Names of European cities in different languages (E–H)

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time. In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]

E

English name Other names or former names
United KingdomScotland Edinburgh Àidīngbǎo愛丁堡 (traditional characters) / 爱丁堡 (simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Ài-teng-pó愛丁堡 (Hokkien/Taiwanese), Caeredin (Welsh*),[KNAB] Dinedin* / Din Edin[KNAB] (Breton), Doon Edin (Manx*), Dún Éideann (Irish*), Dùn Èideann (Scottish Gaelic*), Edeunbeoreo / Edŭnbŏrŏ – 에든버러 (Korean), Edimborg (Occitan*), Édimbourg (French*),[KNAB] Êdîmbourg (Jersey Norman), Edimburg (Catalan*,[KNAB] alternative Serbian*), Edimburgo (Italian*,[KNAB] Portuguese*,[KNAB] Spanish*,[KNAB] Tagalog*), Edimburgum (alternative Latin), EdimvoúrgoΕδιμβούργο (Greek*), Eḍinabrāএডিনবরা (Bengali*), `Ēdinbaraเอดินบะระ [ʔeː din bàʔ ráʔ] (Thai)*, Eḍinbarā - एडिनबरा (Hindi*),[KNAB] Eḍin‌barāఎడిన్‌బరా (Telugu), Ēḍinbarāਐਡਿਨਬਰਾ (Punjabi*), Edinboarch (alternative West Frisian*), Edinborg (Faroese, Icelandic*[KNAB]), Edinbroאדינברו (Hebrew*), Edinburc (Friulian*), Edinburch (West Frisian*), Edinburg (Afrikaans*, Albanian*, German [rare])*, Romanian*, Slovenian*), Edinburg – Единбург (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*, Serbian*), EdinburgЕдінбурґ (alternative Ukrainian*), Edinburgעדינבורג (Yiddish*), ÈdinburgЭдинбург (Russian*),[KNAB] Edinburga (Latvian*), Edinburgas (Lithuanian*), Edinburgiედინბურგი (Georgian*),[KNAB] Edinburgum (Latin*), Edinburk (Czech*), Edynburg (Polish*),[KNAB] Edynburh – Единбург (Ukrainian*), EdynburhЭдынбург (Belarusian*), Ejimbaraエジンバラ (Japanese*), Embra, Embro* (Scots), Eṭiṉparōஎடின்பரோ (Tamil*), ʾIdinburahإدنبرة (Arabic*), Karedin (Cornish*), Ngoidìngbóu愛丁堡 (Cantonese)*, Oi-tên-páu愛丁堡 (Hakka*)
Turkey Edirne Ādernehادرنة (Persian*), Adirnahادرنة (Arabic*), ÄdirnäӘдирнә (Bashkir*, Kazan Tatar*), Adrianopel (former German*), Adrianopla (Portuguese*), Adrianople (former English*), Adrianopojë* (Albanian), Adrianopol (Polish*, Romanian*, Slovak*), Adrianopol'Адрианополь (former Russian*), Adrianopole (Romanian*), Adrianopoli (former Italian*, Finnish*), Adrianopolis (Czech*, Dutch*, Finnish*), Adrianópolis (Spanish*), Adríanópólis (former Icelandic), Andrinople (former French),[KNAB] AdrianoúpoliΑδριανούπολη (Greek*), Āidíěrnèi埃迪爾內 (traditional characters) / 埃迪尔内 (simplified characters) (Mandarin Chinese*), Drinápoly (alternative/former Hungarian*), Drinopol (alternative Czech*, alternative Slovak*), DrinopoljДринопољ (former Serbian), Drinopolje (former Croatian),[2] Edirnä (Gagauz*), Edirne (Crimean Tatar*, Kurdish*, Turkish*), ÈdirneЭдирне (Russian*), Ədirnə (Azeri*), Edrene - Едрене (alternative Macedonian*), Εdrenë* (alternative Albanian), Hādéliángbōlìsī - 哈德良波利斯 (former Mandarin Chinese), Hadrianople (former variant in English*), Hadrianopolis (Latin*), JedreneЈедрене (Serbian*), OdrinОдрин (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*), Odrysa (Thracian), Orestiás – Ὀρεστιάς (Ancient Greek*), Uskudama (Thracian)
Hungary Eger Agria (Latin*), Eger (Hungarian*,[KNAB] Dutch*, Finnish*), EgerЕґер (alternative Ukrainian*), Eğri (Turkish*), EherЕгер (Ukrainian*), Erlau (German*),[KNAB] Jager (archaic Czech*),[KNAB] JagerЯгеръ (archaic Russian),[KNAB] Jáger (Slovak*),[KNAB] Jagier (archaic Polish), Jegar (archaic Croatian), Jegra (archaic Croatian), JegraЈегра (Serbian*)
Germany Eisenhüttenstadt Eisenhüttenstadt (German*), Stalinstadt (former German*)
