Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time. In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]
Q
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
 Quimper |
Civitas Aquilonia or Corisopitum (Latin), Kemper (Breton), Quimper (French), Кемпер (Macedonian) |
R
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
 Raahe |
Brahestad (Swedish), Raahe (Finnish), Рахе (Macedonian), 拉赫/Lāhè (Mandarin) |
 Racibórz |
Ratibor (German),[2] Ratiboř (Czech), 拉提波/Lātíbō (Mandarin) |
| Radzionków |
Radzionków (Polish), Radzionkau (German) |
 Rădăuți |
Rădăuți (Romanian), Radautz (German), Radevits - ראַדעװיץ (Yiddish), Rádóc (Hungarian), Radowce (Polish), Rothacenum (Latin), Радауци (Macedonian) |
 Radoviš |
Radoviš (Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Bosnian), Радовиш (Macedonian) |
| Radymno |
Radymno (Polish), Redem - רעדעם (Yiddish), Радимно (Macedonian) |
 Raiding |
Doborján (Hungarian), Raiding (German), Rajnof (Croatian) |
 Rakvere |
Wesenberg or Wesenbergh (former Danish, German and Swedish) |
| Rauma |
Rauma (Estonian, Finnish), Raumo (Swedish), 劳马/勞馬/Láomǎ (Mandarin) |
 Ravenna |
Raben (old German), Rabenna - 라벤나 (Korean), Ravena - Равена (Bulgarian), Ravena (Portuguese*, Romanian), Rávena or Ravena (Spanish)*, Ravenna (Azeri, Finnish, Italian, Maltese), Ραβέννα (Greek), Rawenna (Polish), 拉维纳/拉維納/Lāwéinà (Mandarin) |
 Regensburg |
Castra Regina (Latin), Radasbona (Hungarian), Ratisbon (former English), Ratisbona (Italian, Portuguese, former Romanian, Spanish, Catalan), Ratisbonne (French), Ratisvónni - Ρατισβόννη (Greek - καθαρεύουσα), Ratyzbona (Polish), Regensborg (Low Saxon), Regensburg (Dutch, German, Romanian), Řezno (Czech) |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Reichenau |
La Punt (Romansh), Reichenau (German), 莱赫瑙/萊赫瑙/Láihènǎo (Mandarin) |
| Reims |
Reims (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Interlingua, Italian, Romanian, Spanish), Reimsa (Latvian), Reimsas (Lithuanian), Remeš (Czech, Slovak), Ρήμες (Greek, καθαρεύουσα), Remso (Esperanto) |
| Rennes |
Rennes (Dutch, French, Finnish, German, Italian), Rennu - レンヌ (Japanese)*, Resnn (Gallo), Roazhon (Breton)* |
| Resen |
Resen (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Ресен (Macedonian) |
 Reykjavík |
Réicivíc (Irish), Léikèyăwèikè - 雷克雅未克 (Chinese)*, Reikiavik (Tagalog*), Reikyabikeu / Reik'yabik'ŭ - 레이캬비크 (Korean), Reikyabiku - レイキャビク (Japanese)*, Reikyavik (Persian), Reikjavīka (Latvian), Reikjavikas (Lithuanian), Reikiavik (Spanish), Reiquiavique (Portuguese)*, Rejkiawik and Reykjawik (Polish alternates), Reykjavik (Maltese), Reykjavík (Czech, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian), Rejkjaviko (Esperanto), Reykjavik (Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian, Swedish), Reykyavik (Azeri), Reykyavik or Reykavik (Turkish) |
 Rēzekne |
Rēzekne (German*), Rositten (archaic German), Rēzekne or Rēzne (Latgalian*), Rzeżyca (Polish*), Rezekne - Резекне (Russian*), Rezhitsa - Режица (archaic Russian) |
| Riga |
Lĭjiā - 里加 (Chinese)*, Rīġā (Arabic), Riga (Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Interlingua, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Ríga - Ρίγα (Greek), Riga - リガ (Japanese)*, Riga - 리가 (Korean), Rīga (Latvian), Ríge (Irish), Rige - ריגע (Yiddish), Rīgõ (Livonian), Riia (Estonian), Riika (Finnish), Ryga (Lithuanian, Polish), Ryha - Рыга (Belarusian), Ryha - Рига (Ukrainian) |
 Rijeka |
Fiume (Italian*, Hungarian*), Reka (Slovene)*, Rieka (Persian, Kaykavian - Croat), Rijeka (Croatian*, Finnish*, German*, Polish*, Romanian*, Slovak), Rika (Chakavian - Glagolitic), Rykva (early Croatian), St. Veit am Flaum (older German)* Риека (Bulgarian) |
 Rivne |
Рівне / Rivne (Ukrainian), Rovne - ראָװנע (Yiddish), Rovno (Romanian, Russian), Równe (Polish), Riwne (German), Rowno (older German) |
| Roč |
Roč (Croatian), Rozzo (Italian), Rotz (German) |
| Roman |
Roman (Romanian), Románvásár (Hungarian), Romanvarasch (German) |
| Rome |
Erroma (Basque)*, Luómǎ - 罗马 (Chinese)*, Rhufain (Welsh), Rim (Croatian*, Serbian, Slovene*), Rím (Slovak)*, Řím (Czech)*, Рим / Rim (Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian), Рим / Rym (Ukrainian), Rzym (Polish)*, Rô-ma or La Mã (Vietnamese, the latter is old-fashioned), An Róimh (Irish), An Ròimh (Scottish Gaelic)*, Rom (Danish*, German*, Swedish*), Róm (Icelandic), Roma (Azeri*, Catalan*, Interlingua, Italian*, Lithuanian*, Latvian*, Norwegian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Romansh, Spanish*, Tagalog*, Turkish*), Róma (Hungarian)*, Roma - רומא (Hebrew), Rōma - ローマ (Japanese)*, Roma - 로마 (Korean), Rome (Dutch*, French*, Frisian*), Rome, Roeme, Roame (Limburgish, depending on dialect), Rómi - Ρώμη (Greek), Romo (Esperanto), Rooma (Estonian*, Finnish*), Roum (Luxembourgish), Roym - רױם (Yiddish), Ruma (Maltese), Rūmiya (Arabic) |
 Roskilde |
Hróarskelda (Icelandic), Roskilde (Danish, Norwegian, Dutch, Finnish, Swedish, Turkish, Polish) |
| Rostock |
Rostock (Estonian, Finnish, German, Romanian, Swedish, Turkish), Rostock / Rostok (Polish), Rostoka (Latvian), Rostokas (Lithuanian), Rostoque (Portuguese)*, Roztoka (former Polish), Roztoky (Czech) |
| Rouen |
Rouaan (Dutch alternate), Rouen (French, Italian, Romanian), Ruan or Ruán (Spanish)*, Ruão (Portuguese), Ruāna (Latvian), Rúðuborg (Icelandic), Ρουένη (Greek - καθαρεύουσα) |
| Rovaniemi |
Roavenjarga (Northern Sami), Rovaniemi (Estonian, Finnish, Swedish, Turkish), Rovaniemis (Lithuanian) |
| Rovinj |
Rovigno (Italian), Rovinj (Croatian, Slovene), Ruginium (Latin) |
 Ružomberok |
Rosenberg (German), Rózsahegy (Hungarian), Rużomberk (Polish), Ružomberok (Slovak) |
| Rzeszów |
Reichshof (German 1939–1945), Reisha - רישא (Hebrew), Řešov (Czech), Reyshe - רײשע (Yiddish), Ryashеv - Ряшев (Russian), Ryashiv (Ukrainian), Rzeszów (Polish) |
