Mystery airship

In July 1868, The Zoologist carried a report from a local newspaper in Copiapó, Chile, regarding a "gigantic bird" with "brilliant scales" that made a metallic sound had been seen flying over the town.[12] In his 1931 book Lo!, Charles Fort discussed this report along with various other reports of aerial apparitions from the 19th and 20th centuries.[13] Fort observed that "inhabitants of the backwoods of China" might "similarly describe one of this earth's airships floating over their farms".[14] (Fort seldom mentioned any of the airship reports of 1896–97 in his works, although he had spent that time writing for some of the same newspapers that published the airship reports.[15]) Discussing the Copiapó report in 2001, Loren Coleman called it an example of "reports of weird aerial constructions" on the boundary between machines and animals that "just do not make sense".[16]

On July 29, 1880, two witnesses in Louisville, Kentucky saw a flying object described as "a man surrounded by machinery which he seemed to be working with his hands" with wings protruding from his back.[16] Merely a month later, a similar sighting happened in New Jersey. It was written at the New York Times that "it was apparently a man with bat's wings and improved frog's legs... the monster waved his wings in answer to the whistle of a locomotive."[16]

According to researcher Jerome Clark, airship sightings were reported in New Mexico in 1880 and along the German-Polish border in 1892.[17]

Mystery airship illustrated in the San Francisco Call, November 29, 1896

The first wave of airship sightings took place entirely along the west coast of the United States, from November 17 to mid-December 1896.[19] Many newspaper accounts depicted the sightings as part of a transcontinental flight by the inventor.[21]

On November 18, 1896, the Sacramento Bee and the San Francisco Call reported the first sighting, which had taken place the night before.[22] Witnesses reported a light moving slowly over Sacramento on the evening of November 17 at an estimated 1,000-foot elevation.[22] Some witnesses said they could see a dark shape behind the light.[22] A witness named R.L. Lowery reported that he heard a voice from the craft issuing commands to increase elevation in order to avoid hitting a church steeple.[22] Lowery added "in what was no doubt meant as a wink to the reader" that he believed the apparent captain to be referring to the tower of a local brewery, as there were no churches nearby.[22]

Lowery further described the craft as being powered by two men exerting themselves on bicycle pedals. Above the pedaling men seemed to be a passenger compartment, which lay under the main body of the dirigible. A light was mounted on the front end of the airship.[22] Some witnesses reported the sound of singing as the craft passed overhead.[22]

• The November 19, 1896, edition of the Stockton, California, Daily Mail featured one of the earliest accounts of an alleged alien craft sighting.[23] Colonel H.G. Shaw claimed that while driving his buggy through the countryside of Lodi near Stockton,[24] he came across what appeared to be a landed spacecraft.[23] Shaw described it as having a metallic surface which was completely featureless apart from a rudder, and pointed ends.[23] He estimated a diameter of 25 feet and said the vessel was around 150 feet in total length.[23] Three slender, 7-foot-tall (2.1 m), apparent extraterrestrials were said to approach from the craft while "emitting a strange warbling noise."[23] The beings reportedly examined Shaw's buggy and then tried to physically force him to accompany them back to the airship.[25] The aliens were said to give up after realizing they lacked the physical strength to force Shaw aboard.[1] They supposedly fled back to their ship, which lifted off the ground and sped out of sight.[1] Shaw believed that the beings were Martians sent to kidnap an earthling for unknowable but potentially nefarious purposes.[1] This has been seen by some as an early attempt at alien abduction; it is apparently the first published account of explicitly extraterrestrial beings attempting to kidnap humans into their spacecraft.[26]
• The mystery light reappeared over Sacramento on the evening of November 21 1896. It was also seen over Folsom, San Francisco, Oakland, Modesto, Manteca, Sebastopol and several other cities later that same evening and was reportedly viewed by hundreds of witnesses.

