Names of European cities in different languages (E–H)
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time. In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]
E
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
  Edinburgh |
Àidīngbǎo – 愛丁堡 (traditional characters) / 爱丁堡 (simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Ài-teng-pó – 愛丁堡 (Hokkien/Taiwanese), Caeredin (Welsh*),[KNAB] Dinedin* / Din Edin[KNAB] (Breton), Doon Edin (Manx*), Dún Éideann (Irish*), Dùn Èideann (Scottish Gaelic*), Edeunbeoreo / Edŭnbŏrŏ – 에든버러 (Korean), Edimborg (Occitan*), Édimbourg (French*),[KNAB] Êdîmbourg (Jersey Norman), Edimburg (Catalan*,[KNAB] alternative Serbian*), Edimburgo (Italian*,[KNAB] Portuguese*,[KNAB] Spanish*,[KNAB] Tagalog*), Edimburgum (alternative Latin), Edimvoúrgo – Εδιμβούργο (Greek*), Eḍinabrā – এডিনবরা (Bengali*), `Ēdinbara – เอดินบะระ [ʔeː din bàʔ ráʔ] (Thai)*, Eḍinbarā - एडिनबरा (Hindi*),[KNAB] Eḍinbarā – ఎడిన్బరా (Telugu), Ēḍinbarā – ਐਡਿਨਬਰਾ (Punjabi*), Edinboarch (alternative West Frisian*), Edinborg (Faroese, Icelandic*[KNAB]), Edinbro – אדינברו (Hebrew*), Edinburc (Friulian*), Edinburch (West Frisian*), Edinburg (Afrikaans*, Albanian*, German [rare])*, Romanian*, Slovenian*), Edinburg – Единбург (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*, Serbian*), Edinburg – Едінбурґ (alternative Ukrainian*), Edinburg – עדינבורג (Yiddish*), Èdinburg – Эдинбург (Russian*),[KNAB] Edinburga (Latvian*), Edinburgas (Lithuanian*), Edinburgi – ედინბურგი (Georgian*),[KNAB] Edinburgum (Latin*), Edinburk (Czech*), Edynburg (Polish*),[KNAB] Edynburh – Единбург (Ukrainian*), Edynburh – Эдынбург (Belarusian*), Ejimbara – エジンバラ (Japanese*), Embra, Embro* (Scots), Eṭiṉparō – எடின்பரோ (Tamil*), ʾIdinburah – إدنبرة (Arabic*), Karedin (Cornish*), Ngoidìngbóu – 愛丁堡 (Cantonese)*, Oi-tên-páu – 愛丁堡 (Hakka*)
|
 Edirne |
Āderneh – ادرنة (Persian*), Adirnah – ادرنة (Arabic*), Ädirnä – Әдирнә (Bashkir*, Kazan Tatar*), Adrianopel (former German*), Adrianopla (Portuguese*), Adrianople (former English*), Adrianopojë* (Albanian), Adrianopol (Polish*, Romanian*, Slovak*), Adrianopol' – Адрианополь (former Russian*), Adrianopole (Romanian*), Adrianopoli (former Italian*, Finnish*), Adrianopolis (Czech*, Dutch*, Finnish*), Adrianópolis (Spanish*), Adríanópólis (former Icelandic), Andrinople (former French),[KNAB] Adrianoúpoli – Αδριανούπολη (Greek*), Āidíěrnèi – 埃迪爾內 (traditional characters) / 埃迪尔内 (simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Drinápoly (alternative/former Hungarian*), Drinopol (alternative Czech*, alternative Slovak*), Drinopolj – Дринопољ (former Serbian), Drinopolje (former Croatian),[2] Edirnä (Gagauz*), Edirne (Crimean Tatar*, Kurdish*, Turkish*), Èdirne – Эдирне (Russian*), Ədirnə (Azeri*), Edrene - Едрене (alternative Macedonian*), Εdrenë* (alternative Albanian), Hādéliángbōlìsī - 哈德良波利斯 (former Mandarin Chinese), Hadrianople (former variant in English*), Hadrianopolis (Latin*), Jedrene – Једрене (Serbian*), Odrin – Одрин (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*), Odrysa (Thracian), Orestiás – Ὀρεστιάς (Ancient Greek*), Uskudama (Thracian)
|
 Eger |
Agria (Latin*), Eger (Hungarian*,[KNAB] Dutch*, Finnish*), Eger – Еґер (alternative Ukrainian*), Eğri (Turkish*), Eher – Егер (Ukrainian*), Erlau (German*),[KNAB] Jager (archaic Czech*),[KNAB] Jager – Ягеръ (archaic Russian),[KNAB] Jáger (Slovak*),[KNAB] Jagier (archaic Polish), Jegar (archaic Croatian), Jegra (archaic Croatian), Jegra – Јегра (Serbian*)