S
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Saarbrücken |
Saarbrécken (Luxembourgish)*, Saarbrücken (German*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Saarbrükken (Azeri)*, Saarbrýken - Σααρμπρύκεν (Greek)*, Sarbriukenas (Lithuanian)*, Sarrebruck (French*, Spanish [dated]), Zaarbriuk'eni – ზაარბრიუკენი (Georgian*) |
| Saarlouis |
Saarlautern (German 1936–1945)*, Saarlouis (German)*, Sarre-Libre (French 1793–1810)*, Sarrelouis (French)* |
 Šabac |
Böğürdelen (Turkish), Šabac (English, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Šabac - Шaбац (Serbian, Macedonian), Schabatz (German), Szabács (Hungarian) |
| Sabinov |
Kisszeben (Hungarian), Sabinov (Slovak, Czech), Zeben (German) |
 Sagunto |
Morvedre (former Catalan), Murviedro (former Spanish), Sagunt (Catalan, German), Sagunto (Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Saguntum (Latin) |
  St Albans |
Verlamchester or Wæclingacaester (Old English), Verlamion (former English), Verulamium (Latin) |
 St Andrews |
Cill Rìmhinn (Scottish Gaelic), Kilrymont or Kilrule (former English), Sanct Andraes (Lowland Scots) |
| St. Gallen |
Saint-Gall (French, Romanian), San Galo (Spanish*), San Gallo (Italian), Sankt Gallen (Dutch, German), São Galo (Portuguese*) Son Gagl (Romansh), Svatý Havel (Czech) |
 Saint Petersburg |
Ayía Petrúpoli - Αγία Πετρούπολη (Greek)*, Cathair Pheadair (Irish), Peterburg and Peyterburg - פּעטערבורג (Yiddish), Peterburi (Estonian), Petroburgo (Esperanto), Petrograd (traditional Serbian, independent of the 1914–1924 renaming)*, Petrohrad (Slovak)*, Petropolis (Latin)*, Pietari (Finnish), Saint-Pétersbourg (French)*, Sangteu Petereubureukeu / Sangt'ŭ P'et'erŭburŭk'ŭ - 상트페테르부르크 (Korean), Sankta Pætursborg or St. Pætursborg (Faroese)*, Sankti Pétursborg (Icelandic)*, Sankt-Peterburg (Croatian*, Sankt-Peterburg - Санкт-Петербург (Russian*), Sankt Peterburg - Санкт Петербург (Serbian)*, Sankt-Peterburg* or Peterburg (Turkish), Sankt Peterburg (Serbo-Croatian*, Slovene*, seldom Slovak), Sanktpēterburga (Latvian), Sankt Peterburgas (Lithuanian), Sankt-Peterburgi - სანქტ-პეტერბურგი (Georgian*), Sankt Petěrburk (Czech), Sankt Petersborg (Danish*, Low German*), Sankt Petersburg (German*, Polish, Romanian, Swedish), Sankt-Pieciarburh - Санкт-Пецярбург (Belarusian), Sankuto Peteruburuku - サンクトペテルブルク (Japanese)*, San Petersburgo (Spanish*, Tagalog*), San Pietroburgo (Italian)*, San Pietruburgu (Maltese), Sānt Bītarsbūrġ - سانت بطرسبرغ (Arabic)*, São Petersburgo (Portuguese)*, Shën Petersburg (Albanian), Shèng Bĭdébāo - 聖彼得堡 (Chinese), Sint-Petersburg (Dutch)*, St. Petersburg (Norwegian)*, Szentpétervár (Hungarian)*, Xanh Pê-téc-bua (Vietnamese)
1638–1703 (a 17th-century town at the site of the present city): Nevanlinna (Finnish), Niyen – Ниен (Russian), Nyen (Swedish) 1914–1924: Petorogurādo - ペトログラード (Japanese), Petrograd (former English, former French, former Russian, former Serbian, former Slovene, former Swedish), Petrogrado (former Spanish, former Portuguese), Petrohrad (former Czech, Slovak), Pietrogrado (former Italian), Piotrogród (former Polish), Pēterpils (former Latvian), Petrapilis (former Lithuanian) 1924–1991: Leningrad (former Czech, former English, former German, former Swedish), Leningrado (former Italian, former Spanish), Leninegrado (former Portuguese), Ленинград - Lenjingrad (former Serbo-Croatian)*, Reningeuradeu / Renin'gŭradŭ - 레닌그라드 (Korean), Reningurādo - レニングラード (Japanese), "Liènínggélè"-列寧格勒 (Chinese) |
| St. Moritz |
Sanktmorica (Latvian), Sankt Moritz (German)*, Saint-Moritz (French)*, San Maurizio (Italian)*, San Morittsu - サンモリッツ (Japanese)*, San Murezzan (Romansh), Svatý Mořic (Czech) |
| Saint-Quentin |
Saint-Quentin (French), San Quintín (Spanish), San Quintino (Italian) |
| Salzburg |
Jalcheubureukeu / Chalch'ŭburŭk'ŭ - 잘츠부르크 (Korean), Sà'ērzíbăo - 薩爾茨堡 (Chinese), Såizburg (Bavarian), Salisburgo (Italian), Salzbourg (French), Salzburg (Bosnian, Croatian, Finnish, German, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish, Turkish), Salzburgo (Portuguese, Spanish), Solnograd (old Slovene), Solnohrad (Czech), Zalcburga (Latvian), Zalcburgas (Lithuanian), Zarutsuburuku - ザルツブルク (Japanese)* |
| Samara |
Kujbišev (Slovene, former name), Kuybyshev (former name), Samara – Самара (Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian), Samara (German, Azeri), Szamara (Hungarian) |
| Sânnicolau Mare |
Groß Sankt Nikolaus or Großsanktnikolaus (German), Nagyszentmiklós (Hungarian), Sânnicolau Mare or Sân Nicolau Mare (Romanian), Sînnicolau Mare (former Romanian), Veliki Sveti Nikola (Serbian) |
 San Marino |
São Marinho or São Marino (Portuguese)* |
| San Sebastian |
Donostia (Basque*, Estonian*), Donostia-San Sebastián (official name, combination of the names in both local languages: Donostia (Basque pronunciation: [doˈnos̺tia]) and San Sebastián (Spanish: [s̺an s̺eβas̺ˈtjan]))[3], Donostio (Esperanto)*, Saint-Sébastien (French)*, San Sebastian (most common English variant), San Sebastián (Spanish*, Portuguese*, Finnish*, Romanian), Sant Sebastià (Catalan)*, San Sebastijanas (Lithuanian), São Sebastião (Portuguese variant)* |
| Santiago de Compostela |
Compostela (former Galician, current use also), Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle (French), Santiago de Compostela (Galician, Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish), Santiago de Compostel·la (Catalan), Santiago di Compostela (Italian), Santiago di Compostella or San Giacomo di Compostella (old Italian), Sant Jaume de Galícia (former Catalan), Šānt Yāqūb (Arabic) |
 Sarajevo |
