Ethnocacerism

The Ethnocacerist movement (Spanish: Movimiento etnocacerista, also sometimes referred to as the Movimiento Nacionalista Peruano or "Peruvian Nationalist Movement") is a Peruvian ethnic nationalist movement that espouses an ideology called ethnocacerism (Spanish: etnocacerismo). The movement seeks to establish a proletarian dictatorship led by the country's Indigenous communities and their descendants. It draws on the ideas and history of Indigenous and anticolonial movements, including those of Juan Velasco Alvarado, Evo Morales, Abdel Nasser, Muammar Gaddafi, and Che Guevara. Ethnocacerism is considered an Indigenist ideology and is currently represented in mainstream politics by the Union for Peru party and other smaller parties. The ideology is followed by Peruvian militant groups like Plurinational Association of Reservists of the Tahuantinsuyo and Ejército de Reservistas Andino Amazónico – T.

Ethnocacerism
Etnocacerismo
LeaderAntauro Humala
FounderIsaac Humala
Founded1987 (1987)
HeadquartersLima
MembershipCurrent:
National Alliance of Workers, Farmers, Students, Reservists and Laborers (ANTAURO)
Union for Peru
Historical:
Go on Country
Peruvian Nationalist Party
IdeologyIndigenismo
Ethnic nationalism
Andean ultranationalism
Economic nationalism
Revolutionary nationalism
Social conservatism
Anti-Chilean sentiment
Anti-capitalism
Anti-communism
Anti-Fujimorism
Anti-fascism[1]
(self-proclaimed)
Political positionSyncretic
Colours  Red   Black
Dual flag
Dual flag
Part of a series on
Nationalism
Nation forming
Core values
Types
Organizations
List of nationalist organizations
Related concepts

The name "ethnocacerism" is composed of two parts: the first evokes Peru's ethnic identity (specifically, its origins with the Quechua, a Native Peruvian people often identified in the popular imagination with the Inca, a pre-Columbian royal group); the second indicates the movement's veneration of 19th century president and war hero Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who led a guerrilla resistance campaign against occupying Chilean troops during the War of the Pacific. Due to the latter, the movement also demands the return of the territories of Arica and Tarapacá that were lost to Chile in the war.

Many members of the movement are armed forces veterans of Peru's internal wars or the border disputes with Ecuador in the 1980s and 1990s.[2]

History

Origins

The ideas of ethnocacerism originated from lawyer Isaac Humala and its practice as a doctrine was begun by his sons Ollanta Humala and Antauro Humala in 1987 during the Internal War against the Shining Path.[3][4] Etnocacerism began as a military doctrine and organizing strategy, not a political doctrine, that was contesting the military doctrine and strategic errors of the Peruvian armed forces, which viewed the Indigenous countryside as a foreign territory and colony. Ollanta Humala explains that Etnocacerism began from the personal experiences of soldiers on the field in clandestine study groups. While critical of high military and political officials, it was not a conspiratorial movement against these official. Rather, Etnocacerism was developed to be an effective military doctrine that spoke to the experiences of Indigenous peoples (Quechua, Aymara, Amazonians), viewed the war as much a political campaign as a military one, and would win over Indigenous peoples in contested territories against the Shining Path.

Isaac Humala founded the Instituto de Estudios Etnogeopolíticos (IEE) in 1989 to serve as an ethnocacerist think tank and then publishing company in Peru.[5]

Locumba Uprising
Main article: Locumbazo

Ethnocacerism becomes a political doctrine following an uprising in Locumba, Tacna, on 29 October 2000, led by the Humala brothers. The goal was the overthrow of Alberto Fujimori from the presidency over the "vladi-video" corruption scandal where Vladimiro Montesinos, the head of the National Intelligence Service, was caught on video bribing a congressman on the opposition to defect and join Fujimori's party.[6] The brothers surrendered on 16 December and were pardoned by congress six days later, with the event being praised by Peruvian media due to its anti-Fujimorist nature, though the political views of the brothers were largely overlooked.[6]

Andahuaylazo
Main article: Andahuaylazo

Antauro gained international prominence on 1 January 2005 by occupying a rural police station in Andahuaylas, Apurimac, an action dubbed El Andahuaylazo.[7] Four police officers and one gunman died on the first day of the siege.[6][8] The following day Humala agreed to surrender, though had still failed to do so by the third day, claiming that the government had reneged on its promise to guarantee a "surrender with honour". Eventually he surrendered and was taken to Lima under arrest on 4 January 2005 and was sentenced to 19 years in prison, expected to be released in 2024.[4]

Contemporary history

The current political party adopting ethnocacerism is Union for Peru.[4] Union for Peru was the main party that spearheaded the impeachment movement that resulted in the removal of Martín Vizcarra from Peru's presidency, with Antauro organizing his followers in congress through phone calls and prison visits.[4] Antauro was banned from contacting others from prison following this incident.[4]

In 2018, members of the ethnocacerist movement formed an alliance with the Militarized Communist Party of Peru, called the United Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru (Spanish: Frente Unido Democrático Andino Revolucionario del Perú).[9]