|
 Eisenhüttenstadt |
Eisenhüttenstadt (German*), Stalinstadt (former German*) |
 Eisenstadt |
Ajzenštat – Ајзенштат (Serbian*), Castrum Ferrum (alternative Latin), Eisenstadt (German*),[KNAB] Eisnstod (Austro-Bavarian German*), Ferreum Castrum (Latin*), Kismarton (Hungarian*),[KNAB] Železno (Slovak, Slovene*), Željezno (Croatian*),[KNAB] Željezno – Жељезно (alternative Serbian) (NB: the city's subdivisions also have different names in different languages)
|
 Elbląg |
Elbing (German*), El'bing – Эльбинг (former Russian), Elbiąg (local Polish dialect), Elbląg (Polish)*, El'blong – Эльблонг (Russian*), Ilfing (Old Danish*), Truso (Old Prussian) |
 Elista |
Elista – Элиста (Russian), Elista – Еліста (Ukrainian), Elst – Элст (Kalmyk, Mongolian), Stepnoy (former name*) |
| Ełk |
Ełk (Polish*), Lyck (German*), Éwūkè - 俄乌克/俄烏克 (Mandarin), Lukas (Lithuanian) |
 Elsinore |
Elseneur (French*), Elsenor (Portuguese*), Elsinor (Spanish*, Romanian*), Elsinore (Italian*), Helsingør (Danish*, German variant*, Norwegian*), Helsingör (Finnish*, German*, Swedish*) |
| Emmerich |
Emmerich (German*), Emmerik (Dutch*) |
| Erfurt |
Erfurt (German*), Ερφούρτη (Greek*), Erfordia (Latin*), Jarobrod (Upper Sorbian*) |
| Erlangen |
Erlangen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Erlanky (Czech, old, obsolete*) |
 Espoo |
Aīsībō – 埃斯波 (Chinese*), Esbo (Swedish*), Espo (Latvian*, Lithuanian*), Espoo (Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Espoo – Эспоо (Russian*), Esupō – エスポー (Japanese*) |
| Esztergom |
Eštergon or Ostrogon – Oстргон (Serbian*), Estergom – Эстергом (Russian*), Estergon (Turkish*), Esztergom (Hungarian*), Gran (German*), Ostřihom (Czech*), Ostrihom (Slovak*), Ostrogon or Ostrigon (Croatian*), Ostrzyhom (Polish*), Solva* or Strigonium * (Latin), Strigonio (ancient Italian*), Strigoniu (Romanian*) |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Eupen |
Eupen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Naowe* or Naouwe* (Walloon, medieval spellings), Néau (French*, archaïc), Neyow (Walloon*) |
 Exeter |
Caerwysg (Welsh*), Exonia (Latin*), Karesk (Cornish*) |
F
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
 / Famagusta |
Ammóchostos – Αμμόχωστος (Greek*), Famagosta (Italian*), Famagouste (French*), Famagusta (English*, German*), Gazimağusa (Turkish*) |
| Feldkirch |
Feldkirch (German*), San Peder (Romansh), Tǔsì - 土寺 (Mandarin) |
 / Feodosia |
Cafà (archaic Ligurian), Caffa (archaic English), Kafa – Кафа (archaic Ukrainian), Käfä – Кәфә (Kazan Tatar), Káffas – Κάφφας (medieval Greek), Kefe (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Feodosija (Finnish), Feodosija – Феодосия (Russian), Feodosija – Феодосія (Ukrainian), Feodossija (German), Tʿeodosia – Թեոդոսիա (Armenian), Teodozja (Polish), Theodhosía – Θεοδωσία (Greek), Theodosia (Latin), Théodosie (French), Xí'àoduōxíyà - 席奥多席亚/席奧多席亞 (Mandarin) |
| Flensburg |
Flensborag (North Frisian*), Flensborg (Danish*, Low German*), Flensbourg (French*), Flensburch (West Frisian*), Flensburg (German*, Romanian*), Flensburgo (Portuguese*), Flensbörg (Gronings, Swedish*) |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Flims |
Flem (Romansh*), Flims (German*) |
 Florence |