In a December 1896 editorial, William Randolph Hearst lashed out at the "fake journalism" that had led to the airship story:

"Fake journalism" has a good deal to answer for, but we do not recall a more discernible exploit in that line than the persistent attempt to make the public believe that the air in this vicinity is populated with airships. It has been manifest for weeks that the whole airship story is pure myth.[19]

Mystery airship illustrated in The St. Paul Globe, April 13, 1897

The second wave of airship sightings, largely in the central and eastern US, took place from January 22 to late May of 1897.[19]

• One witness from Arkansas – allegedly a former state senator Harris – was supposedly told by an airship pilot (during the tensions leading up to the Spanish–American War) that the craft was bound for Cuba, to use its "Hotchkiss gun" to "kill Spaniards".[27]
• In one account from Texas, three men reported an encounter with an airship and with "five peculiarly dressed men" who asserted that they were descendants of the lost tribes of Israel, and had learned English from the 1553 North Pole expedition led by Hugh Willoughby.
• On February 2, 1897, the Omaha Bee reported an airship sighting over Hastings, Nebraska, the previous day.[28]
• An article in the Albion Weekly News reported that two witnesses saw an airship crash just inches from where they were standing.[28] The airship suddenly disappeared, with a man standing where the vessel had been.[28] The airship pilot showed the men a small device that supposedly enabled him to shrink the airship small enough to store the vessel in his pocket.[28] A rival newspaper, the Wilsonville Review, playfully claimed that its own editor was an additional witness to the incident and that he heard the pilot say "Weiver eht rof ebircsbus!"[28] The phrase he allegedly heard is "subscribe for the Review" spelled backwards.[28]
• The first airship sighting in Michigan was on April 10, 1897, at Alma, followed by sightings from Benton Harbor, Holland, Niles, and Mendon, all on April 11.[29] On April 12, the airship was seen over Battle Creek and Kalamazoo, Michigan, and an airborne explosion was seen in Pavilion, with alleged airship debris being found there and in nearby Comstock.[29] The next night, a farmer living north of Battle Creek claimed that the airship came within 100 feet of a field on their farm, and a wheel fell off the airship and was embedded in the ground.[30] Sightings peaked around April 15 but continued into early May.[31]
• On April 10, 1897, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch published a story reporting that one W.H. Hopkins encountered a grounded airship about 20 feet in length and 8 feet in diameter near the outskirts of Springfield, Missouri.[1] The vehicle was apparently propelled by three large propellers and crewed by a beautiful, nude woman and a bearded man, also nude.[1] Hopkins attempted with some difficulty to communicate with the crew in order to ascertain their origins.[1] Eventually they understood what Hopkins was asking of them and they both pointed to the sky and "uttered something that sounded like the word Mars."[1]
• An April 16, 1897, a story published by the Table Rock Argus claimed that a group of "anonymous but reliable" witnesses had seen an airship sailing overhead.[28] The craft had many passengers.[28] The witnesses claimed that among these passengers was a woman tied to a chair, a woman attending her, and a man with a pistol guarding their apparent prisoner.[28] Before the witnesses thought to contact the authorities, the airship was already gone.[32]
• Minneapolis papers carried an account of a physician from Rice Lake being abducted at gunpoint on the night of April 13 to care for the airship's captain who was suffering from influenza.[33] After a struggle the doctor escaped by leaping from the airship into the lake forty feet below.[34] However, the Rice Lake Chronotype gave a more prosaic account of events, in which the doctor fell into the lake as a result of breaking through the ice while trying to cross, and not for any airship-related reason.[35]
• An account from Aurora, Texas,[36] related in the Dallas Morning News on April 19, 1897, reported that a couple of days before, an airship had smashed into a windmill belonging to a Judge Proctor, then crashed. The occupant was dead and mangled, but the story reported that the presumed pilot was clearly "not an inhabitant of this world."[37] Strange "hieroglyphic" figures were seen on the wreckage, which resembled "a mixture of aluminum and silver ... it must have weighed several tons."[37] The story ended by noting that the pilot was given a "Christian burial" in the town cemetery. The story attracted no particular attention at the time, and no other newspapers in the area reported any such funeral.[38] The rediscovery of the story by UFO enthusiasts in the 1960s led to a short burst of investigative activity, but by the early 1970s almost all authorities considered the story a probable hoax.[39] In 1973, aviation reporter Bill Case of the Dallas Times-Herald discovered a rough-hewn rock that he contended was the stone marker used in the burial, and which bore scratches that he contended represented the airship.[40] A local treasure hunter claimed that his metal detector gave strange readings in the area, which Case claimed indicated that the pilot had been buried in some sort of metal uniform.[41] A few months later, however, a MUFON investigator reported that the headstone – and whatever metallic material might have lain beneath it – was gone.[42]
• An account by Alexander Hamilton of Leroy, Kansas, supposedly occurred around April 19, 1897, and was published in the Yates Center Farmer's Advocate of April 23. Hamilton, his son and a tenant witnessed an airship hovering over his cattle pen. Upon closer examination, the witnesses realized that a red "cable" from the airship had lassoed a heifer, but had also become entangled in the pen's fence. After trying unsuccessfully to free the heifer, Hamilton cut loose a portion of the fence, then "stood in amazement to see the ship, cow and all rise slowly and sail off."[43] Some have suggested this was the earliest report of cattle mutilation. In 1977, however, UFO researcher Jerome Clark debunked this story, and confirmed via interviews and Hamilton's own affidavit that the story was a successful attempt to win a Liar's Club competition to create the most outlandish tall tale.[44]