Saarayego (Wolof), Sairéavó (Irish), Sàlārèwō - 撒拉熱窩 (Chinese), Saraebo - サラエボ (Japanese)*, Saraewo - Սարաևո (Armenian), Saraievo (Galician, Portuguese, Romanian), Sarajeva (Latvian), Sarajevas (Lithuanian), Sarajevë (Albanian), Sarajevo (Bosnian, Croatian, English, Finnish, French, Italian, Maltese, Portuguese, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish), Sarajevo - Сараjево (Bosnian, Serbian), Sarajevo - Сараево (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chuvash, Russian, Ossetic, Macedonian, Tatar, Tajik), Sarajevo - Сараєво (Ukrainian), Sarajevó (Icelandic), Sarajewo (German, Lower Sorbian, Polish, Upper Sorbian), Saray (Judaeo-Spanish), Saraybosna (Turkish), Sarayebo - 사라예보 (Korean), Sarayevo (Azeri, Crimean Turkic, Haitian Creole, Kurdi, Swahili), Saráyevo - Σαράγεβο (Greek), Sarayevo - סראייבו (Hebrew), Sarāyīfū or Sarāyēfū - سراييفو (Arabic), Szarajevó (Hungarian), Seraium (Latin), Vrhbosna (former Bosnian and Croatian) Saraj or Saray (Ladino) |
 Saranda |
Áyii Saránda – Άγιοι Σαράντα (Greek), Santiquaranta or Santi Quaranta (Italian), Sarandë or Saranda (Albanian) |
| Sarrebourg |
Kaufmanns-Saarbrück (former German)*, Pons Saravi (Latin), Saarburch or Saarbuerj (Rhine Franconian), Saarburg (Dutch, German*), Sarrebourg (French*, German*) |
| Sarreguemines |
Gaemundia or Gaimundia (Latin), Saargemìnn (Rhine Franconian), Saargemünd (German)*, Sarreguemines (French)* |
| Sartene |
Sartè (Corsican), Sartena (Italian), Sartène (French) |
| Sassari |
Sáçer (Old Spanish), Sassari (Sassarese, Corsican, Italian), Sássari (Portuguese)*, Sassaro (Old Sassarese), Sàsser (Catalan), Tathari / Tàthari / Tàttari / Tattari (Sardinian) |
| Saverne |
Saverne (French), Zabern (German), Tres Tabernae (Latin) |
| Savonlinna |
Savonlinna (Finnish), Nyslott (Swedish) |
| Schaffhausen |
Šafhauzene (Latvian), Schaffhausen (German, Romanian), Schaffhouse (French), Schaffusa (Romansh), Sciaffusa (Italian), Szafuza (Polish) |
| Schweinfurt |
Schweinfurt (German, Romanian, Slovene), Svinibrod (Czech) |
| Schwerin |
Schwerin (German), Swaryń (Polish), Zuarin (Obotritic), Zvěřín (Czech) |
| Schwyz |
Schwytz (French, Finnish), Schwyz (German), Svitto (Italian), Sviz (Romansh) |
| Sélestat |
Schlettstadt (German)*, Sélestat (French*, German*) |
| Senj |
Segna (Italian), Senja or Segnia (Latin), Senj (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Zengg (German, former Hungarian) |
 Setúbal |
Saint Ubes (former English), Saint-Yves (former French), Shaṭūbar - شَطُوبَر (Arabic) |
/ Sevastopol |
Akyar or Sivastopol (Turkish), Aqyar (Crimean Tatar*, Tatar), Sebaseutopol / Sebasŭt'op'ol – 세바스토폴 (Korean)*, Sebastòpol (Catalan), Sébastopol (French), Sebastopol (Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, former English), Sebastopoli (Italian), Sevastopol (Finnish, Romanian), Sevastopol' – Севастополь (Russian, Ukrainian), Sevastopole (Latvian), Sevastúpoli – Σεβαστούπολη (Greek), Sewastopol (German*, Polish), Szevasztopol (Hungarian), Theoderichshafen (proposed German name during World War II)* |
| Seville |
Hispalis (Latin), Išbīliya - إشبيلية (Arabic), Sebiriya – セビリア / Sebīrya - セビーリャ (Japanese)*, Sebiya – 세비야 (Korean), Seviļa (Latvian), Sevila (Slovene), Sevilha (Occitan, Portuguese), Sevilia (former Romanian), Sevilija (Lithuanian), Sevilja (Serbian), Seviljo (Esperanto), Sevilla (Galician, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Irish, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish), Séville (French), Sevílli – Σεβίλλη (Greek), Sevilya (Turkish, Azeri), Seviya (Ladino)*, Sewilla (Polish), Siviglia (Italian), Sivilja (Maltese) |
 's-Hertogenbosch |
Bolduque (Spanish), Boscoducale (older Italian), Bois-le-Duc (French), De Bosk (Frisian), Den Bosch or 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch), Hertogenbosch (Italian), Herzogenbusch (German), n Bos(k) (Gronings), 's-Hertogenbosch (English, Polish, Swedish) |
| Shkodër |
Escodra (Portuguese)*, Escútari[4] (Spanish), İşkodra (Turkish), Scodra (Latin), Scutari (Italian, old Romanian), Shkodër (Albanian), Skadar (Czech, Serbian, Slovene), Skódhra – Σκόδρα (Greek), Skutari (German), Szkodra (Polish) |
| Shrewsbury |
Amwythig, sometimes rendered Yr Amwythig (Welsh) |
 Šiauliai |
Šauļi (Latvian), Šaŭli – Шаўлі (Belarusian), Schaulen (German), Shavl – שאַװל (Yiddish), Shavli – Шавли (Russian), Šiauliai (Lithuanian, Finnish), Szawle (Polish) |
| Šibenik |
Sebenico (former Hungarian, Italian), Šibenik (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Szybenik (Polish) |
| Sibiu |
Hermannstadt (German)*, Nagyszeben (Hungarian)*, Sibiň (Czech)*, Sibinj – Сибињ (Serbian), Sibiu (German*, Romanian*, Finnish*, Turkish*), Sybin (Polish)* |
| Siedlce |
Sedlets - Седлец (Russian), Shedlets – שעדלעץ (Yiddish), Siedlce (Polish) |
| Siena |
Sena (former Portuguese, former Spanish), Siena (Dutch, Galician, German, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovene, Spanish, Turkish), Siena – 시에나 (Korean), Sienna (English variant), Sienne (French) |
| Sighetu Marmației |
Máramarossziget or Sziget (Hungarian)*, Maramureschsigeth / Siget / Sighetu Marmației (German)*, Marmarošská Sihoť or Sighetu Marmației (Czech)*, Ostrovu Marmației (medieval name), Siget Marmaćej or Siget (Croatian, Serbian)*, Siget - סיגעט (Yiddish)*, Sighet (former English)*, Sighetu Marmației (Dutch*, Portuguese*), Sighetu Marmației or Sighet (Italian)*, Sighetu Marmației or Sighetul Marmației (French)*, Sighetu Marmației or Sighetul Marmației or Sighet (Romanian)*, Sihoť or Syhoty (Slovak), Sihota (Rusyn), Syhit – Сигіт or Syhit-Marmaros'kyy – Сигіт-Мармароський (Ukrainian)*, Syhot Marmaroski or Sygiet (Polish)* |
| Sighișoara |
Schäßburg (German)*, Segesvár (Hungarian)*, Sighișoara (German*, Romanian*), Sigiszoara (Polish)* |
| / Simferopol |