Fflorens (Welsh*), Firenca (Bosnian*, Croatian*), Firenca – Фиренца (Serbian*), Firence (Slovene*), Firentse – フィレンツェ (Japanese*), Firenze (Estonian*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Maltese, Norwegian*), Floireans (Scottish Gaelic), Florance (Walloon*), Flórans (Irish*), Floransa (Turkish*), Florença (Portuguese*), Florence (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, Latvian*), Florència (Catalan*), Florencia (Slovak*, Spanish*), Florencie (Czech*), Florencija (Lithuanian*), Florencja (Polish*), Florens (former Danish*, Swedish*), Florenţa (Romanian*), Florentía – Φλωρεντία (Greek*), Florentsiya – Флоренция (Russian*), Florentsiya – Флоренція (Ukrainian*), Florenz (German*), Fóluólúnsi – 佛羅倫斯 / 翡冷翠 (Chinese), Pirenche / P'irench'e – 피렌체 (Korean) |
 Flushing |
Flesinga (Spanish*), Flessinga (Italian*), Flessingue (French*), Flissingen (West Frisian*), Vlissienge (Zeelandic), Vlissingen (Dutch*) |
| Fort Augustus |
Cille Chuimein (Irish*, Scots Gaelic*), Fort Augustus (Dutch*, English*, French*, German*), Forte Augusto (Italian*), Kiliwhimin (former English, former Scots), Àogǔsīdūbǎo - 奥古斯都堡 (Mandarin) |
| Frankfurt am Main |
Fǎlánkèfú – 法蘭克福 (Mandarin Chinese*),Francfort (Catalan*), Fráncfort del Meno (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-le-Main (French*), Francfurt (Romansh*), Francoforte sobre o Meno (Portuguese*), Francoforte sul Meno (Italian*), Frankfort aan de Main (Dutch*, Limburgian*), Frankfoúrti – Φρανκφούρτη or Frankfoúrti epí tou Máin – Φρανκφούρτη επί του Μάιν (Greek)*, Frankfurt al Mayn – פרנקפורט על מיין (Hebrew*), Frankfurt am Main (German*), Frankfurt Maini ääres (Estonian*), Frankfurt nad Menem (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Mohanem (Czech*), Frankfurt nad Mohanom (Slovak*), Frankfurt na Majni (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt na Majni – Франкфурт на Мајни (Serbian*) Frankfurt-na-Mayne – Франкфурт-на-Майне (Russian*), Frankfurt-na-Mayni – Франкфурт-на-Майні (Ukrainian*), Frankfurt pe Main (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Maino (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Mainas (Latvian*), Furankufuruto – フランクフルト (Japanese*), (Main Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Majnafrankfurt (former Hungarian*), Maynada Frankfurt (Azeri*), Peurangkeupureuteu / P'ŭrangk'ŭp'urŭt'ŭ – 프랑크푸르트 (Korean) |
| Frankfurt (Oder) |
Fráncfort del Oder (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-l'Oder (French*), Francoforte sobre o Óder (Portuguese*), Francoforte sull'Oder (Italian*), Frankfurt (Oder)* or Frankfurt an der Oder (German), Frankfurt nad Odrą / Słubice (historic) (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Odrou (Czech*, Slovak*), Frankfurt-na-Odere – Франкфурт-на-Одере (Russian*), Frankfurt na Odri (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt Oderi ääres (Estonian*)Frankfurt pe Oder (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Oderio (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Oderas (Latvian*), (Oder Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Oderafrankfurt (older Hungarian*), (Oderdə) Frankfurt (Azeri*), Frankfoúrti (Óder) – Φρανκφούρτη (Όντερ) or Frankfoúrti epí tou Óder – Φρανκφούρτη επί του Όντερ (Greek)* |
| Freiburg |
Frajburg – Фрајбург (Serbian*), Freiburg im Breisgau (German*), Freiburga (Latvian*), Fribourg or Fribourg-en-Brisgau (French*), Friburgo (Portuguese*), Friburgo de Brisgovia (Spanish*), Friburgo in Brisgovia (Italian*), Fryburg Bryzgowijski (Polish*), Furaiburuku – フライブルク (Japanese*) |
| Freising |
Brižinje* or Brižine* (Slovene), Freising (German*), Fresinga (Spanish variant*), Frisinga (Italian*, Spanish*), Frisingue (French*), Fryzynga (Polish*) |