Austria Eisenstadt AjzenštatАјзенштат (Serbian*), Castrum Ferrum (alternative Latin), Eisenstadt (German*),[KNAB] Eisnstod (Austro-Bavarian German*), Ferreum Castrum (Latin*), Kismarton (Hungarian*),[KNAB] Železno (Slovak, Slovene*), Željezno (Croatian*),[KNAB] ŽeljeznoЖељезно (alternative Serbian) (NB: the city's subdivisions also have different names in different languages)
Poland Elbląg Elbing (German*), El'bingЭльбинг (former Russian), Elbiąg (local Polish dialect), Elbląg (Polish)*, El'blongЭльблонг (Russian*), Ilfing (Old Danish*), Truso (Old Prussian)
Russia Elista ElistaЭлиста (Russian), ElistaЕліста (Ukrainian), ElstЭлст (Kalmyk, Mongolian), Stepnoy (former name*)
Poland Ełk Ełk (Polish*), Lyck (German*), Éwūkè - 俄乌克/俄烏克 (Mandarin), Lukas (Lithuanian)
Denmark Elsinore Elseneur (French*), Elsenor (Portuguese*), Elsinor (Spanish*, Romanian*), Elsinore (Italian*), Helsingør (Danish*, German variant*, Norwegian*), Helsingör (Finnish*, German*, Swedish*)
Germany Emmerich Emmerich (German*), Emmerik (Dutch*)
Germany Erfurt Erfurt (German*), Ερφούρτη (Greek*), Erfordia (Latin*), Jarobrod (Upper Sorbian*)
Germany Erlangen Erlangen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Erlanky (Czech, old, obsolete*)
Finland Espoo Aīsībō – 埃斯波 (Chinese*), Esbo (Swedish*), Espo (Latvian*, Lithuanian*), Espoo (Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), EspooЭспоо (Russian*), Esupō – エスポー (Japanese*)
Hungary Esztergom Eštergon or OstrogonOстргон (Serbian*), EstergomЭстергом (Russian*), Estergon (Turkish*), Esztergom (Hungarian*), Gran (German*), Ostřihom (Czech*), Ostrihom (Slovak*), Ostrogon or Ostrigon (Croatian*), Ostrzyhom (Polish*), Solva* or Strigonium * (Latin), Strigonio (ancient Italian*), Strigoniu (Romanian*)
Belgium Eupen Eupen (Dutch*, French*, German*), Naowe* or Naouwe* (Walloon, medieval spellings), Néau (French*, archaïc), Neyow (Walloon*)
United KingdomEngland Exeter Caerwysg (Welsh*), Exonia (Latin*), Karesk (Cornish*)

F

English name Other names or former names
Cyprus/Northern Cyprus Famagusta AmmóchostosΑμμόχωστος (Greek*), Famagosta (Italian*), Famagouste (French*), Famagusta (English*, German*), Gazimağusa (Turkish*)
Austria Feldkirch Feldkirch (German*), San Peder (Romansh), Tǔsì - 土寺 (Mandarin)
Ukraine/Autonomous Republic of Crimea Feodosia Cafà (archaic Ligurian), Caffa (archaic English), KafaКафа (archaic Ukrainian), KäfäКәфә (Kazan Tatar), KáffasΚάφφας (medieval Greek), Kefe (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Feodosija (Finnish), FeodosijaФеодосия (Russian), FeodosijaФеодосія (Ukrainian), Feodossija (German), TʿeodosiaԹեոդոսիա (Armenian), Teodozja (Polish), TheodhosíaΘεοδωσία (Greek), Theodosia (Latin), Théodosie (French), Xí'àoduōxíyà - 席奥多席亚/席奧多席亞 (Mandarin)
Germany Flensburg Flensborag (North Frisian*), Flensborg (Danish*, Low German*), Flensbourg (French*), Flensburch (West Frisian*), Flensburg (German*, Romanian*), Flensburgo (Portuguese*), Flensbörg (Gronings, Swedish*)
Switzerland Flims Flem (Romansh*), Flims (German*)
Italy Florence Fflorens (Welsh*), Firenca (Bosnian*, Croatian*), FirencaФиренца (Serbian*), Firence (Slovene*), Firentse – フィレンツェ (Japanese*), Firenze (Estonian*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Maltese, Norwegian*), Floireans (Scottish Gaelic), Florance (Walloon*), Flórans (Irish*), Floransa (Turkish*), Florença (Portuguese*), Florence (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, Latvian*), Florència (Catalan*), Florencia (Slovak*, Spanish*), Florencie (Czech*), Florencija (Lithuanian*), Florencja (Polish*), Florens (former Danish*, Swedish*), Florenţa (Romanian*), FlorentíaΦλωρεντία (Greek*), FlorentsiyaФлоренция (Russian*), FlorentsiyaФлоренція (Ukrainian*), Florenz (German*), Fóluólúnsi – 佛羅倫斯 / 翡冷翠 (Chinese), Pirenche / P'irench'e – 피렌체 (Korean)