Akmescit (Turkish), Aqmescit (Crimean Tatar*, Tatar*), Gotenburg (proposed German name during World War II), Simferòpol (Catalan), Simferopol (Romanian), Simferopol' – Симферополь (Russian), Simferopol' – Сімферополь (Ukrainian), Simferopole (Latvian), Simferopoli or Sinferopoli (Italian), Symferopol (Polish), Symferoúpoli – Συμφερούπολη (Greek), Szimferopol (Hungarian) |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Sint-Truiden |
Oppidum Sancti Trudonis (Latin)*, Saint-Trond (French)*, Sent-Trüden (Azeri)*, Sinttreidena (Latvian)*, Sint Treidenas (Lithuanian)* |
 Skellefteå |
Heletti (Meänkieli), Šeleftėjas (Lithuanian), Šellefteo (Latvian), Shelefteo – Шелефтео (Bulgarian, Serbian), Shellefteo – Шеллефтео (Russian, Ukrainian), Sherefuteo – シェレフテオ (Japanese), Skellefteå (Swedish), Skillehte (Southern Sami), Syöldate (Ume Sami) |
| Skopje |
Escópia (Portuguese)*, Scóipé (Irish), Scoplie (Romanian variant), Scupi (Latin), Seukope / Sŭk'op'e – 스코페 (Korean), Shkupi (Albanian), Skop'e – Скопье (Russian), Skópia – Σκόπια (Greek), Skopie – Скопие (Bulgarian), Skopie (Polish, Spanish), Skopje (Czech, Dutch, German, Latvian, Maltese, Portuguese, Slovene, Romanian, Swedish), Skopjė (Lithuanian), Skopje – Скопје (Macedonian), Skoplje (Serbian, Croatian), Skūbyī - إسكوبية (Arabic), Sukopie – スコピエ (Japanese)*, Szkopje (Hungarian), Usküb (English in the 11th Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica), Üsküb (Ottoman Turkish), Üsküp (Turkish), Üszküp (historical Hungarian) |
| Skwierzyna |
Schwerin an der Warthe (German) |
| Slavske |
Slavs'ke – Славське (Ukrainian), Slawsko (Polish) |
| Sleswick |
Schleswig (German), Sleeswijk (Dutch), Slesvig (Danish* Norwegian*), Šlēsviga (Latvian), Sleswig (Low German) |
 Sligo |
Sligeach (Irish) |
| Słupsk |
Slupsk - Слупск (Russian and other languages written in Cyrillic script), Slupska (Latvian), Stolp (German), Stolpe (Latin), Stölpe (Swedish), Stôłpsk (Kashubian) |
| Smolensk |
Esmolensco (Portuguese, rare)*, Smalensk – Смаленск (Belarusian), Smolensk – Смоленск (Russian), Smolensk (Azeri, Dutch, French, German, Portuguese, Romanian), Smoleńsk (Polish), Smoļenska (Latvian), Smolenskas (Lithuanian), Szmolenszk (Hungarian) |
| Södertälje |
Nán Tàilìyē – 南泰利耶 (Chinese), Södertälje (Swedish), Telga australis (Latin) |
| Solin |
Salona (Dutch, Italian), Solin (Croatian, Slovene) |
 Sofia |
Safija – Сафія (Belarusian), Sardaki - Сардакіи (former Bulgarian), Serdikḗ / Serdikí - Σερδική or Serdṓn pólis - Σερδών πόλις or Triádhitza - Τριάδιτζα (former Greek), Sófia – Σόφια (Greek), Sófia (Portuguese), Sofia (Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Swedish), Sofia – ソフィア (Japanese)*, Sofía (Spanish), Sofiya – София (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Macedonian), Sofiya – Софія (Ukrainian), Sofija (Croatian, Slovene, Latvian, Lithuanian), Sofio (Esperanto), Sofiya (Azeri), Sofja (Maltese), Sofya (Turkish), Sóifia (Irish), Sopia / Sop'ia – 소피아 (Korean), Sredets - Срѣдєцъ (Old Slavic, former Bulgarian), Sūfiyā (Arabic), Suofeiya - 索菲亞 (Chinese), Szófia (Hungarian), Ulpia Serdica (Latin) |
| Solothurn |
Soletta (Italian), Soleura (Portuguese)*, Soleure (French), Solothurn (Dutch, German), Soloturn (Romansh), Solura (Polish) |
| Sønderborg |
Sonderburg (German) |
| Sondrio |
Sondrio (Italian), Sunder (Romansh), Sùndri (Lombard), Sundrium (Latin) |
| Sopot |
Sopòt (Kashubian), Sopot (Polish), Sopota (Latvian), Zoppot (German) |
 Sopron |
Ödenburg (German), Sopron (Hungarian, Romanian), Šopron (Croatian), Šoproň (Slovak, Czech) |
| Sorsele |
Sorsele (Swedish), Suarsa (Southern Sami), Suarssá (Ume Sami) |
| Sovetsk |
Sovetsk – Советск (Russian), Sovetska (Latvian), Sovjetsk (Serbian, Slovene), Sovyetsk (Turkish), Tilsit (German), Tilžė (Lithuanian), Tilzīte (former Latvian), Tylża (Polish) |
 Sparta |
Lacédémone (French variant), Lakedaimṓn - Λακεδαιμών or Lakedaimonía - Λακεδαιμονία (Ancient Greek variant), Spártē / Spárti Σπάρτη (Greek), Sparte (French) |
| Speyer |
Espira (Spanish, Portuguese), Spiers (Dutch), Spira (Italian, Polish), Spire (French), Spires (former English), Špýr (Czech), Shapira שפירא (Hebrew), Shapiro שפירא (Yiddish), |
| Spišská Nová Ves |
Igló (Hungarian), Noveysis (Romani), Nowa Wieś Spiska or Spiska Nowa Wieś (Polish), Spiska Nova Ves - Списка Нова Вес (Ukrainian), Spišská Nová Ves (Slovak), Villa Nova (Latin), (Zipser) Neu(-en-)dorf (German) |
| Split |
Seupeulliteu / Sŭp'ŭllit'ŭ – 스플리트 (Korean), Spalato (former Hungarian, Italian), Split (Azeri, Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, German, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene, Spanish, Turkish), Splita (Latvian), Splitas (Lithuanian), Σπολάτο (Greek Katharevousa) |
| Spreewald |
Błota (Lower Sorbian), Spreewald (German) |
| Spremberg |
Grodk (Lower Sorbian), Spremberg (German) |
| Stargard |
Ščecino Stargardas (former Lithuanian), Stargard (English, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish), Stargard - Στάργκαρντ (Greek), Stargard - Старгард (Russian), Stargard - Старгард (Ukrainian) Stargard in Pommern or Stargard an der Ihna (German), Stargarda (Latvian), Stargardas (Lithuanian), Stargarda Ščeciņska (former Latvian), Stargardia (Latin), Stargard Ščecin'ski - Старгард Щециньски (former Russian), Stargard Ščecin'skyj - Старгард Щецінський (former Ukrainian), Stárgard Setséttsinski - Στάργκαρντ Σετσέτσινσκι (former Greek), Stargard Szczeciński (former Polish, official name of the city 1945–2015), Stôrgard (Kashubian, Pomeranian) |
| Starokonstantinov |
Alt-Konstantin (German), Old Constantine (former English), Starokonstantinov - Староконстантинов (Russian), Starokostyantyniv Старокостянтинів (Ukrainian), Starokonstantynów and Konstantynów (Polish) |
 / Stepanakert |
Estepanaquerte (Portuguese)*, Hankendi (Turkish), Stepanakert - Ստեփանակերտ (Armenian), Xankendi (Azeri) |
| Sterzing-Vipiteno |
Stérzen or Sterzinga (former Italian), Sterzing (German), Vipiteno (Italian) |
| Štip |
Štip (English, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Štip - Штип (Serbian, Macedonian) |