Ideology

The movement has been described as having fascist traits,[4][10][11][12][13][14] with Vice summarizing ethnocacerism as "an idiosyncratic mix of economic populism, xenophobia — especially towards Peru's southern neighbor Chile — and the mythologizing of the supposed racial superiority of 'copper skinned' Andeans. It also takes an old school machista view of women’s rights while Isaac Humala, ... called for the summary shooting of homosexuals and corrupt officials".[4] The movement's newspaper Ollanta (later named Antauro), according to Harper's Magazine, was where "[a]nti-Semitic, anti-Chilean 'news' ran alongside xenophobic editorials".[6] Etnocacerists call for 25% of children to belong to the state to be utilized as a military conscripts.[6] Anthropologist Norma Correa of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru stated "Supposedly, ethnocacerism is about inclusion, but really it excludes so many citizens in a society as diverse as [Peru's], ... It’s not just whites. Ethnocacerism has no place for Afro-Peruvians, Amazonian natives or even mestizos".[4]

Ethnocacerists distinguish themselves from both the political right-wing (Free Markets, Liberalism) and "Eurocentric" left-wing (European radical theories, Marxist doctrine) in Peru, saying they oppose capitalism, fascism, and Marxism, arguing instead that they intend to create an organic indigenous ideology based on Peru's historical civilizations.[1] Their use of the slogan "ni derecha ni izquierda" traces itself to Juan Velasco Alvarado's military government which was unaligned to either the United States (First World) or Soviet Union (Second World).[15] This position of non-alignment and Third-Worldism meant looking for solutions in Peruvian and Latin American history, such as the rebel hero Tupac Amaru and writer José Carlos Mariátegui. Anticolonial policies are still advocated by Antauro Humala and the Etnocacerists.

Territorial views

Following from his rejection of Peruvian nationalism, Antauro has pronounced himself against Peru's borders as colonial impositions traced back to Spanish colonization. A common slogan of his ethnic nationalism is that Peruvian nationalism wants to “reclaim the word ‘Peru’” while his ethnic nationalism wants to reclaim “the concept of tawantinsuyo” (the Quechua name for the Inca Empire), because “as an ethnic nationalist, I cannot respect criollo borders, because when I reclaim Tawantinsuyo, my ancestral homeland encompasses Tucumán (Argentina) all the way to Pasto (Colombia). We are a single people disseminated amongst various criollo states”.[1]

Antauro calls the Andeans countries and regions “the Inkan International” (La Internacional Inkaica) showing solidarity with Bolivians, Ecuadorians, and the Andean regions of Southwestern Colombia, Northwestern Argentina, and Northern Chile.[16] The territorial views of ethnocacerists would expand Peru's population from around 30 million to over 100 million people.[6]

Ethnocacerists supported Evo Morales's re-election to the presidency in 2019 and condemned the removal of Morales as "fascist" and "neocolonialist".[17]

See also

References
  1. Saldaña Ludeña, Pedro (2011). Conversaciones con Antauro Humala. Lima, Peru. p. 441. ISBN 978-9972-33-534-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. Jara Coa, Sandra. "La Gesta de Locumba". Antauro: La revista etnocacerista que el Perú necesita. Edición Especial No.1.
  3. Humala, Ollanta (2009). De Locumba A Candidato A La Presidencia en Perú. México: Ocean Sur. pp. 39–41. ISBN 978-1-921438-43-1.
  4. "A Notorious Rebel Leader Just Got Peru's President Impeached From Prison". Vice Media. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  5. Radu, Michael (4 May 2005). "Andean Storm Troopers". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008.
  6. Alarcón, Daniel (September 2006). "Let's Go, Country". Harper's Magazine. 313 (1876): 77–84.
  7. "Antauro Humala begins trial for 2005 assault on police station". Andean Air Mail & PERUVIAN TIMES. 28 March 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  8. "Perú: insurgentes se rinden" [Peru: insurgents surrender] (in Spanish). BBC News. 4 January 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  9. "El Militarizado PC mantiene contactos con exmilitares ultranacionalistas". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 13 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  10. "Peru: Siege highlights public order problems". Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service. Oxford Analytica. 11 January 2005.
  11. "Opposites Attracting Voters in Peru's Race". Los Angeles Times. 2 April 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  12. "Tragi-comic farce". The Economist. 6 January 2005. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  13. "Fascism Now: The Legacy of World War II in Today's Latin America". Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  14. Pez, Angel (14 December 2005). "Peru: Champion of Indigenous Causes Surges in Presidential Poll". Global Information Network. p. 1.
  15. Saldaña Ludeña, Pedro (2007). Conversaciones con Antauro Humala. Lima, Peru. p. 206. ISBN 978-9972-33-534-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. Humala Tasso, Antauro (2011). Etnocacerismo: Izquierda y Globalidad (Visión Etnocacerista). Lima, Peru: Ediciones Antaurpi.
  17. "Resistencia en Bolivia". Antauro: Prensa Etnocacerista Regional de Lima. Año 2: Dec 2019: 5, 15. 29 December 2019.
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