| Fribourg |
Freiburg im Üechtland (German*), Friborgo (Swiss Italian*), Fribourg (Finnish*, French*), Friburg (Catalan*, Romansh*), Friburgo (Italian *, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Fryburg (Polish*) |
| Frombork |
Frauenburg (German*), Frombork (Polish*) |
G
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
 Galway |
Gaillimh (Irish)*, Galvia (Latin)*, Golwei / Kolwei - 골웨이 (Korean), a' Ghailbhinn (Scots Gaelic)* |
 Gällivare |
Gällivare (Swedish)*, Jällivaara (Finnish)*, Jelivarė (Lithuanian)*, Jiellevárre (Lule Sami), Jiellevárri (Northern Sami)*, Váhčir (Northern Sami alternate)*, Váhtjer (Lule Sami alternate), Yellivare – Елливаре (Russian)* |
| Gävle |
Gefle (Norwegian, Swedish before 1910), Gevalia (Latin) |
| Gdańsk |
Dancig, Dancka (older Hungarian*), Danswijk (former Dutch)*, Danţig (older Romanian*), Dantiscum (Latin alternate)*, Dants - דאַנץ (Yiddish)*, Dantsic (older English alternate)*, Dantzig or Gdansk (Afrikaans)*, Danzica (Italian)*, Danzig (Icelandic)*, Danzig (German*, Spanish, older Turkish*), Danzigue (Portuguese)*, Gdaňsk (Czech)*, Gdansk (Finnish*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Turkish*), Gdansk - גדנסק (Hebrew)*, Gdańsk (Danish*, Dutch*, Polish*), Gdan'sk - Гданьск (Russian)*, Gdanjsk (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*), Gdaņska (Latvian)*, Gdanskas (Lithuanian)*, Gdanjsk - Гдањск (Serbian*, Macedonian*), Gduńsk (Kashubian)*, Gedania (Latin alternate)*, Gedanum (Latin)*, Geudanseukeu / Kŭdansŭk'ŭ - 그단스크 (Korean), Ghdhansk - Γδανσκ (Greek)*, Gudanisuku - グダニスク (Japanese)*, Gydanysg (Welsh)*, Gyddanyzc (Pomeranian, mentioned in 997 AD), Hdans'k - Гданськ (Ukrainian)* |
| Gdynia |
Gdiņa (Latvian)*, Gdingen (former Dutch*, German*), Gdiniô (Kashubian*, Pomeranian), Gdyně (Czech)*, Gdynė (Lithuanian)*, Gdynia (Finnish*, Polish*, Romanian*), Ghdhínia - Γδύνια (Greek)*, Gotenhafen (German 1939–1945)*, Hdyniya - Гдиня (Ukrainian)* |
| Geneva |
Cenevre (Turkish)*, Djeneve (Walloon)*, Genebra (Portuguese)*, Genefa (Welsh)*, Geneva (Romanian)*, Geneve (Afrikaans*, Armenian, Finnish*, Swedish*), Genève (Danish*, Dutch, French*), Genevra (Romansh)*, Genewa (Polish)*, Genf (Estonian*, German*,Icelandic*, Hungarian*), An Ghinéiv (Irish)*, Ginebra (Catalan*, Spanish*), Ginevra (Italian) *, Ġinevra (Maltese), Cenevrə (Azeri)*, Jenewa (Indonesian)*, Jinīf - جنيف (Arabic), Xenebra (Galician)*, Yenévi - Γενεύη (Greek)*, Ženeva - Женева (Bosnian*, Bulgarian*, Croatian*, Czech*, Lithuanian*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Ukrainian*), Ženēva (Latvian) *, Zjenaef (Limburgian)*, Zhenyeva - Женева (Russian*,), Zhenevë (Albanian)*, Jeneva - ז'נבה (Hebrew)*, Jeneba / Cheneba - 제네바 (Korean), Junēbu - ジュネーブ (Japanese)*, Rineiwa - 日內瓦 (Chinese)* |
| Genoa |
Cenova (Turkish)*, Đenova (Serbian)*, Dženova (Latvian)*, Gênes (French)*, Gènova (Catalan)*, Genova (Danish*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Slovene*), Génova* - Gênova* ( Brazilian Portuguese), Ġenova (Maltese), Génova (Spanish)*, (European Portuguese) * - Genúa (Icelandic)*, Genua (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Latin*, Polish*, Swedish*), Genuja (Lithuanian)*, Gjenova (Albanian)*, Janov (Czech*, Slovak*), Jenoba - ジェノバ (Japanese)*, Jenoba / Chenoba - 제노바 (Korean), Xénova (Galician)*, Yénova - Γένοβα*- Γένουα* (Greek), Zena (Ligurian)* |
 Gevgelija |