| Stockholm |
Estocolm (Catalan), Estocolmo (Galician, Portuguese, Spanish), Estokolmo (Tagalog*), Holmia (Latin), Istūkhūlm (Arabic), Sa-tok-home – สตอกโฮล์ม (Thai)*, Seutokholleum / Sŭt'okhollŭm – 스톡홀름 (Korean), Sīdégē'ěrmó – 斯德哥爾摩 (Chinese)*, Stoccolma (Italian), Stockhoalmma (Lule Sami), Stockholbma (Northern Sami), Stockholm (Basque, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, German, Hungarian, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovene, Swedish), Stócólm (Irish), Stoc Tholm (Scottish Gaelic, archaic), Stokgol'm - Стокгольм (Russian), Stokholm (Albanian, Azeri, former Estonian, Serbian, Turkish), Stokholm – Стокхолм (Bulgarian), Štokholm (Slovak), Štokholm – שטאָקהאָלם (Yiddish), Stokhol'm (Ukrainian), Stokholma (Latvian), Stokholmas (Lithuanian), Stokholmi (Meänkieli), Stokholmo (Esperanto), Stokkhol (Elfdalian), Stokkhólmi – Στοκχόλμη (Greek), Stokkhólmur (Faroese, Icelandic), Stokkolma (Maltese), Stokxolm (Finnish Kalo), Stuehkie (Southern Sami), Sutokkuhorumu – ストックホルム (Japanese)*, Sztokholm (Polish), Tjåsskasulla (Ume Sami), Tukholma (Finnish, Inari Sami), Tukholmi (alternative Meänkieli) |
| Storuman |
Luspie (Southern Sami), Lusspie (Ume Sami), Storuman (Swedish) |
| Stralsund |
Stralsund (German, Swedish), Stralsunda (Italian), Štrālzunde (Latvian), Strzałowo or Strzałów (Polish) |
| Strasbourg |
Estrasburg (Catalan), Estrasburgo (Portuguese, Spanish), Schdroosburi or Strossburi (Alsatian), Seuteuraseubureu / Sŭt'ŭrasŭburŭ – 스트라스부르 (Korean), Straasburch (Frisian), Straatsburg (Afrikaans and Dutch), Strasborg (Scottish Gaelic), Strasbourg (French, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovene, Swedish), Strasbūra (Latvian), Strasbūras (Lithuanian), Strasburg (Polish), Štrasburg (Slovak), Strasburgo (Esperanto, Italian),Strasburgu (Maltese), Štrasburk (Czech), Strassburg (Finnish, Swiss German, former Swedish), Straßburg (German), Strasvúrgo – Στρασβούργο (Greek), Strazbur (Serbian), Strazburg (Turkish), Stroossbuerg (Luxembourgish), Sutorasubūru – ストラスブール (Japanese)* |
| Straubing |
Straubing (German), Štrubina (Czech) |
| Strömsund |
Straejmie (Southern Sami), Strömsund (Swedish) |
| Struga |
Struga (English, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Struga - Струга (Macedonian, Serbian) |
| Strumica |
Strumica (English, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Strumica - Струмица (Macedonian, Serbian) |
| Stuttgart |
Schduagert (Swabian German)*, Estugarda (Portuguese), Shututtogaruto - シュトゥットガルト (Japanese)*, Štíhrad (Czech), Stoccarda (Italian), Stoutgárdhi – Στουτγάρδη (Greek), Štutgartas (Lithuanian), Štutgarte (Latvian), Stuttgart (Brazilian Portuguese, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Norwegian, Romanian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Syututeugareuteu / Syut'ut'ŭgarŭt'ŭ - 슈투트가르트 (Korean) |
| Subotica |
Mariatheresiopel (German), Subotica (Finnish, Slovene, Polish, Romanian), Subotica – Суботица (Serbian), Szabadka (Hungarian) |
| Suceava |
Sedschopff (archaic German),[5] Shots/Shatz – שאָץ (Yiddish),[6] Sotschen (archaic German),[7] Sučava - Сучава (Russian, Ukrainian), Suceava (Romanian), Suczawa (Polish, German), Sutschawa (German), Sūqiàwǎ - 蘇恰瓦 (Mandarin Chinese), Szucsáva (Hungarian)
|
| Sundsvall |
Sjädtavallie (Southern Sami), Soúntsval – Σούντσβαλ (Greek), Sundsvall (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) |
| Supetar |
San Pietro di Brazza (Italian) |
| Sveti Nikole |
Sveti Nikole (English, Croatian, Bosnian), Sveti Nikole - Свети Николе (Macedonian, Serbian) |
 Swansea |
Abertaŭo (Esperanto), Abertawe (Welsh), Swansea (Dutch, German, Slovene), Suonsi – სუონსი (Georgian*), Svonsi (Serbian) |
| Świnoujście |
Swinemünde (German), Świnoujście (Polish), Svinoústí or Ústí nad Svinou (Czech) |
| Syracuse |
Saraùsa (Sicilian), Sioracús (Irish), Siracusa (Italian, Romanian, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan), Siracuza (former Romanian), Siragüza (Arabic), Syrákousai – Συράκουσαι (Ancient Greek), Sirakoúses – Συρακούσες (Greek), Syrakus (German), Syrakusa (Finnish, Swedish), Syrakuse (Dutch), Sirakuso (Esperanto), Sirakuza (Azeri, Serbian), Sirakuża (Maltese), Siraküza (Turkish), Sirakūzai (Lithuanian), Sirakuze (Slovene), Syrakuzy (Polish), Syrakúzy (Slovak), Syrakusy or Syrákúsy (Czech)* |
| Szczebrzeszyn |
Shebreshin – שעברעשין (Yiddish), Szczebrzeszyn (Polish) |
| Szczecin |
Estetino (Portuguese, Spanish), Šćećin (Serbian), Ščecin – Шчэцін (Belarusian), Ščecina (Latvian), Scecinum or Stetinum (Latin), Štětín (Czech), Štetín (Slovak, Slovene), Štetinas (Lithuanian), Stettijn (old Dutch),[8] Stettin (German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, former English), Stettíno - Στεττίνο (Greek), Stettino (Italian), Stettyn (Afrikaans), Syuchechin / Syuch'ech'in – 슈체친 (Korean)*, Szczecin (Polish, Romanian), Şetsin (Azeri)* |
| Szczytno |
Ortelsburg (German), Ortulfsburg (older German), Szczytno (Polish) |
| Szeged |
Partiscum (Latin), Segedín (Czech, Serbian, Slovak), Segedin (Turkish), Segedyn or Szegedyn (Polish), Seghedin (Romanian), Seghedino (Italian), Szeged (Hungarian), Szegedin or Segedin (German), Siget (Croatian) |
| Székesfehérvár |
Alba Regia (Latin, Spanish), İstolni Belgrad (Turkish), Stoličný Bělehrad (Czech), Stoličný Belehrad (Slovak), Stolni Beograd - Столни Београд (Serbian), Stolni Biograd (Croatian), Stuhlweißenburg (German) |
| Szentendre |
Sentandreja – Сентандреја (Serbian), Svatý Ondřej (Czech), Szentendre (Hungarian) |
| Szombathely |
Kamenec (Czech), Kamenica (Slovak), Sambotel (Croatian), Savaria or Sabaria (Latin), Sombotel (Slovene), Steinamanger (German), Szombathely (Hungarian) |
T
| English name | Other names or former names |
|---|---|
| Tallinn |