Netherlands Flushing Flesinga (Spanish*), Flessinga (Italian*), Flessingue (French*), Flissingen (West Frisian*), Vlissienge (Zeelandic), Vlissingen (Dutch*)
United KingdomScotland Fort Augustus Cille Chuimein (Irish*, Scots Gaelic*), Fort Augustus (Dutch*, English*, French*, German*), Forte Augusto (Italian*), Kiliwhimin (former English, former Scots), Àogǔsīdūbǎo - 奥古斯都堡 (Mandarin)
Germany Frankfurt am Main Fǎlánkèfú – 法蘭克福 (Mandarin Chinese*),Francfort (Catalan*), Fráncfort del Meno (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-le-Main (French*), Francfurt (Romansh*), Francoforte sobre o Meno (Portuguese*), Francoforte sul Meno (Italian*), Frankfort aan de Main (Dutch*, Limburgian*), FrankfoúrtiΦρανκφούρτη or Frankfoúrti epí tou MáinΦρανκφούρτη επί του Μάιν (Greek)*, Frankfurt al Mayn – פרנקפורט על מיין (Hebrew*), Frankfurt am Main (German*), Frankfurt Maini ääres (Estonian*), Frankfurt nad Menem (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Mohanem (Czech*), Frankfurt nad Mohanom (Slovak*), Frankfurt na Majni (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt na MajniФранкфурт на Мајни (Serbian*) Frankfurt-na-MayneФранкфурт-на-Майне (Russian*), Frankfurt-na-MayniФранкфурт-на-Майні (Ukrainian*), Frankfurt pe Main (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Maino (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Mainas (Latvian*), Furankufuruto – フランクフルト (Japanese*), (Main Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Majnafrankfurt (former Hungarian*), Maynada Frankfurt (Azeri*), Peurangkeupureuteu / P'ŭrangk'ŭp'urŭt'ŭ – 프랑크푸르트 (Korean)
Germany Frankfurt (Oder) Fráncfort del Oder (Spanish*), Francfort-sur-l'Oder (French*), Francoforte sobre o Óder (Portuguese*), Francoforte sull'Oder (Italian*), Frankfurt (Oder)* or Frankfurt an der Oder (German), Frankfurt nad Odrą / Słubice (historic) (Polish*), Frankfurt nad Odrou (Czech*, Slovak*), Frankfurt-na-OdereФранкфурт-на-Одере (Russian*), Frankfurt na Odri (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*, Slovene*), Frankfurt Oderi ääres (Estonian*)Frankfurt pe Oder (Romanian*), Frankfurtas prie Oderio (Lithuanian*), Frankfurte pie Oderas (Latvian*), (Oder Kıyısındaki) Frankfurt (Turkish*), Oderafrankfurt (older Hungarian*), (Oderdə) Frankfurt (Azeri*), Frankfoúrti (Óder)Φρανκφούρτη (Όντερ) or Frankfoúrti epí tou ÓderΦρανκφούρτη επί του Όντερ (Greek)*
Germany Freiburg FrajburgФрајбург (Serbian*), Freiburg im Breisgau (German*), Freiburga (Latvian*), Fribourg or Fribourg-en-Brisgau (French*), Friburgo (Portuguese*), Friburgo de Brisgovia (Spanish*), Friburgo in Brisgovia (Italian*), Fryburg Bryzgowijski (Polish*), Furaiburuku – フライブルク (Japanese*)
Germany Freising Brižinje* or Brižine* (Slovene), Freising (German*), Fresinga (Spanish variant*), Frisinga (Italian*, Spanish*), Frisingue (French*), Fryzynga (Polish*)
Switzerland Fribourg Freiburg im Üechtland (German*), Friborgo (Swiss Italian*), Fribourg (Finnish*, French*), Friburg (Catalan*, Romansh*), Friburgo (Italian *, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Fryburg (Polish*)