Gevgelija (English), Djevdjelija (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Гевгелија (Macedonian), Gevgeli (Turkish), Gjevgjeli (Albanian) |
| Ghent |
Gent - גנט (Hebrew)*, Gand (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*), Gandava (Latin)*,[3] Gandawa (Polish)*, Gante (Galician, Spanish)*, Gaunt (older English) *, Gent (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Indonesian*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gent - Гент (Belarusian*, Russian*), Ģente (Latvian)*, Genteu / Kent'ŭ - 겐트 (Korean), Gint (West Frisian*), Ghándhi - Γάνδη (Greek)*, Guanto (old Italian)* |
 Gibraltar |
Cebelitarık (Turkish)*, Cəbəllütarix (Azeri)*, Ġibiltà (Maltese), Gibilterra (Italian)*, Gibraltar (Dutch*, Finnish*, Polish *, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gibraltar - גיברלטר (Hebrew)*, Gibraltár (Hungarian*), Gibraltaras (Lithuanian)*, Gibraltārs (Latvian)*, Giobraltair or Diobraltair (Scottish Gaelic), Giobráltar (Irish), Ghivraltár - Γιβραλτάρ (Greek)*, Hibraltar - (Tagalog*, Гібралтар Ukrainian)*, Jibraltār - جبرلتار or (older) Jabal Tāriq - جبل طارق (Arabic)*, Jibeurolteo / Chibŭrolt'ŏ - 지브롤터 (Korean), Jiburarutaru - ジブラルタル (Japanese)*, Zhíbùluótuó - 直布羅陀 (Chinese)* |
 Girona |
Gerona (Dutch*, German*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gérone (French)*, Gerunda (Latin)*, Girona (Catalan*, Finnish*, Portuguese*), Xirona (Galician)* |
 Gjirokastër |
Argirocastro (Italian)*,[KNAB] Argirokastro - Аргирокастро (Bulgarian)*, Argyrocastrum (Latin)*,[4] Argyrókastro - Αργυρόκαστρο (Greek)*,[KNAB] Argyrókastron - Αργυρόκαστρον (Byzantine Greek), Đirokastra - Ђирокастра (Serbo-Croatian)*, Ergeri (Turkish),[KNAB] Ergiri (Turkish)*,[5] Ergirikasrı (Turkish),[5] Girokastra - Гирокастра (Russian)*,[KNAB] Ǵirokastro - Ѓирокастро (Macedonian)*, Gjinokastër (Gheg Albanian), Gjirokastër*/Gjirokastra* (Albanian)[KNAB]
|
| Glarus |
Glaris (French)*, Glarona (Italian*, Portuguese*) Glaruna (Romansh)*, Glarus (Dutch*, German*) |
| Glastonbury |
Glaistimbir* - Glaistimbir na nGael* - Gloineistir* (Irish) |
| Glasgow |
Glaschú (Irish)*, Glaschu (Scottish Gaelic)*, Glásgua (Portuguese, rare)*, Glesga, Glesgae (Scots)*, Glāzgova (Latvian)*, Glaskove - Γλασκώβη (Greek)*, Glazgo - גלזגו (Hebrew)*, Geullaeseugo / Kŭllaesŭgo - 글래스고 (Korean), Gurasugō - グラスゴー (Japanese)*, Glazgas (Lithuanian)* |
| Gliwice |
Gleiwitz (German)*, Gliwice (Polish)*, Hlivitse - Глівіце (Ukrainian)* |
| Gloucester |
Caerloyw (Welsh)*, Gàoluóshìdă - 告羅士打 (Chinese)*, Glocester (French alternate), Gloucester (Dutch, French, German), Glevum (Latin)* |
| Głogów |
Glogau (German)*, Glogov (Serbian)*, Glogova (Lithuanian)*, Glogovia (Latin)*, Głogów (Polish)*, Hlohov (Czech, rare)*, Hlohuv - Глогув (Ukrainian)* |
| Glücksburg |
Glücksburg (German)*, Lukkuborg (Icelandic)*, Lyksborg (Danish)* |
| Gödöllő |
Gödöllő (Hungarian)*, Getterle (former German), Gyodyollyo - Гёдёллё (Russian)* |
| Gmünd |
Cmunt (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Gmünd (Dutch, French, German)* |
 Gomel |
Gomel' - Гомель (Russian)*, Homel (German*, Polish*), Homel' - Гомель (Ukrainian)*, Homiel - Гомель (Belarusian)*, Homiel (Romanian)*, Homl - האָמל (Yiddish) |
| Gorizia |
Gorica (Croatian*, Bosnian*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Serbian*), Gorizia (Finnish*, French*, Italian*), Görz (German)*, Gurize (Friulian)*, Gorycja (Polish) |
| Görlitz |