There was a series of mystery airship sightings in 1909 in New England, which were triggered by a hoax by Wallace Tillinghast, who falsely claimed to have invented and flown an airship from Worcester to New York City.[45] Airship sightings were also reported from New Zealand,[46][47] Australia,[48] and various European locations,[49] including the United Kingdom, where a hoax by M.B. Boyd similarly triggered the wave of claimed sightings.[48] There had been 47 powered flights in 1909 and hundreds of news articles about aeronautics, so the airship claims likely appeared plausible to the public.[50]

Later reports came from the United Kingdom in 1912 and 1913.[51]

Jerome Clark wrote that "One curious feature of the post-1897 airship waves was the failure of each to stick in historical memory. Although 1909, for example, brought a flood of sightings worldwide and attendant discussion and speculation, contemporary accounts do not allude to the hugely publicized events of little more than a decade earlier."[46]

During the 1896–97 wave, there were many attempts to explain the airship sightings, including suggestions of hoaxes, pranks, publicity stunts and hallucinations. One man suggested the airships were swarms of lightning beetles misidentified by observers.[52]

David Michael Jacobs observed that "Most arguments against the airship idea came from individuals who assumed that the witnesses did not see what they claimed to see."[53] However, Jacobs believes that many airship tales originated with "enterprising reporters perpetrating journalistic hoaxes."[5] He notes that many of these accounts "are easy to identify because of their tongue-in-cheek tone, and accent on the sensational."[5] Furthermore, in many such newspaper hoaxes, the author makes his intent obvious "by saying – in the last line – that he was writing from an insane asylum (or something to that effect)."[54]

Some authors have argued that the airship reports were genuine accounts of a human-invented airship. Steerable airships had been publicly flown in the U.S. since the Aereon in 1863, and numerous inventors were working on airship and aircraft designs. Thomas Edison was so widely speculated to be the mind behind the alleged airships that in 1897 he "was forced to issue a strongly worded statement" denying his responsibility.[55]

Two French Army officers and engineers, Arthur Krebs and Charles Renard, had successfully flown in an electric-powered airship called La France as early as 1884.[56] In November 1897, an aluminum-skinned airship designed by David Schwarz was built in Germany and successfully flew over Tempelhof Field.[57]

In 2009, American author J. Allan Danelek wrote a book entitled The Great Airship of 1897[58] in which he made the case that the mystery airship was the work of an unknown individual, possibly funded by a wealthy investor from San Francisco, to build an airship prototype as a test vehicle for a later series of larger, passenger-carrying airships. In the work, Danelek demonstrates how the craft might have been built using materials and technologies available in 1896 (including speculative line drawings and technical details). The ship, Danelek proposes, was built in secret to safeguard its design from patent infringement as well as to protect investors in case of failure.

Noting that the flights were initially seen over California and only later over the Midwest, he speculates that the inventor was making a series of short test flights, moving from west to east and following the main railway lines for logistical support, and that it was these experimental flights that formed the basis for many – though not all – of the newspaper accounts from the era. Danelek also notes that the reports ended abruptly in mid-April 1897, suggesting that the craft may have met with disaster, effectively ending the venture and permitting the sightings to fall into the realm of mythology.

The 1884 Krebs & Renard first fully controllable free-flights with the LA FRANCE electric dirigible near Paris (Krebs arch.)

Early sources citing the extraterrestrial hypothesis, all from 1897, include the Washington Times, which speculated that the airships were "a reconnoitering party from Mars"; and the Saint Louis Post-Dispatch, which suggested of the airships, "these may be visitors from Mars, fearful, at the last, of invading the planet they have been seeking."[59]

In 1909, a letter printed in the Otago Daily Times (New Zealand) suggested that the mystery airship sightings then being reported in that country were due to Martian "atomic-powered spaceships."[46]