Poland Frombork Frauenburg (German*), Frombork (Polish*)

G

English name Other names or former names
Republic of Ireland Galway Gaillimh (Irish)*, Galvia (Latin)*, Golwei / Kolwei - 골웨이 (Korean), a' Ghailbhinn (Scots Gaelic)*
Sweden Gällivare Gällivare (Swedish)*, Jällivaara (Finnish)*, Jelivarė (Lithuanian)*, Jiellevárre (Lule Sami), Jiellevárri (Northern Sami)*, Váhčir (Northern Sami alternate)*, Váhtjer (Lule Sami alternate), YellivareЕлливаре (Russian)*
Sweden Gävle Gefle (Norwegian, Swedish before 1910), Gevalia (Latin)
Poland Gdańsk Dancig, Dancka (older Hungarian*), Danswijk (former Dutch)*, Danţig (older Romanian*), Dantiscum (Latin alternate)*, Dants - דאַנץ (Yiddish)*, Dantsic (older English alternate)*, Dantzig or Gdansk (Afrikaans)*, Danzica (Italian)*, Danzig (Icelandic)*, Danzig (German*, Spanish, older Turkish*), Danzigue (Portuguese)*, Gdaňsk (Czech)*, Gdansk (Finnish*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Turkish*), Gdansk - גדנסק (Hebrew)*, Gdańsk (Danish*, Dutch*, Polish*), Gdan'sk - Гданьск (Russian)*, Gdanjsk (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Serbian*), Gdaņska (Latvian)*, Gdanskas (Lithuanian)*, Gdanjsk - Гдањск (Serbian*, Macedonian*), Gduńsk (Kashubian)*, Gedania (Latin alternate)*, Gedanum (Latin)*, Geudanseukeu / Kŭdansŭk'ŭ - 그단스크 (Korean), Ghdhansk - Γδανσκ (Greek)*, Gudanisuku - グダニスク (Japanese)*, Gydanysg (Welsh)*, Gyddanyzc (Pomeranian, mentioned in 997 AD), Hdans'k - Гданськ (Ukrainian)*
Poland Gdynia Gdiņa (Latvian)*, Gdingen (former Dutch*, German*), Gdiniô (Kashubian*, Pomeranian), Gdyně (Czech)*, Gdynė (Lithuanian)*, Gdynia (Finnish*, Polish*, Romanian*), Ghdhínia - Γδύνια (Greek)*, Gotenhafen (German 1939–1945)*, Hdyniya - Гдиня (Ukrainian)*
Switzerland Geneva Cenevre (Turkish)*, Djeneve (Walloon)*, Genebra (Portuguese)*, Genefa (Welsh)*, Geneva (Romanian)*, Geneve (Afrikaans*, Armenian, Finnish*, Swedish*), Genève (Danish*, Dutch, French*), Genevra (Romansh)*, Genewa (Polish)*, Genf (Estonian*, German*,Icelandic*, Hungarian*), An Ghinéiv (Irish)*, Ginebra (Catalan*, Spanish*), Ginevra (Italian) *, Ġinevra (Maltese), Cenevrə (Azeri)*, Jenewa (Indonesian)*, Jinīf - جنيف (Arabic), Xenebra (Galician)*, Yenévi - Γενεύη (Greek)*, Ženeva - Женева (Bosnian*, Bulgarian*, Croatian*, Czech*, Lithuanian*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Ukrainian*), Ženēva (Latvian) *, Zjenaef (Limburgian)*, Zhenyeva - Женева (Russian*,), Zhenevë (Albanian)*, Jeneva - ז'נבה (Hebrew)*, Jeneba / Cheneba - 제네바 (Korean), Junēbu - ジュネーブ (Japanese)*, Rineiwa - 日內瓦 (Chinese)*
Italy Genoa Cenova (Turkish)*, Đenova (Serbian)*, Dženova (Latvian)*, Gênes (French)*, Gènova (Catalan)*, Genova (Danish*, Finnish*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Slovene*), Génova* - Gênova* ( Brazilian Portuguese), Ġenova (Maltese), Génova (Spanish)*, (European Portuguese) * - Genúa (Icelandic)*, Genua (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Latin*, Polish*, Swedish*), Genuja (Lithuanian)*, Gjenova (Albanian)*, Janov (Czech*, Slovak*), Jenoba - ジェノバ (Japanese)*, Jenoba / Chenoba - 제노바 (Korean), Xénova (Galician)*, Yénova - Γένοβα*- Γένουα* (Greek), Zena (Ligurian)*
North Macedonia Gevgelija Gevgelija (English), Djevdjelija (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Гевгелија (Macedonian), Gevgeli (Turkish), Gjevgjeli (Albanian)