Görlitz (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Romanian*), Zgorzelec (Polish)*, Zhořelec (Czech)*, Zhorjelc (Upper Sorbian) |
| Gorzów Wielkopolski |
Gorzów Wielkopolski (Polish)*, Landsberg an der Warthe (German)* |
| Gothenburg |
Gautaborg (Icelandic)*, Gēdébǎo - 哥德堡 (Chinese)*, Gēteborga (Latvian)*, Gioteburgas (Lithuanian)*, Goateboarch (West Frisian*), Göteborg (Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gøteborg (Norwegian*, Danish*), Göteburg (Turkish)*, Gotemburgo (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Gotenburg (Afrikaans*, Dutch alternate*, former German*, former Polish*), Gothembourg (former French)*, Gutenburgu (Maltese), Yetebori / Yet'ebori - 예테보리 (Korean), Yōtebori - ヨーテボリ / Ietebori - イエテボリ (Japanese)* |
| Göttingen |
Chöttingen (Low German)*, Getingen - Гетинген (Serbian)*, Gėtingenas (Lithuanian)*, Getinggen - 哥廷根 (Chinese)*, Gettingen - ゲッティンゲン (Japanese)*, Getynga (Polish)*, Getynky (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Goettinga (Latin)*, Gœttingue or Gottingue (French)*, Gotinga (Spanish*, Portuguese*), Göttinga (medieval Hungarian)*, Gottinga (Italian)*, Gottingē - Γοττίγγη (Greek, καθαρεύουσα)*, Göttingen (Dutch*, German*, Turkish*), Gyotingen - Гьотинген (Bulgarian)*, Gyottingen - Гёттинген (Kazakh*, Russian*) |
| Gramzow |
Gramzow (German)*, Grębowo (Polish)* |
| Granada |
al-Ġarnāda - غرناطة (Arabic)*, Elibyrge - Ἐλιβύργη (Ancient Greek)*, Granada (Dutch*, Interlingua, Italian*, Latvian*, Lithuanian*, Maltese, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Grenade (French)*, Ghranadha - Γρανάδα (Greek)*, Grenada (Polish)*, Geuranada / Kŭranada - 그라나다 (Korean), Illiberis* or Illiberi Liberini* (Latin) |
| Graz |
Geuracheu/Kŭrach'ŭ - 그라츠 (Korean)*, Grác (Serbian*, alternative Hungarian), Grāca (Latvian)*, Gracas (Lithuanian)*, Gradac (Croatian)*, Gradec (Slovene)*, Graecia or Graecium (Latin)*, Grats - Грац (Belarusian*, Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grats - Γκρατς (Greek)*, Gratz or Graz (French)*, Graz (Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Grodziec (Polish)*, Gurātsu - グラーツ (Japanese)*, Hrats - Грац (Ukrainian)*, Štýrský Hradec (Czech)*, غراتس (Arabic)*, 格拉茨 (Chinese)*, گراتس (Persian)*, გრაცი (Georgian)*, גראץ (Hebrew)* |
| Greifswald |
Greifswald (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, German*), Gryfia (Polish*, Pomeranian) |
 Grenoble |
Cularo (Gaulish, old Latin)*, Qrönobl (Azeri)*, Grasanòbol (Occitan)*, Gratianopolis (Latin)*, Γκρενόμπλ (Greek)*, Grenobla (Portuguese)*, Grenoble (Dutch*, French*, Italian*, Romanian*), Гренобль (русский)* |
| Groningen |
Greuninge (Limburgian)*, Grins (Frisian)*, Groninga (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Groningen (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, German*, Romanian*), Groningue (French)*, Grönnen - Grunnen (Gronings), Groningenas (Lithuanian*),Groot Loug or Stad (local nicknames) |
| Grozny |
Caharkala* or Caharkale* (Turkish alternates), Djovkhar Ghaala (alternative Chechen (separatist)), Džochargala (alternative Lithuanian name)*, Geurojeuni / Kŭrojŭni - 그로즈니 (Korean)*, Groznas (Lithuanian)*, Grozni (Turkish)*, Groznîi (Romanian)*, Groznij (Slovene), Groznija (Latvian)*, Grozny (Polish)*, Groznyi (Finnish)*, Groznyy - Грозный (Russian)*, Gurozunui - グロズヌイ (Japanese)*, Hroznyy - Грозний (Ukrainian)*, Sölƶ-Ġala - Соьлж-ГIала (Chechen) |
| Grudziądz |
Graudenz (German)*, Grudziądz (Polish)*, |
| Günzburg |