Castrum Danorum (Latin, 13th century),[9] Kolyvan - Колывань (in Old East Slavic chronicles, whose authenticity and connection with modern Tallinn is disputed), Lindanäs (late medieval Swedish, attested after the Livonian Crusade), Lyndanisse (late medieval Danish, attested in the 13th century),[10][11] Rääveli (former Finnish), Reval (former Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Norwegian, Swedish and Turkish), Revalia (former Latin), Revel' - Ревель (former Russian), Rēvele (former Latvian), Revl - רעוול (Yiddish), Rewel (former Polish), Taillinn (Irish), Tālīn - تالين (Arabic), Tǎlín - 塔林 (Chinese), Talin or Taline (alternative Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, alternative Turkish), Talinas (Lithuanian), Tallin (Spanish), Tallin was also the alternative transliteration variant of Таллин (Russian) used in many languages during the second half of the 20th century, Tallin / T'allin - 탈린 (Korean), Tallíni - Ταλλίνη (Greek Katharevousa), Tallinn (Azeri, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, French, German, Italian, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovakian, Swedish and Turkish), Talinny (Hungarian), Tallina (Latvian), Tallinna (Finnish, former Estonian), Tarin - タリン (Japanese)*
|
| Tampere |
Tammerfors (Danish, Swedish), Tampere (Azeri, Estonian, Finnish, Latvian, Portuguese, Romanian, Turkish), Tampere / T'amp'ere - 탐페레 (Korean), Tamperė (Lithuanian) |
| Taranto |
Taranto (Italian, Romanian), Táras - Τάρας (Ancient Greek), Tárantas - Τάραντας (Modern Greek), Tàrent (Catalan), Tarent (Czech, German, Polish, Romanian variant, Serbian), Tarente (French), Tarento (Portuguese*, Spanish), Tarentum (Latin) |
| Târgu Mureș |
Marosvásárhely (Hungarian*),[KNAB] Maroš Vazargeli - Марошъ Вазаргели (archaic Russian),[KNAB] Neumarkt (am Mieresch) (German), Nový Trh (nad Máruši) (alternative Czech),[KNAB] Oșorhei (archaic Romanian),[KNAB] Târgu Mureș (Romanian, current spelling), Tîrgu Mureș (Romanian, old spelling), Tyrgu-Mureš - Тиргу-Муреш (Ukrainian*), Tyrgu-Mureš - Тыргу-Муреш (Russian*)[KNAB]
|
| Târgu Neamț |
Németvásár (Hungarian), Târgu Neamț (Romanian, current spelling), Tîrgu Neamț (Romanian, old spelling) |
| Târgu Ocna |
Aknavásár (Hungarian), Târgu Ocna (Romanian, current spelling), Tîrgu Ocna (Romanian, old spelling) |
| Târgu Jiu |
Târgu Jiu (Romanian, current spelling), Tergoschwyl (German), Tîrgu Jiu (Romanian, old spelling), Zsilvásárhely (Hungarian) |
| Tarnów |
Tarne - טארנע (Yiddish), Tarniv - Тарнів (Ukrainian), Tarnów (Polish) |
| Tarnowskie Góry |
Tarnovice (archaic Czech),[12] Tarnovske-Gury - Тарновске-Гуры (Russian*), Tarnovské Hory (archaic Czech),[13] Tarnovs'ki Hury - Тарновські Гури (Ukrainian*), Tarnowitz (German), Tarnowske Gůry (Silesian*), Tarnowskie Góry (Polish) |
| Tarragona |
Tarraco (Latin), Tarragona (Catalan, Spanish, English), Tarragone (French) |
| Tartu |
Dorpat (former German, Polish, Swedish, Latin;[14] and Russian transcription Дерпт), Tarbatu (Ancient Estonian), Tarto (Võro), Tartto (Finnish), Tartu (Estonian, German, Latvian, Romanian, Russian, Swedish, Turkish), Tērbata (Latvian, before 1918), Tarbata / Tharbata, Tarbatum / Tharbatum (Latin), Yur'yev - Юрьев (former Russian) |
| Tarvisio |
Tarvis (Friulian, German), Tarvisio (Italian), Trbiž (Slovene) |
| Tauragė |
Tauragė (Lithuanian),[KNAB] Tauraģe (Latvian*),[KNAB] Tauragie (Samogitian*), Tauroggen (German),[KNAB] Taurogi (Polish*),[KNAB] Taurogy (alternative Czech),[KNAB] Tovrik - טאווריק (Yiddish) |
 Tekirdağ |
Bisánthe - Βισάνθη or Bysánthe - Βυσάνθη (Ancient Greek name of a Thracian town very near the modern city), Raedestus / Rhaedestus (Latin), Rhaidestós - Ῥαιδεστός (Greek), Rodosçuk (early Ottoman Turkish), Rodosto (Italian and various European languages), Rodostó (Hungarian), Tekfurdağı (late Ottoman Turkish), Tekirdağ (Turkish), Visánthi - Βισάνθη (Modern Greek form of Bisánthe) |
| Tempio Pausania |
Tempio (Spanish, Catalan, former Italian), Tempio Pausania (Italian), Tempiu (Corsican, Sardinian) |
 Terezín |
Terezín (Czech, Slovak), Terezin (Polish), Tirisino (Italian), Theresienstadt (German) |
| Ternopil |
Tarnopil - Тарнопіль (Ukrainian until 1944), Tarnopol (German, Polish), Tarnopolis (Latin), Ternopal - Тэрнопаль (Belarusian), Ternopil (Czech, Turkish, Ukrainian), Ternopiľ (Slovak), Ternopilj (Croatian) |
| Tetovo |
Tetovo (English, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Slovene), Tetovo - Тетово (Macedonian), Kalkandelen (Turkish) |
| The Hague |
Ang Haya (Tagalog*), An Háig (Irish), De Haach (West Frisian), De Haag (local Haags dialect), Den Haag or 's-Gravenhage (Dutch), Den Haag or der Haag (German), Den Haag (Indonesian), D'n 'Aegt (Zeelandic), Gaaga - Гаага (Russian), Haag (Croatian, Czech, Danish, Estonian, Finnish, Slovak, Slovene, Swedish), Haaga - Гааґа (Ukrainian), Hag (Serbian), Hāga (Latvian), Haga (Polish, Romanian, Lithuanian, Albanian), Hága (Hungarian), Hago (Esperanto), Hāgu - ハーグ (Japanese)*, Haia (Portuguese), Hǎiyá - 海牙 (Chinese), Ηáyi - Χάγη (Greek), Heigeu / Heigŭ - 헤이그 (Korean), Lāhāy - لاهاي (Arabic), La Hay or La Haye (Vietnamese), La Haya (Spanish), La Haye (French), Lahey (Turkish), L'Aia (Italian), L-Aja (Maltese) |
| Thessaloniki |
Salonic (Romanian), Salonica (alternative English name), Salónica (Portuguese, Spanish), Salonicco or Tessalonica (Italian), Salonik (alternative Ladino*), Sālōnīk - سالونيك (Arabic), Salonika (Ladino*), Salonikai (Lithuanian), Saloniki - Σαλονίκη (Azeri, alternative German, alternative Greek name, alternative Ladino, Latvian, Polish), Salonik'i - სალონიკი or Tesalonik'i - თესალონიკი (Georgian*), Saloniki - Салоники (Russian), Saloniki or Thessaloniki (Swedish), Saloniky - Салоніки (Ukrainian), Salonique or Thessalonique (French), Salonka (Maltese), Sãrunã (Aromanian), Săruna (Megleno-Romanian), Selanik (alternative Ladino*, Turkish, Albanian), Solun - Солун (Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene), Soluň (Czech), Sołuń (Polish, historical), Solún (Slovak), Szaloniki or Tesszaloniki (Hungarian), Teasaloinicé (Irish), Tesalloniki / T'esallonik'i - 테살로니키 (Korean), Tesalonic (alternative Romanian name), Tesalonica (Tagalog*), Tesalónica (alternative Spanish), Tesalonika (Indonesian), Tesaloniki (alternative Polish), Tessalónica or Tessalônica (alternative Portuguese), Tessalònica (Catalan), Tessaloniki (Finnish), Thessaloniki (German), Thessaloníki - Θεσσαλονίκη (Greek)