Belgium Ghent Gent - גנט (Hebrew)*, Gand (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*), Gandava (Latin)*,[3] Gandawa (Polish)*, Gante (Galician, Spanish)*, Gaunt (older English) *, Gent (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Indonesian*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gent - Гент (Belarusian*, Russian*), Ģente (Latvian)*, Genteu / Kent'ŭ - 겐트 (Korean), Gint (West Frisian*), Ghándhi - Γάνδη (Greek)*, Guanto (old Italian)*
United KingdomGibraltar Gibraltar Cebelitarık (Turkish)*, Cəbəllütarix (Azeri)*, Ġibiltà (Maltese), Gibilterra (Italian)*, Gibraltar (Dutch*, Finnish*, Polish *, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gibraltar - גיברלטר (Hebrew)*, Gibraltár (Hungarian*), Gibraltaras (Lithuanian)*, Gibraltārs (Latvian)*, Giobraltair or Diobraltair (Scottish Gaelic), Giobráltar (Irish), Ghivraltár - Γιβραλτάρ (Greek)*, Hibraltar - (Tagalog*, Гібралтар Ukrainian)*, Jibraltār - جبرلتار or (older) Jabal Tāriq - جبل طارق (Arabic)*, Jibeurolteo / Chibŭrolt'ŏ - 지브롤터 (Korean), Jiburarutaru - ジブラルタル (Japanese)*, Zhíbùluótuó - 直布羅陀 (Chinese)*
Spain Girona Gerona (Dutch*, German*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Gérone (French)*, Gerunda (Latin)*, Girona (Catalan*, Finnish*, Portuguese*), Xirona (Galician)*
Albania Gjirokastër Argirocastro (Italian)*,[KNAB] Argirokastro - Аргирокастро (Bulgarian)*, Argyrocastrum (Latin)*,[4] Argyrókastro - Αργυρόκαστρο (Greek)*,[KNAB] Argyrókastron - Αργυρόκαστρον (Byzantine Greek), Đirokastra - Ђирокастра (Serbo-Croatian)*, Ergeri (Turkish),[KNAB] Ergiri (Turkish)*,[5] Ergirikasrı (Turkish),[5] Girokastra - Гирокастра (Russian)*,[KNAB] Ǵirokastro - Ѓирокастро (Macedonian)*, Gjinokastër (Gheg Albanian), Gjirokastër*/Gjirokastra* (Albanian)[KNAB]
Switzerland Glarus Glaris (French)*, Glarona (Italian*, Portuguese*) Glaruna (Romansh)*, Glarus (Dutch*, German*)
United KingdomEngland Glastonbury Glaistimbir* - Glaistimbir na nGael* - Gloineistir* (Irish)
United KingdomScotland Glasgow Glaschú (Irish)*, Glaschu (Scottish Gaelic)*, Glásgua (Portuguese, rare)*, Glesga, Glesgae (Scots)*, Glāzgova (Latvian)*, Glaskove - Γλασκώβη (Greek)*, Glazgo - גלזגו (Hebrew)*, Geullaeseugo / Kŭllaesŭgo - 글래스고 (Korean), Gurasugō - グラスゴー (Japanese)*, Glazgas (Lithuanian)*
Poland Gliwice Gleiwitz (German)*, Gliwice (Polish)*, Hlivitse - Глівіце (Ukrainian)*
United KingdomEngland Gloucester Caerloyw (Welsh)*, Gàoluóshìdă - 告羅士打 (Chinese)*, Glocester (French alternate), Gloucester (Dutch, French, German), Glevum (Latin)*
Poland Głogów Glogau (German)*, Glogov (Serbian)*, Glogova (Lithuanian)*, Glogovia (Latin)*, Głogów (Polish)*, Hlohov (Czech, rare)*, Hlohuv - Глогув (Ukrainian)*
Germany Glücksburg Glücksburg (German)*, Lukkuborg (Icelandic)*, Lyksborg (Danish)*
Hungary Gödöllő Gödöllő (Hungarian)*, Getterle (former German), Gyodyollyo - Гёдёллё (Russian)*
Austria Gmünd Cmunt (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Gmünd (Dutch, French, German)*
Belarus Gomel Gomel' - Гомель (Russian)*, Homel (German*, Polish*), Homel' - Гомель (Ukrainian)*, Homiel - Гомель (Belarusian)*, Homiel (Romanian)*, Homl - האָמל (Yiddish)
Italy Gorizia Gorica (Croatian*, Bosnian*, Romanian*, Slovene*, Serbian*), Gorizia (Finnish*, French*, Italian*), Görz (German)*, Gurize (Friulian)*, Gorycja (Polish)
Germany Görlitz Görlitz (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Romanian*), Zgorzelec (Polish)*, Zhořelec (Czech)*, Zhorjelc (Upper Sorbian)
Poland Gorzów Wielkopolski Gorzów Wielkopolski (Polish)*, Landsberg an der Warthe (German)*