Günzburg (German)*, Gunzburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*) |
| Gusev |
Gąbin (Polish)*, Gumbinė (Lithuanian)*, Gumbinnen (German)*, Gusev - Гусев (Russian)* |
| Győr |
Arrabona / Arabona[KNAB] (ancient Latin), Đer - Ђер (Serbian*), Dėras[KNAB] (Lithuanian*), Djer - Дєр /D'jor - Дьйор (Ukrainian*), Đur - Ђур (older Serbian*, older Croatian), Dyor - Дьёр (Russian*[KNAB]), Ģēra (Latvian*), Gyar (Romanian), Győr (Hungarian*), Janok - Јанок (historic Serbian), Jaurinum (medieval Latin), Jawaryn (older Polish*), Jēru - ジェール (Japanese*), Jiāo'ěr - 焦爾 (Mandarin Chinese - Taiwan usage*), Jié'ěr - 杰尔 [simplified characters] / 杰爾 [traditional characters] (Mandarin Chinese*), Jìuyíh - 焦爾 (Cantonese), Jura (Croatian), Jwereu / Chwerŭ - 죄르 (Korean)*, Làbǎi - 腊佰 (older Chinese), Raab (German)*,[KNAB] Ráb (older Czech*,[KNAB] older Slovak[KNAB]), Vjura (older Croatian), Yanıkkale (historic Turkish*), Zhuó'ěr - 卓爾 (older Chinese) |
H
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Haderslev |
Hadersleben (German)*, Haderslev (Danish)* |
| Haguenau |
Hagenau (German)*, Haguenau (French)* |
 Halden |
Fredrikshald (former name)* |
| Hamburg |
Amburgo (Italian)*, Amvúrgho - Αμβούργο (Greek)*, Gamburg - Гамбург (Russian)*, Hamborig (North Frisian*), Hamborg (Danish*, Low Saxon*, Icelandic), Hambourg (French)*, Hambörg (Gronings), Hamburch (West Frisian*), Hamburg (Afrikaans*, Catalan*, Croatian*, Estonian*, German*, Hungarian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hambūrġ (Arabic), Hamburga (Latvian)*, Hamburgas (Lithuanian)*, Hamburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Ħamburgu (Maltese), Hamburk (Czech)*, Hammaburgum (traditional Latin name)*, Hammonia (modern Latin name)*, Hampuri (Finnish)*, Hambureukeu / Hamburŭk'ŭ - 함부르크 (Korean), Hamburuku - ハンブルク (Japanese)*, Hanbao - 漢堡 (Chinese)* |
| Hämeenlinna |
Hämeenlinna (Estonian*, Finnish*), Tavastehus (Swedish)* |
| Hamelin |
Hamelen (Dutch)*, Hamelin (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*), Hamelín (Spanish) *, Hameln (German*, Finnish*) |
| Hamina |
Hamina (Finnish), Fredrikshamn (Swedish) |
| Hanau |
Hanau (German*, Romanian*), Hanava (Czech, old, obsolete)* |
| Hanover |
Anóvero - Αννόβερο (Greek)*, Ganover - Гановер (Russian)*, Hannover (Azeri*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Italian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hannovere (Latvian) *, Hànnuòwei - 漢諾威 (Chinese)*, Hanòbhar (Scottish Gaelic)*, Hanôve (Walloon)*, Hanôver (Portuguese)*, Hanóver (Spanish)*, Hanovere (Latvian)*, Hanoveris (Lithuanian) *, Hanovra (Romanian)*, Hanobeo / Hanobŏ - 하노버 (Korean), Hanovre (French) *, Hanower (Polish)*, Hanōbā - ハノーバー / Hanōfā - ハノーファー (Japanese)* |
| Haparanda |
Haaparanta (Finnish*, Meänkieli), Háhpárándi (Northern Sami)*, Haparanda (Swedish)* |
| Härnösand |
Härnösand (Swedish)*, Herniosandas (Lithuanian)*, Hernosandia (Latin)*, Hernusando (Esperanto)*, Hïernesaande (Southern Sami) |
| Hasselt |
Hasselt (Dutch*, French*, German*, Limburgian*, Romanian*), Hasse* / Hasque* / Hassèl* (Walloon) |
| Heerlen |
Heerlen (Dutch*, French, German*), Coriovallum (Latin)*, Heële (Limburgian)* |
| Heligoland |
Dät Luun (North Frisian)*, Hälgelound (Saterland Frisian)*, Helgolân (Frisian)*, Helgoland (Czech*, Dutch*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Heligoland (French)*, Heligolândia (Portuguese)*, Terra Sacra (Latin)* |
| Helsingborg |
