National parks and nature reserves of Israel
National parks of Israel are declared historic sites or nature reserves, which are mostly operated and maintained by the National Nature and Parks Authority. As of 2015, Israel maintains 81 national parks and more than 400 nature reserves, many of them in the occupied West Bank, that protect 2,500 species of indigenous wild plants, 32 species of fish, 530 species of birds and 100 species of mammals.[1][2]
The parks and reserves were frequently declared around the ruins of the depopulated and subsequently demolished towns and villages of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight; 182 historical Palestinian built up areas are located within Israel's parks and reserves.[3][4] Some parks are located at archaeological sites such as Tel Megiddo, Beit She'an, Ashkelon and Kursi. Others, such as the Alexander stream, Mount Carmel National Park or Hurshat Tal focus on nature and the preservation of local flora and fauna. Several parks and nature reserves have camping options, such as tent grounds and bungalows, open to small groups and individual campers.[5] Some of them are located in the Israeli-occupied territories of the Golan Heights and the West Bank.
In 2011, the most popular national parks were Yarkon National Park, Caesarea, Ein Gedi and Tel Dan.[6]
History
From the 1920s onwards, the British Mandatory government passed laws aimed at saving the local flora and fauna. In 1924 a Hunting Act was published and in 1926 a Forest Ordinance were published. Many sites, such as the forests of Mount Carmel and Mount Meron, were declared forest reserves; certain trees were declared protected.
In 1953 the Knesset passed the Wildlife Protection Law (חוק הגנת חיות-הבר) and the Minister of Agriculture was appointed for its implementation. In 1955, the department for the improvement of the country's landscape (המחלקה לשיפור נוף הארץ) was established in the Israeli Prime Minister's Office, which was assigned the establishment of tourist infrastructure. The department established a number of well-known national parks, such as Gan HaShlosha, Caesarea, Shivta and Avdat. Following the ecologically disastrous drying of Lake Hula and the resulting public pressure, the Hula Reserve was established in 1964, which was the first declared nature reserve in Israel. In 1963 the Knesset approved the "National parks and nature reserves act" (חוק הגנים הלאומיים ושמורות הטבע), whose legislation process had already began in 1956. As a result, two authorities were established: the National Parks Authority and the Nature Reserves Authority. In 1998 the two authorities were merged into one body - Israel Nature and Parks Authority.
The last observation of an Arabian leopard took place in the northern Arabah area in 2010/11.[7] It is possibly extinct in the country.[8]
Parks and reserves
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In Israel the distinction between national parks and nature reserves is often hard to make. National parks are in most cases centered around archaeological sites, but sometimes include protected nature habitats. The nature reserves often contain not just protected fauna and flora, but also major archaeological sites. The Hermon Stream Nature Reserve for instance covers a stretch of forested land, but also the vast remains of the ancient city of Banias/Caesarea Philippi. Sometimes an administrative separation is made, as for instance at the Judean desert oasis of Ein Gedi, home to both the Ein Gedi Antiquities National Park and Ein Gedi Nature Reserve.
National parks in Israel
This is a partial list, containing only the best known national parks.
National parks in occupied territories
| Name | Region |
|---|---|
| Baptismal Site on the Jordan River - Qasr al-Yahud[10] | Southern District: Judean Desert |
| Herodion National Park | Southern District: Judean Desert/West Bank |
| Hermon Stream (Banias) Nature Reserve (Banias/Caesarea Philippi archaeological site and Hermon Stream nature reserve) | Northern District: Golan Heights |
| Kursi National Park | Northern District: Golan Heights |
| Nimrod Fortress National Park (Qal'at Namrud) | Northern District: Golan Heights |
| Qumran National Park | Southern District: Judean Desert and the Dead Sea |
| Sebastia National Park (Samaria/Shomron)[11] | Central District: Samaria/West Bank |
Nature reserves in Israel
This is a partial list, containing only the best known nature reserves.
Nature reserves in occupied territories
| Name | Region |
|---|---|
| Ein Prat Nature Reserve[13] | Jerusalem district, West Bank |
| Einot Tzukim (Ein Feshkha) Nature Reserve (nature reserve and archaeological site) | Southern District: Judean Desert and the Dead Sea (West Bank) |
| Gamla Nature Reserve (archaeological site and nature reserve) | Northern District: Golan Heights |
| Hermon Stream (Banias) Nature Reserve (with Caesarea Philippi archaeological site) | Northern District: Golan Heights |
| Snir Stream (Nahal Senir) Nature Reserve | Northern District: Golan Heights |
| Yehudiya Forest Nature Reserve | Northern District: Golan Heights down to Sea of Galilee |
References
- Where the Golan’s rivers flow into the Sea of Galilee The Times of Israel. Aviva and Shmuel Bar-am. 29/08/15: "As time passed, and with the help of some extraordinary personalities with drive and ambition, the Knesset legislated two official Authorities to deal with our natural heritage: The National Parks Authority and the Nature Reserves Authority. Both began operating in 1964. The two authorities merged in April of 1998. Today, as the Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA), they work together to preserve, protect and develop this country’s 81 national parks and 400 nature reserves."
- 1001 Facts Everyone Should Know About Israel, Mitchell Geoffrey Bard and Moshe Schwartz
- Noga Kadman (7 September 2015). Erased from Space and Consciousness: Israel and the Depopulated Palestinian Villages of 1948. Indiana University Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0-253-01682-9.
- Irus Braverman, Planting the Promised Landscape: Zionism, Nature, and Resistance in Israel/Palestine, 49 Nat. Resources J. 317 (2009)
- Ecotourism in Israel
- 130,000 travelers visit Israel's national parks
- Granit, B. (2016). Once there were Leopards. Israel Birding Portal.
- Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J.F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I.; Ghoddousi, A. (2020). "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- "Official web page". Archived from the original on 2017-10-08. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
- "Baptismal Site on the Jordan River - Qasr al-Yahud-רשות הטבע והגנים". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
- Official web page (currently under repair, as of January 2017)
- Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel: The Nahal Me'arot
- Ein Prat Nature Reserve