Sweden Gothenburg Gautaborg (Icelandic)*, Gēdébǎo - 哥德堡 (Chinese)*, Gēteborga (Latvian)*, Gioteburgas (Lithuanian)*, Goateboarch (West Frisian*), Göteborg (Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Gøteborg (Norwegian*, Danish*), Göteburg (Turkish)*, Gotemburgo (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Gotenburg (Afrikaans*, Dutch alternate*, former German*, former Polish*), Gothembourg (former French)*, Gutenburgu (Maltese), Yetebori / Yet'ebori - 예테보리 (Korean), Yōtebori - ヨーテボリ / Ietebori - イエテボリ (Japanese)*
Germany Göttingen Chöttingen (Low German)*, Getingen - Гетинген (Serbian)*, Gėtingenas (Lithuanian)*, Getinggen - 哥廷根 (Chinese)*, Gettingen - ゲッティンゲン (Japanese)*, Getynga (Polish)*, Getynky (Czech, old, obsolete)*, Goettinga (Latin)*, Gœttingue or Gottingue (French)*, Gotinga (Spanish*, Portuguese*), Göttinga (medieval Hungarian)*, Gottinga (Italian)*, Gottingē - Γοττίγγη (Greek, καθαρεύουσα)*, Göttingen (Dutch*, German*, Turkish*), Gyotingen - Гьотинген (Bulgarian)*, Gyottingen - Гёттинген (Kazakh*, Russian*)
Poland Gramzow Gramzow (German)*, Grębowo (Polish)*
Spain Granada al-Ġarnāda - غرناطة (Arabic)*, Elibyrge - Ἐλιβύργη (Ancient Greek)*, Granada (Dutch*, Interlingua, Italian*, Latvian*, Lithuanian*, Maltese, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Grenade (French)*, Ghranadha - Γρανάδα (Greek)*, Grenada (Polish)*, Geuranada / Kŭranada - 그라나다 (Korean), Illiberis* or Illiberi Liberini* (Latin)
Austria Graz Geuracheu/Kŭrach'ŭ - 그라츠 (Korean)*, Grác (Serbian*, alternative Hungarian), Grāca (Latvian)*, Gracas (Lithuanian)*, Gradac (Croatian)*, Gradec (Slovene)*, Graecia or Graecium (Latin)*, Grats - Грац (Belarusian*, Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grats - Γκρατς (Greek)*, Gratz or Graz (French)*, Graz (Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Italian*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Grodziec (Polish)*, Gurātsu - グラーツ (Japanese)*, Hrats - Грац (Ukrainian)*, Štýrský Hradec (Czech)*, غراتس (Arabic)*, 格拉茨 (Chinese)*, گراتس (Persian)*, გრაცი (Georgian)*, גראץ (Hebrew)*
Germany Greifswald Greifswald (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, French*, German*), Gryfia (Polish*, Pomeranian)
France Grenoble Cularo (Gaulish, old Latin)*, Qrönobl (Azeri)*, Grasanòbol (Occitan)*, Gratianopolis (Latin)*, Γκρενόμπλ (Greek)*, Grenobla (Portuguese)*, Grenoble (Dutch*, French*, Italian*, Romanian*), Гренобль (русский)*
Netherlands Groningen Greuninge (Limburgian)*, Grins (Frisian)*, Groninga (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Groningen (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, German*, Romanian*), Groningue (French)*, Grönnen - Grunnen (Gronings), Groningenas (Lithuanian*),Groot Loug or Stad (local nicknames)
Russia Grozny Caharkala* or Caharkale* (Turkish alternates), Djovkhar Ghaala (alternative Chechen (separatist)), Džochargala (alternative Lithuanian name)*, Geurojeuni / Kŭrojŭni - 그로즈니 (Korean)*, Groznas (Lithuanian)*, Grozni (Turkish)*, Groznîi (Romanian)*, Groznij (Slovene), Groznija (Latvian)*, Grozny (Polish)*, Groznyi (Finnish)*, Groznyy - Грозный (Russian)*, Gurozunui - グロズヌイ (Japanese)*, Hroznyy - Грозний (Ukrainian)*, Sölƶ-Ġala - Соьлж-ГIала (Chechen)
Poland Grudziądz Graudenz (German)*, Grudziądz (Polish)*,
Germany Günzburg Günzburg (German)*, Gunzburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*)
Russia Gusev Gąbin (Polish)*, Gumbinė (Lithuanian)*, Gumbinnen (German)*, Gusev - Гусев (Russian)*