|
| Thionville |
Diddenhuewen (Luxembourgish), Diedenhofen (German), Diedenhoven (former Dutch), Thionville (French) |
| Thusis |
Thusis (German), Tusaun (Romansh) |
| Timișoara |
Temešvár (Czech, Slovak), Temesvár (Hungarian), Temeşvar (Turkish), Temeswar (Temeschwar) or Temeschburg (German), Temišvar (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene), Temshvar - טמשוואר (Yiddish), Timișoara (Romanian), Timiszoara (Polish) |
| Tipperary |
Tiobraid Árann (Irish) |
| Tirana |
Tiorána (Irish), Tiran (Turkish), Tirana (Azeri, Catalan, Finnish, Italian*, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian, Spanish, Swedish), Tírana - Τίρανα (Greek), Tirana - ティラナ (Japanese)*, Tirana / T'irana - 티라나 (Korean), Tirāna (Latvian), Tirana - Тирана (Russian, Ukrainian), Tiranë / Tirana (Albanian), Trnava - Трнава (old Macedonian) |
 /.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Tiraspol |
Tiráspol (Portuguese)*, Tiraspol - Тирасполь (Russian), Tyraspol - Тирасполь (Ukrainian) |
| Toledo |
Tolède (French), Toledo (Basque, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Italian, Ladino, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Turkish), Toletum (Latin), Ṭulayṭulaḧ طليطلة (Arabic), Tolédo Τολέδο (Greek), Toldoth טולדות (Hebrew) |
| Tongeren |
Aduatuca (Latin), Tongeren (Dutch), Tongern (German), Tongres (French), Tongue (Walloon) |
| Tornio |
Duortnus (Northern Sami), Toreunio / T'orŭnio - 토르니오 (Korean), Torneå (Swedish), Tornio (Estonian, Finnish) |
 Tórshavn |
Thorshavn (Danish, Finnish, Romanian), Torshamn (Swedish), Tórshavn (Faroese), Toreuseuhaun / T'orŭsŭhaun - 토르스하운, Þórshöfn (Icelandic) |
| Toruń |
civitas Torunensis or Thorun (Latin), Thorn (German), Torń (Kashubian), Toruň (Czech), Toruń (Polish), Torun (Romanian), Torun' - Торунь (Russian, Ukrainian), Toyern - טױערנ (Yiddish) |
| Toulon |
Toló (Catalan), Tolón (Spanish)*, Tolone (Italian), Toulon (French, Finnish, Romanian) Tulon (Azeri, Polish, old Romanian), Tulona (Latvian) |
| Toul |
Toul (French*, Finnish*, German*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Tull (old German*) |
| Toulouse |
Tolosa (Italian, Latin, Occitan, old Portuguese, former Spanish, Basque), Tolosa de Llenguadoc (Catalan), Toulouse (French, Finnish, Portuguese, Romanian, Swedish), Touloúzi - Τουλούζη (Greek), Tullujeu / T'ullujŭ - 툴루즈 (Korean), Tuluz (Serbian), Tuluza (Azeri, Polish), Tulūza (Latvian, Lithuanian), Tuluza - Тулуза (Bulgarian, Ukrainian), Tūrūzu - トゥールーズ (Japanese)* |
| Tournai |
Doornijk (Flemish), Doornik (Dutch), Dornick (German), Tournai (French, Romanian) |
| Tours |
Caesarodunum (Latin), Teurgn (Breton), Tours (French) |
| Trakai |
Trakai (Lithuanian, Turkish), Trakaj - Тракай or Troki - Троки (Russian), Trakay (alternative Turkish), Traķi (Latvian), Troki - Трокі (Belarusian), Troki (Polish), Troky (Czech), Troch (Karaim) |
| Tralee |
Trá Lí (Irish) |
| Trenčín |
Laugaricio (Latin), Trenčin - Тренчин (Russian), Trenczyn (Polish), Trencsén (Hungarian), Trentschin (German) |
| Trento |
Trent (older English), Trente (Dutch, French), Trento (Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish), Trident (Czech), Tridentum (Latin), Trient (German), Trydent (Polish) |
| Trier |
Augusta Treverorum (Latin*),[KNAB] Drir (local German), Tèlǐěr – 特里爾 (Mandarin Chinese*), Teurieo – 트리어 (Korean*), Torīa – トリーア (Japanese*), Treberis (Basque),[KNAB] Tréier (Luxembourgish*),[KNAB] Trevere (Venetian*), Trevèri (Occitan*), Treveris (Basque*),[15] Tréveris (Galician*,[16] Portuguese*, Spanish*,[KNAB]), Trèveris (Catalan*), Treves (dated English),[17][KNAB] Trèves (French*),[KNAB] Trevír (Czech*,[KNAB] Slovak[KNAB]), Treviri (Italian*),[KNAB] Trevíroi – Τρεβήροι (Greek Katharevousa), Trewir (Polish*),[KNAB] Trier (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Hungarian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Triers (dated English),[17] Trir – Трир (Bulgarian*, Russian*,[KNAB] Serbian*), Trir – Трір (Ukrainian*), Trir – Τριρ (Greek*), Trīr ترير (Arabic*), Trīre (Latvian*), Triri (Albanian*), Trîve (Walloon), Tryr – Трыр (Belarusian*), Tryras (Lithuanian*) |
| Trieste |
Tergeste (Latin), Terst (Czech, Slovak), Teryésti - Τεργέστη (Greek), Teurieseute / T'ŭriesŭt'e - 트리에스테 (Korean), Toriesute - トリエステ (Japanese)*, Triest - Триест (Bulgarian, Russian), Triest (Catalan, Dutch, Friulian, German, Polish, Romanian variant), Triëst (Dutch), Triest - Трієст (Ukrainian), Trieste (Finnish, Italian, Latvian, Maltese, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish), Trieszt (Hungarian), Triyeste (alternative Turkish), Трст (Macedonian), Trst (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene)
|
| Trogir |
Traù (Italian), Trogir (Croatian, Romanian, Serbian) |
| Trnava |
Nagyszombat (Hungarian), Trnava - Трнава (Ukrainian), Tyrnau (German), Tyrnavia (Latin) |
 Tromsø |
Romsa (Sami),[KNAB] Teuromsoe / T'ŭromsoe - 트롬쇠 (Korean), Tromsë - Тромсё (Russian),[KNAB] Tromsīeg (Anglo-Saxon*), Tromsö (Swedish, Turkish), Tromssa (Finnish)[KNAB] |
| Trondheim |
