at Tanur.
• Puthantheru - a small coastline town.
• Silent Valley National Park - Located near Karuvarakundu.
• Tanur Beach - A beach at Tanur.
• Teak Museum - The world's first teak plantation in Nilambur.[198]
• Thunchan Parambu - It is the birthplace of Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, who is known as the father of modern Malayalam language.
• Tirur River - A coconut-fringed green river flowing through Tirur Taluk. Mangrove plantations and Kadavus are seen on its bank.
• Unity hill viewpoint - A viewpoint at Manjeri.
• Unniyal beach - A beach at Niramarutur.
• Vakkad beach - Between Tirur and Ponnani.[199]
• Vallikunnu beach - A coconut-fringed beach in the northwestern coast of district.[200]
• Vavul Mala - A 2,339 m elevated mountain range near Chungathara.

For a few years, the demand to create a new coastal district called Tirur district, centered at Tirur is being strengthened.[247] They argue that it is imperative from the development perspective to split the district, with double the population and size of the Alappuzha district, into two. No other district in Kerala has seven subdistricts, 94 Village Panchayats, and 12 municipalities together. As for its extent, if one travels from Perumbadappu which borders Thrissur district to Vazhikkadavu bordering Tamil Nadu, normally it takes more than three hours to cover that distance of 115 km. They also point out that the problems in the health and educational sectors that require solutions are not trivial. The issue was raised again by the IUML MLA K. N. A. Khader in 2019.[247] The demand is to bifurcate the existing Malappuram district into two districts by carving out a new one called Tirur district from it.[247] Kerala Congress (M) campaigns for a new district centred at Edappal.[248] Some people including Veteran Congress leader Aryadan Muhammad, and IUML district secretary U. A. Latheef oppose the bifurcation of Malappuram.[249][250]

However, the demand was rejected by the two successive governments who ruled Kerala in 2013 and in 2019.[249][250] But the studies regarding the bifurcation of the district are still in the consideration of the Government of Kerala.

• Malappuram metropolitan area
• Malappuram
• Administration of Malappuram
• Education in Malappuram
• History of Malappuram
• List of people from Malappuram
• Transportation in Malappuram

• Manorama Yearbook 1995 (Malayalam Edition) ISSN 0970-9096.
• Manorama Yearbook 2003 (English Edition) ISBN 81-900461-8-7.
• S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language, University of Madras
• Government of Madras (1953), 1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District (PDF), Madras Government Press
• M. K. Devassy (1965), 1961 Census Handbook- Kozhikode District (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
• M. K. Devassy (1965), 1961 Census Handbook- Palghat District (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands
• K. Narayanan (1973), 1971 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-A&B) (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
• K.Narayanan (1973), 1971 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-C) (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
• M. Vijayanunni (1983), 1981 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-A&B) (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
• Sheela Thomas (2003), 2001 Census Handbook- Malappuram District (Part-A&B) (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
• Government of India (2014–15), District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-A) 2011 (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala
• Government of India (2014–15), District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-B) 2011 (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malappuram district.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Malappuram District.

• Official website
• Malappuram district at Curlie