Hungary Győr Arrabona / Arabona[KNAB] (ancient Latin), Đer - Ђер (Serbian*), Dėras[KNAB] (Lithuanian*), Djer - Дєр /D'jor - Дьйор (Ukrainian*), Đur - Ђур (older Serbian*, older Croatian), Dyor - Дьёр (Russian*[KNAB]), Ģēra (Latvian*), Gyar (Romanian), Győr (Hungarian*), Janok - Јанок (historic Serbian), Jaurinum (medieval Latin), Jawaryn (older Polish*), Jēru - ジェール (Japanese*), Jiāo'ěr - 焦爾 (Mandarin Chinese - Taiwan usage*), Jié'ěr - 杰尔 [simplified characters] / 杰爾 [traditional characters] (Mandarin Chinese*), Jìuyíh - 焦爾 (Cantonese), Jura (Croatian), Jwereu / Chwerŭ - 죄르 (Korean)*, Làbǎi - 腊佰 (older Chinese), Raab (German)*,[KNAB] Ráb (older Czech*,[KNAB] older Slovak[KNAB]), Vjura (older Croatian), Yanıkkale (historic Turkish*), Zhuó'ěr - 卓爾 (older Chinese)

H

English name Other names or former names
Denmark Haderslev Hadersleben (German)*, Haderslev (Danish)*
France Haguenau Hagenau (German)*, Haguenau (French)*
Norway Halden Fredrikshald (former name)*
Germany Hamburg Amburgo (Italian)*, Amvúrgho - Αμβούργο (Greek)*, Gamburg - Гамбург (Russian)*, Hamborig (North Frisian*), Hamborg (Danish*, Low Saxon*, Icelandic), Hambourg (French)*, Hambörg (Gronings), Hamburch (West Frisian*), Hamburg (Afrikaans*, Catalan*, Croatian*, Estonian*, German*, Hungarian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hambūrġ (Arabic), Hamburga (Latvian)*, Hamburgas (Lithuanian)*, Hamburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Ħamburgu (Maltese), Hamburk (Czech)*, Hammaburgum (traditional Latin name)*, Hammonia (modern Latin name)*, Hampuri (Finnish)*, Hambureukeu / Hamburŭk'ŭ - 함부르크 (Korean), Hamburuku - ハンブルク (Japanese)*, Hanbao - 漢堡 (Chinese)*
Finland Hämeenlinna Hämeenlinna (Estonian*, Finnish*), Tavastehus (Swedish)*
Germany Hamelin Hamelen (Dutch)*, Hamelin (French*, Italian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*), Hamelín (Spanish) *, Hameln (German*, Finnish*)
Finland Hamina Hamina (Finnish), Fredrikshamn (Swedish)
Germany Hanau Hanau (German*, Romanian*), Hanava (Czech, old, obsolete)*
Germany Hanover Anóvero - Αννόβερο (Greek)*, Ganover - Гановер (Russian)*, Hannover (Azeri*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Italian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Hannovere (Latvian) *, Hànnuòwei - 漢諾威 (Chinese)*, Hanòbhar (Scottish Gaelic)*, Hanôve (Walloon)*, Hanôver (Portuguese)*, Hanóver (Spanish)*, Hanovere (Latvian)*, Hanoveris (Lithuanian) *, Hanovra (Romanian)*, Hanobeo / Hanobŏ - 하노버 (Korean), Hanovre (French) *, Hanower (Polish)*, Hanōbā - ハノーバー / Hanōfā - ハノーファー (Japanese)*
Sweden Haparanda Haaparanta (Finnish*, Meänkieli), Háhpárándi (Northern Sami)*, Haparanda (Swedish)*
Sweden Härnösand Härnösand (Swedish)*, Herniosandas (Lithuanian)*, Hernosandia (Latin)*, Hernusando (Esperanto)*, Hïernesaande (Southern Sami)
Belgium Hasselt Hasselt (Dutch*, French*, German*, Limburgian*, Romanian*), Hasse* / Hasque* / Hassèl* (Walloon)
Netherlands Heerlen Heerlen (Dutch*, French, German*), Coriovallum (Latin)*, Heële (Limburgian)*
Germany Heligoland Dät Luun (North Frisian)*, Hälgelound (Saterland Frisian)*, Helgolân (Frisian)*, Helgoland (Czech*, Dutch*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Heligoland (French)*, Heligolândia (Portuguese)*, Terra Sacra (Latin)*
Sweden Helsingborg Hè'ěrxīnbăo - 赫爾辛堡(Chinese)*, Helsimburgo (Portuguese)*, Helsingborg (Danish*, Dutch, Finnish*, French, German*, Swedish*),Helsingjaborg (Icelandic* Helsingburg (former German)*, Helsingbörg (Gronings), Hälsingborg (former Swedish)