Drontheim (archaic German), Nidaros (archaic Norwegian), Niðarós (archaic Icelandic),[KNAB] Niðaróss (Old Norse), Nidrosia (Latin*),[18] Råante (Southern Sami), Roanddin (alternative Northern Sami), Tèlónghèmǔ - 特隆赫姆 (Mandarin Chinese*), Tèlúnhàn - 特倫汗 (alternative Mandarin Chinese), Trånnhjæm (local Norwegian), Troanddin (alternative Northern Sami),[KNAB] Troandin (Northern Sami*),[KNAB] Trondheim (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Norwegian*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Trondheimas (Lithuanian*), Tróndheimur (Faroese),[19] Trondhjem (archaic Danish, Dano-Norwegian, alternative Norwegian), Tronheima (Latvian*), Tronxejm - Тронхейм (Russian*), Þrándheimur (Icelandic*)[KNAB]
|
| Truro |
Truru (Cornish) * |
| Trzebiatów |
Treptow an der Rega (German) |
| Tübingen |
Tībingene (Latvian), Tubinga (Catalan, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Túbīngēn - 圖賓根 (Chinese), Tübingen (German, Swedish), Tubingue (French), Tubinky or Tybinky (Czech), Tybinga (Polish), Tyvíngi - Τυβίγγη (Greek) |
| Turin |
Augusta Taurinorum (Latin), Taurasia (probably pre-Roman Celtic),Taurinum (medieval Latin), Torí (Catalan), Torino (Croatian, Finnish, Greek, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene, Turkish), Torinó (Hungarian), Torino - トリノ (Japanese)*, Torino / T'orino - 토리노 (Korean), Touríno - Τουρίνο (Greek), Turien (Limburgish), Turijn (Dutch), Turim (Portuguese), Turin (Piedmontese, Azeri, Basque, French, Friulian, German, Maltese, Occitan, Lombard, Genoese, Swedish), Turín (Czech, Slovak, Spanish), Turīna (Latvian), Turinas (Lithuanian), Turini - ტურინი (Georgian*), Turyn (Afrikaans, Frisian, Polish) |
| Turckheim |
Turckheim (French)*, Türkheim im Elsass (German, obsolete)* |
| Turku |
Abo - Або (archaic Russian)[20][21] Åbo (Norwegian*, Swedish*[KNAB]), Aboa[18][22][23] or Aboia (Latin), Árbæ (alternative Icelandic), Kaby - Кабы (archaic Russian),[24] Toúrkou - Τούρκου (Greek*), Túrcú (Irish*), Turcua (Latin), Tureuku / T'urŭk'u - 투르쿠 (Korean), Turku (Azeri, Finnish, Latvian, Romanian, Sami*, Turkish), Turku - Турку (Russian*),[KNAB] Turu (Estonian),[KNAB] |
| Tver |
Ćvier - Цвер (Цьвер) (Belarusian), Kalinin - Кали́нин (former official name, 1931–1990), Tiveri (Karelian), Tver (Azeri, Italian, Romanian, Slovene, Swedish), Tver - Твер (Ukrainian), Tvera (Latvian), Tverė (Lithuanian), Twer (Polish, German) |
| Tyszowce |
Tishevits - טישעװיץ (Yiddish), Tyszowce (Polish) |
References
- "Kyiv (Kiev) Travel Guide. Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?".
- Buruma, Ian. Year Zero: A History of 1945. Penguin, 2013.
- Donostia (Basque) / San Sebastián (Spanish), El Diario Vasco, Thursday 29 December 2011. (in Spanish)
- Diccionario Enciclopédica Vox 1. © 2009 Larousse Editorial, S.L. (ed.). "Escútari". Retrieved 23 August 2020.
- Johannes Schiltberger. Hans Schiltbergers Reisebuch. Tübingen, Litterarischer Verein in Stuttgart, 1885. p. 111.
- ספר יהודי סוצ׳בה (שוץ) וקהילות הסביבה Sefer Yehude Suts'avah (Shots) ṿe-kehilot ha-sevivah. Book of the Jews from Suceava (Shotz) and the surrounding communities . Ṭeper, 2007. ISBN 9789657226162.
- Peter Kosta. Eine russische Kosmographie aus dem 17. Jahrhundert: sprachwissenschaftliche Analyse mit Textedition und Faksimile. Munich, Otto Sagner, 1982. ISBN 9783876902005.
- Anon (1673). "Deductie of korte voorstellingh, uyt welcke oorsaecken sijn keurvorstelijcke doorluchtigheyt van Brandenburgh, hertogh van Pruyssen, Maeghdenburgh, Gulick, Kleef, Berge, Stettijn, Pomeren &c. Bewogen is geworden om de wapenen van defensie, of verdeediging tegen de keurvorst van Keulen en de bisschop van Munster aen te tasten. Vyt het Hooghduytsch overgeset".
- "Salmonsens Konversations Leksikon". Runeberg.org. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- (in Danish)In 1219 Valdemar II of Denmark, leading the Danish fleet in connection with the Livonian Crusade, landed in an Estonian town of Lindanisse
- (in German) Reval's ältester Estnischer Name Lindanisse, Verhandlungen der gelehrten estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat. Band 3, Heft 1. Dorpat 1854, p. 46–47
- Jan Krejčí (1876). "Přehled geologicko-orografický zemí českoslovanských". Časopis Musea Království Českého. 50 (3): 434.
- Vincenc Prasek (1900). "Judiciorum saxonicorum per Moraviam sept. Silesiam austr. acta, nexus = Organisace práv magdeburských na sev. Moravě a v rak. Slezsku". Olomouc: Ed. Hölzel: 25.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Regnorum Sueciae Gothiae... nova descriptio
- Euskaltzaindia (2010-05-23). "157. araua - Europako hiriak" (PDF). (in Basque)
- Isaac Díaz Pardo, Víctor F. Freixanes, Antón Mascato (editors) (2007). Diciopedia do século 21 (in Galician). Editorial Galaxia. ISBN 9788482893600.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - George Landmann. "Treves, or Triers." A universal Gazetteer; or geographical dictionary of the World. Founded on the works of Brookes and Walker, etc. 1835.
- J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis Latinus (Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861; 1909. Brunswick, 1972) Ed. 1861 Ed. 1909 Ed. 1972
- Heims Atlas. 2nd ed. Tórshavn : Føroya skúlabókagrunnur, 1994. p. 19. (in Faroese)
- А. М. Комков. „Або“. «Словарь географических названий зарубежных стран». 1986. p. 7. (in Russian)
- Николай Михайлович Книпович. „Або“. «Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона» в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907. (in Russian)
- Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero Breve trattato ..., vol. 2, p. 706
- Tuomo Pekkanen & Reijo Pitkäranta, Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum. Societas Litterarum Finnicarum, Helsinki, 2006; Ebbe Vilborg, Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009. (in Swedish)
- Иван Яковлевич Павловскій (1843). Географія Россійской Имперіи. Vol. 2. Dorpat: Типография Шюнманна. p. 166.
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