Hè'ěrxīnbăo - 赫爾辛堡(Chinese)*, Helsimburgo (Portuguese)*, Helsingborg (Danish*, Dutch, Finnish*, French, German*, Swedish*),Helsingjaborg (Icelandic* Helsingburg (former German)*, Helsingbörg (Gronings), Hälsingborg (former Swedish) |
| Helsinki |
Chielsynki - Хельсынкі (Belarusian)*, Elsenfors (Dutch [rare])*, Elsínki - Ελσίνκι (Greek)*, Gel'singfors - Гельсингфорс (former Russian), Harshanca - ཧིར་ཤིན་ཅ (Tibetan)*, Hè'ěrxīnjī - 赫尔辛基 (Chinese)*, Heilsincí (Irish)*, Helsig (Inari Sami), Helsingfors (Norwegian*, Swedish*, Danish *, former German*), Helsingforsia (former Latin name)*, Helsingi (Estonian)*, Helsingia (Latin)*, Helsingki / Helsingk'i - 헬싱키 (Korean)*, Helsink'i - ჰელსინკი (Georgian)*, Helsinki (Azeri*, Danish*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Italian*, Latvian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Serbian*, Slovene*, Spanish*, Turkish*), Helsiņki - হেলসিঙ্কি (Bengali)*, Helsinkī - हेलसिंकी (Hindi, Marathi*), Ħelsinki (Maltese), Hel'sinki - Гельсінкі or Khel'sinki - Хельсінкі (Ukrainian)*, Helsinkis (Lithuanian)*, Helsinky (Czech)*, Helsinque (Brazilian Portuguese)*, Helsínquia (Portuguese)*, Heʹlssen (Skolt Sami), Helsset (Northern Sami), Helzinki - Хелзинки (Bulgarian)*, Herushinki - ヘルシンキ (Japanese)*, Hilsīnkī - هلسنكي (Arabic)*, Khel'sinki - Хельсинки (Russian)*, Stadi and Hesa (local slang) |
 Heraklion |
Càndia (Catalan)*, Candia (Italian*, Spanish*), Cândia* / Héraclion * (Portuguese), Candie (old French)*, Heraklion (German*, Romanian*), Héraklion (French)*, Iraklio - Ηράκλειο (Greek)*, Iraklion (Finnish*, Polish*, Serbian*, Romanian*), Kandiye (Turkish)* |
| 's-Hertogenbosch |
Bois-le-Duc (French)*, Bolduque (Spanish)*, Boscoducale (former Italian)*, De Bos* and De Bosj* (Limburgian), De Bosk (Frisian)*, Den Bosch and 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch)*, Herzogenbusch (German)*, Oeteldonk (colloquial Dutch [during Carnaval]*) |
 Holyhead |
Caergybi (Welsh)*, Caergybi (Scottish Gaelic)*, Shèngshǒu - 圣首/聖首 (Mandarin) |
| Hoyerswerda |
Hojeřice (Czech)*, Hoyerswerda (German)*, Wojerecy (Upper Sorbian)*, Wojrowice (Polish)*, Wórjejce (Lower Sorbian)* |
| Hrodna |
Gardinas (Lithuanian)*, Garten (former German)*, Grodna (Latin)*, Grodņa (Latvian)*, Grodno (Czech*, Finnish*, French*, Polish*, Romanian*), Grodno - Гродно (Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grodne - גראָדנע (Yiddish)*, Harodnia - Гародня or Horadnia - Горадня (classical Belarusian)*, Hrodna - Гродна (Belarusian), Hrodno - Гродно (Ukrainian)* |
| Huesca |
Huesca (Spanish)*, Osca (Catalan*, Latin*), Òsca (Occitan), Oska (Basque)*, Uesca (Aragonese)* |
 Hum |
Cholm (German)*, Colmo (Italian)*, Hum (Croatian*, Romanian*, Serbian) |
| Huy |
Hoei (Dutch)*, Huy (French)*, Hu (Walloon*, German*) |
References
- "Kyiv (Kiev) Travel Guide. Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?".
- "Edirne". Hrvatski obiteljski leksikon. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
- "Gent/o". Universität Leipzig.
- J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunswick, 1972) Ed. 1861 Ed. 1909 Ed. 1972
- Ali, Çaksu (2006). Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Islamic Civilisation in the Balkans, Tirana, Albania, 4–7 December 2003. Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture. p. 115. "At least since the middle of the nineteenth century; families or individuals from Gjirokastër (the Ottoman Ergiri or Ergiri Kasrı) in Southern Albania,..."
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