Finland Helsinki Chielsynki - Хельсынкі (Belarusian)*, Elsenfors (Dutch [rare])*, Elsínki - Ελσίνκι (Greek)*, Gel'singfors - Гельсингфорс (former Russian), Harshanca - ཧིར་ཤིན་ཅ (Tibetan)*, Hè'ěrxīnjī - 赫尔辛基 (Chinese)*, Heilsincí (Irish)*, Helsig (Inari Sami), Helsingfors (Norwegian*, Swedish*, Danish *, former German*), Helsingforsia (former Latin name)*, Helsingi (Estonian)*, Helsingia (Latin)*, Helsingki / Helsingk'i - 헬싱키 (Korean)*, Helsink'i - ჰელსინკი (Georgian)*, Helsinki (Azeri*, Danish*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Italian*, Latvian*, Polish*, Romanian*, Serbian*, Slovene*, Spanish*, Turkish*), Helsiņki - হেলসিঙ্কি (Bengali)*, Helsinkī - हेलसिंकी (Hindi, Marathi*), Ħelsinki (Maltese), Hel'sinki - Гельсінкі or Khel'sinki - Хельсінкі (Ukrainian)*, Helsinkis (Lithuanian)*, Helsinky (Czech)*, Helsinque (Brazilian Portuguese)*, Helsínquia (Portuguese)*, Heʹlssen (Skolt Sami), Helsset (Northern Sami), Helzinki - Хелзинки (Bulgarian)*, Herushinki - ヘルシンキ (Japanese)*, Hilsīnkī - هلسنكي (Arabic)*, Khel'sinki - Хельсинки (Russian)*, Stadi and Hesa (local slang)
Greece Heraklion Càndia (Catalan)*, Candia (Italian*, Spanish*), Cândia* / Héraclion * (Portuguese), Candie (old French)*, Heraklion (German*, Romanian*), Héraklion (French)*, Iraklio - Ηράκλειο (Greek)*, Iraklion (Finnish*, Polish*, Serbian*, Romanian*), Kandiye (Turkish)*
Netherlands 's-Hertogenbosch Bois-le-Duc (French)*, Bolduque (Spanish)*, Boscoducale (former Italian)*, De Bos* and De Bosj* (Limburgian), De Bosk (Frisian)*, Den Bosch and 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch)*, Herzogenbusch (German)*, Oeteldonk (colloquial Dutch [during Carnaval]*)
United KingdomWales Holyhead Caergybi (Welsh)*, Caergybi (Scottish Gaelic)*, Shèngshǒu - 圣首/聖首 (Mandarin)
Germany Hoyerswerda Hojeřice (Czech)*, Hoyerswerda (German)*, Wojerecy (Upper Sorbian)*, Wojrowice (Polish)*, Wórjejce (Lower Sorbian)*
Belarus Hrodna Gardinas (Lithuanian)*, Garten (former German)*, Grodna (Latin)*, Grodņa (Latvian)*, Grodno (Czech*, Finnish*, French*, Polish*, Romanian*), Grodno - Гродно (Bulgarian*, Russian*), Grodne - גראָדנע (Yiddish)*, Harodnia - Гародня or Horadnia - Горадня (classical Belarusian)*, Hrodna - Гродна (Belarusian), Hrodno - Гродно (Ukrainian)*
Spain Huesca Huesca (Spanish)*, Osca (Catalan*, Latin*), Òsca (Occitan), Oska (Basque)*, Uesca (Aragonese)*
Croatia Hum Cholm (German)*, Colmo (Italian)*, Hum (Croatian*, Romanian*, Serbian)
Belgium Huy Hoei (Dutch)*, Huy (French)*, Hu (Walloon*, German*)

References

  1. [KNAB] "KNAB, the Place Names Database of EKI". Eki.ee. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
  1. "Kyiv (Kiev) Travel Guide. Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?".
  2. "Edirne". Hrvatski obiteljski leksikon. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  3. "Gent/o". Universität Leipzig.
  4. J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunswick, 1972) Ed. 1861 Ed. 1909 Ed. 1972
  5. Ali, Çaksu (2006). Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Islamic Civilisation in the Balkans, Tirana, Albania, 4–7 December 2003. Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture. p. 115. "At least since the middle of the nineteenth century; families or individuals from Gjirokastër (the Ottoman Ergiri or Ergiri Kasrı) in Southern Albania,..."
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